January 8 in Weather History

186 events on record, 1608 to 2026

Every tornado, hurricane, flood, blizzard, heat wave, record, earthquake, eruption, tsunami, wildfire and geomagnetic storm on record for January 8, in any year, each linked to its full record.

← January 7TodayJanuary 9 →

January 8 on the map

Every event with a place, colored by kind. Tap one to open its record.

  • Tornadoes
  • Hurricanes and tropical storms
  • Floods
  • Severe storms
  • Winter storms and snow
  • Cold
  • Wildfires
  • Earthquakes
  • Volcanoes
  • Tsunamis
  • Other weather

The most significant

By deaths, damage and strength together, across every archive.

Winter storms and snow

1719Carolean Death March

The Carolean Death March, also known as the Catastrophe on Øyfjellet was the disastrous retreat by a force of Swedish soldiers, under the command of Carl Gustaf Armfeldt, across the Tydalen mountain range in Trøndelag, Norway, around the new year 1718–1719.

Ended
January 16, 1719
Where
Tydal Municipality
Deaths
4,100
Injured
600

From Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 4.0.

The full record

Earthquakes

2009January 8, 2009 Earthquake in La Paz, Costa Rica

A magnitude 6.1 earthquake struck La Paz, Costa Rica. It killed 23 people, left 17 missing, injured 100, destroyed 518 houses and did $502 million in damage.

When
January 8, 2009
Magnitude
6.1
Deaths
23
Damage
$502 million
Where
La Paz, Costa Rica

The full record

Winter storms and snow

1997A category 2 snowstorm begins in the Upper Midwest

Snowstorm of January 8, 1997 was ranked category 2, Significant, on NOAA’s Regional Snowfall Index, strongest in the Upper Midwest. It lasted from January 8, 1997 to January 12, 1997.

Category
2, Significant
Index
4.3
Winter deaths filed
25

The full record

Severe storms

2005Cyclone Gudrun

Gudrun was a powerful storm which hit Denmark and Sweden on 8 January 2005, and Latvia and Estonia on 9 January 2005. The name Erwin was chosen by the Free University of Berlin, while the storm was named Gudrun by the Norwegian Meteorological Institute and was the name used in Sweden.

Ended
January 9, 2005
Deaths
20

From Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 4.0.

The full record

Other weather

2022Capitólio rockfall

On 8 January 2022, a rockfall occurred in a canyon of Furnas Lake in Capitólio, Minas Gerais, Brazil. A cliff face collapsed onto tourist pleasure boats on the lake, killing 10 people and leaving 32 others injured.

Where
Furnas Reservoir
Country
Brazil
Deaths
10
Injured
32

From Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 4.0.

The full record

By kind

Tornadoes

21 on January 8, oldest first.

1993Tornado and Damaging Winds in Georgia, January 8, 1993

A small tornado developed at Alamo and moved east-northeast across Wheeler County. Several homes, businesses, and other properties were damaged; 2 mobile homes were destroyed. Several county maintenance and storage buildings were heavily damaged.

Damage
$5.1 million
Strongest
F1
Events
3

The full record

1998Tornado and Flooding in West Virginia, January 8 to 11, 1998

Rare January dew points, in the upper 50s and lower 60s on the 8th, along with strong winds aloft, helped trigger severe weather. The rains from the past few days were heavier in Ohio, and eventually caused minor river flooding along the mainstem of the Ohio River.

Damage
$520,000
Strongest
F2
Events
11

The full record

2008Tornadoes and Hail in Mississippi, January 8, 2008

A well developed storm system and strong upper level trough pushed through the central sections of the country. A strong surface low developed and lifted into the Great Lakes region and drug a cold front through the south.

Injuries
1
Damage
$886,000
Strongest
EF1
Events
33

The full record

2008Tornado and Flood in Missouri, January 8, 2008

A strengthening warm front over far southern Illinois and western Kentucky became the focus for strong to locally severe thunderstorms. As this warm front moved slowly north, dew points in the upper 50's spread north from Tennessee.

Damage
$255,000
Strongest
EF1
Events
3

The full record

2026Tornado and Damaging Winds in Oklahoma, January 8, 2026

A strong upper level disturbance and associated cold front translated into the Southern Plains on the 8th. An unseasonably warm and moist air mass had spread into eastern Oklahoma ahead of this system, which resulted in weak instability across the area.

Damage
$200,000
Strongest
EF1
Events
3

The full record

Hurricanes and tropical storms

4 on January 8, oldest first.

2022Cyclone Tiffany

Tropical Cyclone Tiffany was a strong tropical cyclone that made landfall in Queensland and the Northern Territory in Australia. The tenth tropical low and the fifth tropical cyclone of the 2021–22 Australian region cyclone season, Tiffany originated from a tropical low south of Papua New Guinea, before intensifying into a tropical cyclone and named Tiffany, peaking as a category 2 tropical cyclone before making landfall in northern Queensland.

Ended
January 17, 2022

From Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 4.0.

The full record

Floods

30 on January 8, oldest first.

1998Flooding in New York, January 8 to 11, 1998

A general three to four inches of rain fell on bare, saturated ground across the Genesee basin. The Genesee river crested at 36.4 feet at Avon ( highest since 1972) and at 16.8 feet in Rochester (highest since 1984).

Damage
$400,000
Events
5

The full record

1998Flash Flood in New York, January 8 to 9, 1998

On January 8 and 9, mild weather along with significant rain and snowmelt resulted in small stream flooding across Montgomery County. Severe flood damage was incurred especially due to the Chuctanunda and Cayadutta Creeks.

Damage
$250,000
Events
1

The full record

1998Flood in Florida, January 8, 1998

Heavy rain of two to three inches in less than five hours caused minor flooding of roads and low-lying areas. Several vehicles incurred water damage along U.S. Highway 19 in New Port Richey.

Damage
$200,000
Events
1

The full record

1998Flash Flood in New York, January 8 to 10, 1998

From January 8 through January 10, mild weather along with significant rain and snowmelt resulted in small stream flooding across Washington County. The Mettawee River at Granville, had what is believed to be the worst flooding ever known there.

Damage
$200,000
Events
1

The full record

1998Flash Flood in New York, January 8 to 9, 1998

On January 8 and 9, mild weather along with significant rain and snowmelt resulted in small stream flooding across Fulton County. There were many road closures throughout the county due to ponding of water and small stream flooding.

Damage
$150,000
Events
1

The full record

1998Flash Flood in New York, January 8 to 10, 1998

From January 8 through January 10, mild weather along with significant rain and snowmelt resulted in small stream flooding across Saratoga County. Many roads were closed throughout the county due to flooding and washouts.

Damage
$125,000
Events
1

The full record

1998Flash Flood in New York, January 8 to 10, 1998

From January 8 to January 10, mild weather along with significant rain and snowmelt resulted in small stream flooding across Warren County. Approximately 12 roads were closed due to flooding including portions of route 9N.

Damage
$100,000
Events
1

The full record

1998Flash Flood in New York, January 8 to 10, 1998

From January 8 to January 10, mild weather along with significant rain and snowmelt resulted in small stream flooding across Hamilton County. There were road closures throughout the county due to ponding of water and small stream flooding.

Damage
$100,000
Events
1

The full record

1998Flash Flood in Vermont, January 8 to 9, 1998

On January 8 and 9, mild weather along with significant rain and snowmelt resulted in small stream flooding across parts of Bennington County. The flooding small streams closed several roads throughout the county.

Damage
$80,000
Events
1

The full record

2008Flooding in Indiana, January 8 to 23, 2008

Record to near record flooding occurred during early January in many along the Tippecanoe River. One of the locations that was severely impacted was downstream of Oakdale Dam in Carroll County. Hundreds of homes were either damaged or destroyed.

Damage
$13 million
Events
26

The full record

2009Flooding in Idaho, January 8 to 9, 2009

Heavy rain and snow melt led to flooding in portions of Shoshone, Latah, and Kootenai counties. The begin and end time of the flooding is estimated. Near Rose Lake, water was coming up near the levels of homes, with one foundation washed away.

Damage
$252,000
Events
3

The full record

Severe storms

18 on January 8, oldest first.

2005Cyclone Gudrun

Gudrun was a powerful storm which hit Denmark and Sweden on 8 January 2005, and Latvia and Estonia on 9 January 2005. The name Erwin was chosen by the Free University of Berlin, while the storm was named Gudrun by the Norwegian Meteorological Institute and was the name used in Sweden.

Ended
January 9, 2005
Deaths
20

From Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 4.0.

The full record

2005Damaging Wind in Hawaii, January 8, 2005

A severe thunderstorm affected the National Tropical Botanical Garden near Kalaheo and Lawai on Kauai. Storm winds damaged several buildings' roofs on the property and some of the prized horticulture. However, no serious injuries were reported.

Damage
$100,000
Strongest
65 kt wind
Events
1

The full record

2007High Wind in North Dakota, January 8, 2007

An Alberta Clipper moving across the region created a tight pressure gradient over western and central North Dakota. This resulted in high winds during the afternoon hours of Monday, January 8th.

Damage
$60,000
Strongest
63 kt wind
Events
11

The full record

2012Hail and Damaging Winds in Mississippi, January 8, 2012

A slow moving cold front combined with an upper level disturbance triggered some severe storms across portions of Central Mississippi. These storms produced severe weather in the form of hail, structural damage as well as blown down power lines and trees.

Damage
$220,000
Strongest
1.25 in hail
Events
7

The full record

2016Hail in Texas, January 8 to 9, 2016

A strong upper level storm system moved across the area that aided in the generation of regional thunderstorms. The stronger thunderstorms produced large hail.

Damage
$69,000
Strongest
2.5 in hail
Events
12

The full record

2017High Wind in Wyoming, January 8 to 11, 2017

A series of strong upper level disturbances combined with large pressure gradients generated a prolonged period of very high winds across portions of southeast Wyoming. Winds frequently gusted between 65 and 85 mph.

Strongest
76 kt wind
Events
78

The full record

2024High Wind in Texas, January 8, 2024

The Rio Grande Valley Wind Machine developed on January 8th as a vigorous storm system housing a large and strong wind field moved across the southern Plains producing tropical storm to hurricane force winds in the Rio Grande Valley.

Damage
$526,000
Strongest
64 kt wind
Events
3

The full record

2024Strong Wind in Alabama, January 8 to 9, 2024

Strong and gusty southeast non-thunderstorm or pressure gradient winds developed as a wave of showers and thunderstorms moved through the region. Frequent gusts of 40 to 50 mph were observed, resulting in numerous trees being knocked down in a few areas of north Alabama.

Damage
$140,000
Events
6

The full record

2025High Wind in California, January 8, 2025

A strong upper-level low pressure migrated southward from the Great Basin Region through the Lower Colorado River Valley during 7th and then tracked into the northern Baja Peninsula on the 8th.

Injuries
1
Damage
$120,000
Strongest
54 kt wind
Events
2

The full record

Winter storms and snow

40 on January 8, oldest first.

1719Carolean Death March

The Carolean Death March, also known as the Catastrophe on Øyfjellet was the disastrous retreat by a force of Swedish soldiers, under the command of Carl Gustaf Armfeldt, across the Tydalen mountain range in Trøndelag, Norway, around the new year 1718–1719.

Ended
January 16, 1719
Where
Tydal Municipality
Deaths
4,100
Injured
600

From Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 4.0.

The full record

1997Heavy Snow in Illinois, January 8 to 9, 1997

A winter storm developed over the southern Plains and tracked to the northeast across southern Illinois. The storm dumped between 3 and 11 inches of snow over central Illinois. The heaviest snow fell in a corridor just north of I-70.

Injuries
6
Events
35

The full record

1997Heavy Snow in Missouri, January 8 to 9, 1997

Six inches or more of snow fell over much southwest, south central and central Missouri from noon on the eighth to noon on the ninth. The heaviest snow fell in a band from Cassville to Springfield north to Hermitage where up to ten inches was recorded.

Damage
$670,000
Events
30

The full record

1997Heavy Snow in Oklahoma, January 8 to 9, 1997

Snow began to fall across most of Oklahoma Tuesday night (January 8) and fell through Wednesday evening. Around 4 inches of snow blanketed western Oklahoma with about 2 inches across central and southeastern portions of the state.

Events
50

The full record

1998Ice Storm in New York, January 8, 1998

A devastating ice storm paralyzed Jefferson and parts of Lewis counties. The freezing rain accumulated ice of an inch to an inch and a half thick. The ice coated trees, power lines, and poles and sent them crashing to the ground.

Damage
$12 million
Events
2

The full record

1999Ice Storm in West Virginia, January 8, 1999

Rains of 0.5 to 0.8 inches fell with surface temperatures of 25 to 30 degrees. A quarter to a half inch of ice accumulated. Roads were not as icy as sidewalks, since most roads were previously treated. Ice accumulated the most on vehicles and trees.

Deaths
1
Events
7

The full record

1999Winter Storm in Ohio, January 8 to 9, 1999

Snow in the morning and early afternoon on the 8th changed to sleet and freezing rain, then back to snow in the evening, and the snow continued into the morning hours on the 9th. Snow accumulations averaged six to eight inches with an average of 1/4 inch of ice.

Damage
$46,000
Events
23

The full record

1999Winter Storm in Vermont, January 8 to 9, 1999

An area of low pressure over the Ohio Valley during Friday afternoon (January 8th) moved northeast across New England during Saturday (January 9th). Snow overspread the region with accumulations generally between 8 and 15 inches with the lesser amounts across windsor county.

Damage
$65,000
Events
12

The full record

2001Heavy Snow in California, January 8, 2001

Light snow amounts occurred that in a more normal month should have been substantially larger. Abnormally dry conditions continued into the month of January from the dry months of November and December for Interior Central California.

Deaths
1
Events
3

The full record

2005Blizzard and High Wind in Alaska, January 8 to 12, 2005

On January 7th, a low pressure center moved north over the Chukotsk Peninsula. as it moved over the Russian Arctic Ocean it deepened rapidly and the cold front associated with the original low strengthened and swept east across the North Slope on the 8th, bringing strong west…

Injuries
2
Damage
$7.7 million
Strongest
65 kt wind
Events
7

The full record

2009Winter Weather in Minnesota, January 8 to 9, 2009

Snow accumulated 2 to 4 inches in southwest Minnesota, away from the far southwest corner of the state, during the evening of January 8th and the predawn hours of January 9th. The snow was accompanied by areas of freezing drizzle.

Deaths
1
Injuries
3
Events
6

The full record

2015Blizzard in Iowa, January 8, 2015

Low pressure passed to the north of Iowa. A trough of low pressure extended south from the low and swept across the state. The airmass was cold with Arctic air in place.

Deaths
1
Injuries
1
Events
18

The full record

2016Winter Weather in West Virginia, January 8, 2016

After a clear night, clouds increased during the predawn hours and light rain developed during the early morning. Pockets of freezing rain occurred at the onset, mainly in sheltered valleys. Several accidents occurred during the morning.

Injuries
2
Damage
$150,000
Events
9

The full record

2016Winter Weather in Ohio, January 8, 2016

After a clear night, clouds increased during the predawn hours and light rain developed during the early morning. Pockets of freezing rain occurred at the onset, mainly in sheltered valleys. Several accidents occurred during the morning.

Damage
$75,000
Events
6

The full record

2018Winter Weather in Ohio, January 8, 2018

A combination of snow, sleet and freezing rain created slippery travel conditions across portions of southeast Ohio on the morning of the 8th as an upper level disturbance pulled a stream of Gulf moisture north.

Deaths
1
Events
1

The full record

2022Winter Weather in Indiana, January 8, 2022

A very thin layer of dry air in the lowest levels of the atmosphere led to surface temperatures dropping quickly during the early afternoon as light liquid precipitation began falling on western central Indiana.

Deaths
4
Injuries
1
Damage
$75,000
Events
2

The full record

2024Winter Storm in Iowa, January 8 to 9, 2024

On January 8th, a defined low pressure system made its way across the Central Plains, entering southwestern Iowa into the afternoon and tracking east-northeastward across the state for the remainder of the day and into January 9th.

Events
48

The full record

2025January 9–11, 2025 United States winter storm

A significant and widespread winter storm, unofficially named Winter Storm Cora by the Weather Channel, brought major impacts to the southern half of the United States from January 9 to 11, 2025. The system developed as a shortwave trough moved east across the southwestern United States.

Ended
January 15, 2025
Where
United States
Country
United States

From Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 4.0.

The full record

Cold

12 on January 8, oldest first.

1996Cold in Texas, January 8, 1996

An elderly woman froze to death in her home. There were evidently no utilities on in the home and the temperature fell to 20 degrees inside. Overnight temperatures fell into the mid teens across the area for two consecutive nights.

Deaths
1
Events
1

The full record

1997Cold in Montana, January 8 to 10, 1997

Very strong winds and extremely cold temperatures dropped wind chills to colder than 80 below zero at times. The strong winds also caused blowing and drifting snow which made travel trecherous. One man died when his vehicle became stuck in a snow drift.

Deaths
1
Events
12

The full record

2009Cold in Illinois, January 8, 2009

Cold conditions across central Illinois led to the death of a homeless man in Champaign-Urbana. Early morning low temperatures on January 8th dipped into the teens, while wind-chill readings hovered around zero.

Deaths
1
Events
1

The full record

2010Cold in Texas, January 8 to 11, 2010

A deep upper level trough moving eastward across the United States forced a bitterly cold Arctic airmass southward from Canada into the Gulf Coast states on January 7, 2010.

Deaths
1
Damage
$1.0 million
Events
6

The full record

2016Cold in Wisconsin, January 8, 2016

A man who was missing since Jan. 5th was found dead inside a carport at his neighbor's house in West Allis. The Milwaukee County Medical Examiner's Office determined the cause of death as hypothermia.

Deaths
1
Events
1

The full record

2017Cold in Mississippi, January 8, 2017

Cold Temperatures across the area caused one exposure related death. Strong cold high pressure settled in over the area on the 7th, with low temperatures falling into the mid teens during the overnight hours.

Deaths
1
Events
1

The full record

2019Extreme Cold in South Dakota, January 8, 2019

A 58 year old woman at a mobile home park in Mobridge died of exposure. It appeared she fell down and could not get back up. The combination of lows in the upper teens along with strong northwest winds were believed to be responsible.

Deaths
1
Events
1

The full record

2021Cold in Vermont, January 8 to 9, 2021

A 35-year old man died from hypothermia within minutes after crashing his truck on Route 279 in Bennington and fleeing into the woods at around 6:30 pm on January 8th, according to the Vermont Chief Medical Examiner.

Deaths
1
Events
1

The full record

Records set

1 on January 8, oldest first.

Wildfires

14 on January 8, oldest first.

1999Unnamed Fire

The Unnamed Fire started on January 8, 1999, in Florida, and burned 1,551 acres.

When
January 8, 1999
Acres
1,551

The full record

2006Wildfire in Arkansas, January 8 to 9, 2006

A large wildfire burned Sunday afternoon and evening across Central Ashley county. This fire burned nearly 6000 acres just southeast of Hamburg. Four homes were burned along with two camping trailers and 2 outbuildings.

Damage
$1.8 million
Events
1

The full record

2006Mcnally Flat Fire

The Mcnally Flat Fire was discovered on January 8, 2006, in Pittsburg County, Oklahoma, and burned 4,000 acres; the cause was recorded as arson/incendiarism.

When
January 8, 2006
Acres
4,000

The full record

2006Unnamed Fire

The Unnamed Fire was discovered on January 8, 2006, in Ashley County, Arkansas, and burned 3,669 acres; the cause was recorded as arson/incendiarism.

When
January 8, 2006
Acres
3,669

The full record

2006Unnamed Fire

The Unnamed Fire started on January 8, 2006, in Missouri, and burned 2,575 acres.

When
January 8, 2006
Acres
2,575

The full record

2006Unnamed Fire

The Unnamed Fire was discovered on January 8, 2006, in Sebastian County, Arkansas, and burned 1,626 acres; the cause was recorded as human.

When
January 8, 2006
Acres
1,626

The full record

2006Nukaka Fire

The Nukaka Fire was discovered on January 8, 2006, in Oklahoma, and burned 1,500 acres; the cause was recorded as arson/incendiarism.

When
January 8, 2006
Acres
1,500

The full record

2006Unnamed Fire

The Unnamed Fire was discovered on January 8, 2006, in Starr County, Texas, and burned 1,000 acres; the cause was recorded as human.

When
January 8, 2006
Acres
1,000

The full record

2007Wildfire in California, January 8, 2007

On January 8th, the very damaging Malibu Wildfire burned 20 acres in the wildland-urban interface of the community of Malibu. The combination of gusty offshore winds and very low relative humidity helped to fuel the fire. Several homes were destroyed and/or severly damaged.

Damage
$60 million
Events
1

The full record

2012Yankee Fire

The Yankee Fire was discovered on January 8, 2012, in Liberty County, Florida, and burned 2,614 acres; the cause was recorded as human.

When
January 8, 2012
Acres
2,614

The full record

2013Winter Fire

The Winter Fire was discovered on January 8, 2013, in Montana, and burned 2,756 acres; the cause was recorded as equipment and vehicle use.

When
January 8, 2013
Acres
2,756

The full record

20172017-00000869 Fire

The 2017-00000869 Fire was reported on January 8, 2017, in Rice County, Kansas, and burned 2,239 acres; the cause was recorded as human.

When
January 8, 2017
Acres
2,239

The full record

2020D165 Fire

The D165 Fire was reported on January 8, 2020, in Greenwood County, Kansas, and burned 2,700 acres; the cause was recorded as human.

When
January 8, 2020
Acres
2,700

The full record

2025Sunset Fire

From January 7 to 31, 2025, 14 destructive wildfires affected the Los Angeles metropolitan area and San Diego County in California, United States. The fires were exacerbated by drought conditions, low humidity, a buildup of vegetation from the previous winter, and hurricane-force Santa Ana winds, which in some places reached 100 miles per hour.

Where
Hollywood Hills

From Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 4.0.

The full record

Earthquakes

18 on January 8, oldest first.

Volcanoes

1 on January 8, oldest first.

Tsunamis

13 on January 8, oldest first.

1661January 8, 1661 Tsunami at South China Sea, Taiwan

A tsunami caused by a magnitude 6 earthquake struck South China Sea, Taiwan, with a maximum water height of 1 meters. It killed many people (about 101 to 1,000) and destroyed 31 houses.

When
January 8, 1661
Magnitude
6
Water height
1 m
Deaths
Many (about 101 to 1,000)
Where
South China Sea, Taiwan

The full record

Space weather and aurora

6 on January 8, oldest first.

Billion-dollar disasters

2 on January 8, oldest first.

Other weather

6 on January 8, oldest first.

2002High Surf in California, January 8 to 11, 2002

Breakers between 8 and 15 feet continued for several days. Beach erosion and minor flooding occurred from Mission Beach to Imperial Beach. A 20 foot boat was slammed onto the jetty at the Oceanside Harbor entrance, and a surfer was trapped in a sea cave along Sunset Cliffs.

Injuries
2
Damage
$40,000
Events
1

The full record

2003Dense Fog in Utah, January 8, 2003

Dense fog formed along the Great Salt Lake during the morning commute, causing a 59 car pileup between the Salt Lake International Airport and Saltair. Amazingly, there were no fatalities, but 14 people were injured and taken to local hospitals.

Injuries
14
Damage
$500,000
Events
1

The full record

2019High Surf in Oregon, January 8, 2019

Seas were building ahead of a frontal system approaching on Tuesday night. Seas were up around 12 to 14 feet in the Yaquina Bay Bar when the boat the Mary B II tried to cross. Three fisherman died.

Deaths
3
Events
1

The full record

2022Capitólio rockfall

On 8 January 2022, a rockfall occurred in a canyon of Furnas Lake in Capitólio, Minas Gerais, Brazil. A cliff face collapsed onto tourist pleasure boats on the lake, killing 10 people and leaving 32 others injured.

Where
Furnas Reservoir
Country
Brazil
Deaths
10
Injured
32

From Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 4.0.

The full record

20262026 Binaliw landslide

On January 8, 2026, a garbage landslide occurred at a sanitary landfill at Barangay Binaliw, Cebu City, Philippines. A large pile of garbage collapsed, leaving 36 people dead and 18 others injured.

Where
Cebu City
Country
Philippines

From Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 4.0.

The full record

Every day of the year

Sources

Gathered from this site’s archives: the tornado record (NOAA SPC, and Grazulis before 1950), IBTrACS and the National Hurricane Center, NOAA NCEI’s Storm Events Database, Regional Snowfall Index, billion-dollar disasters list, State Climate Extremes Committee and hazard databases, USGS, NIFC, GFZ Potsdam’s Kp index (CC BY 4.0), the National Weather Service in Norman, Oklahoma, and Wikidata (CC0), with article leads from Wikipedia under CC BY-SA 4.0, each credited where it appears. Rebuilt 2026-09-24.