December 16 in Weather History

188 events on record, 1575 to 2023

Every tornado, hurricane, flood, blizzard, heat wave, record, earthquake, eruption, tsunami, wildfire and geomagnetic storm on record for December 16, in any year, each linked to its full record.

← December 15TodayDecember 17 →

December 16 on the map

Every event with a place, colored by kind. Tap one to open its record.

  • Tornadoes
  • Hurricanes and tropical storms
  • Floods
  • Severe storms
  • Winter storms and snow
  • Cold
  • Wildfires
  • Earthquakes
  • Volcanoes
  • Tsunamis
  • Other weather

The most significant

By deaths, damage and strength together, across every archive.

Volcanoes

1631December 16, 1631 Eruption of Vesuvius

Vesuvius, Italy erupted with a Volcanic Explosivity Index of 5. It killed 4,000 people and did extreme (about $25 million or more) damage. The eruption caused a tsunami and was accompanied by an earthquake.

When
December 16, 1631
VEI
5
Deaths
4,000
Where
Vesuvius, Italy

The full record

By kind

Tornadoes

39 on December 16, oldest first.

2000Tornado in Alabama, December 16, 2000

The tornado began in southwestern Tuscaloosa County on the west side of the Black Warrior River. Traveling in a northeasterly direction the tornado moved from a rural, unpopulated area of the Black Warrior River into an area of homes south of Shelton State Community College.

Deaths
11
Injuries
144
Damage
$13 million
Strongest
F4
Events
1

The full record

2000Tornado in Alabama, December 16, 2000

An F2 tornado touched down on West Hendrix Avenue, just north of Highway 27 South, then tore through the Devco Community, Geneva, AL and continued on through the Bellwood Community just east of Highway 85 before lifting.

Deaths
1
Injuries
9
Damage
$2.5 million
Strongest
F2
Events
1

The full record

2000Tornadoes in Alabama, December 16, 2000

Damage in Etowah and Cherokee counties was the result of an F3 tornado. The tornado track was 12.8 miles long and just over one quarter of a mile or about 500 yards wide at its widest point.

Injuries
14
Damage
$10 million
Strongest
F3
Events
2

The full record

2000Tornado outbreak of December 16, 2000

On December 16, 2000, a destructive tornado outbreak hit the Southeastern United States, from Mississippi to North Carolina. The most significant tornado of the outbreak occurred in communities south and east of Tuscaloosa, Alabama.

Where
United States
Country
United States

From Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 4.0.

The full record

2000Tornado in Alabama, December 16, 2000

The F2 tornado continued its intermittent track northeast from eastern Dale County into western Henry County, but had weakened to an F1 tornado. Just north of Murphy Station along Highway 27 and a quarter mile west of U.S.

Damage
$2.9 million
Strongest
F1
Events
1

The full record

2000Tornado in Alabama, December 16, 2000

The F0 tornado moved northeast from extreme western Houston County into southeast Dale County. It rapidly intensified to an F2 tornado as it continued its intermittent track into the eastern portion of the county. A Midland City church annex lost parts of its roof and walls.

Damage
$2.0 million
Strongest
F2
Events
1

The full record

2000Tornado in Alabama, December 16, 2000

In St. Clair County, an F2 tornado track extended from near Cool Springs to south of Ashville to near Gum Springs Church. The total track was 8.5 miles long and about 200 yards wide at its widest point. The tornado began at 220 PM on County Road 31, just west of Cool Springs.

Injuries
2
Damage
$175,000
Strongest
F2
Events
1

The full record

2000Tornado in Georgia, December 16, 2000

An F2 tornado damaged the main house and several surrounding structures at Abigail Plantation off Old Tallahassee Road, as well as several other homes on Old Dawson and Springhill Roads. Hundreds of plantation trees were uprooted.

Damage
$750,000
Strongest
F2
Events
1

The full record

2000Tornado in Florida, December 16, 2000

An F2 tornado touched down once just south of Bonifay, lifted, then touched down again before dissipating just east of the city. According to the Holmes County EMA, 39 homes and eight businesses were damaged, and four mobile homes were destroyed.

Damage
$750,000
Strongest
F2
Events
1

The full record

2000Tornado in Florida, December 16, 2000

The supercell thunderstorm which spawned an F2 tornado near Bonifay in southeast Holmes County, tracked northeast into northwest Jackson County. This storm produced an F1 tornado which touched down twice.

Damage
$300,000
Strongest
F1
Events
1

The full record

2000Tornado in Alabama, December 16, 2000

A second tornado began 5.1 miles west-northwest of Athens just south of O'Neal. The tornado travelled in a northeasterly direction crossing SR 99 where several houses were damaged heavily.

Damage
$150,000
Strongest
F2
Events
1

The full record

2000Tornadoes in Alabama, December 16, 2000

The tornado first touched down in Lawrence County northeast of Courtland in open farm land. It traveled northeast into Limestone County crossing the Tennessee river and causing damage about 2.9 miles south of Coxey in southwest Limestone County.

Damage
$95,000
Strongest
F1
Events
2

The full record

2000Tornado in Tennessee, December 16, 2000

NWS Storm Survey indicated touchdown of the tornado was near Cash Point where a small mobile home was extensively damaged. The roof of the mobile home was peeled off. Other roof damage was observed within 1/4 of a mile from the mobile home.

Damage
$50,000
Strongest
F1
Events
1

The full record

2000Tornado in Alabama, December 16, 2000

The supercell thunderstorm which spawned the F2 tornado in Geneva moved northeast across extreme western Houston County and produced an F0 tornado which caused minor roof damage to five homes, blew out windows and overturned lawn furniture.

Damage
$50,000
Strongest
F0
Events
1

The full record

2001Tornado in Texas, December 16, 2001

An F2 Tornado touched down at the Point Lookout West Estates. There were 2 minor injuries. 15 homes were destroyed, with 15 to 20 other homes receiving major damage. Trees and power lines were down. Reported by the Sheriff's office.

Injuries
2
Damage
$2.5 million
Strongest
F2
Events
1

The full record

2019Tornadoes and Hail in Alabama, December 16, 2019

During the late afternoon and evening hours, a broken line of severe thunderstorms pushed rapidly east across north Alabama. The thunderstorms produced at least (6) tornadoes, numerous reports of wind damage and a couple reports of large hail in north Alabama.

Deaths
2
Damage
$5,000
Strongest
EF2
Events
58

The full record

2019Tornadoes and Hail in Mississippi, December 16, 2019

A well defined, positively-tilted trough existed across the Southern Plains and at the surface, a cold front was progressing across Arkansas and Louisiana, while an intensifying area of low pressure propagated northeast along the boundary.

Injuries
5
Damage
$4.7 million
Strongest
EF3
Events
41

The full record

2020Tornadoes in Florida, December 16, 2020

Low pressure in the Gulf of Mexico moved into the Florida Panhandle with a trailing cold front moving through West Central Florida in the afternoon. A surge of moisture ahead of the front created a brief opportunity for strong and locally severe storms.

Damage
$16 million
Strongest
EF2
Events
3

The full record

Hurricanes and tropical storms

3 on December 16, oldest first.

2001Storm Surge in Washington, December 16, 2001

Heavy surf struck the Sandy Point/Birch Bay area sending water flowing across patios, decks and into homes. The surf, driven by 50 mph winds, was up to 10 feet high. Advanced warning allowed people to board up windows and secure property.

Damage
$250,000
Events
1

The full record

Floods

17 on December 16, oldest first.

2000Heavy Rain in Michigan, December 16, 2000

A strong low pressure system moved across the northern Great Lakes late on the 16th. Warm air moving north ahead of the system allowed precipitation - which began as snow - to switch to freezing rain and then just rain.

Damage
$200,000
Events
1

The full record

2001Flash Flooding in Texas, December 16, 2001

A slow moving storm system dropped heavy rain across North Central Texas Saturday night, December15th and during the day Sunday December 16th. Unofficial reports of four to ten inches of rain fell in 48 hours along and east of Interstate 35.

Deaths
1
Damage
$50,000
Events
21

The full record

2001Flooding in Missouri, December 16 to 18, 2001

Numerous roads were flooded in most counties of southeast Missouri. At least 20 county roads were closed in Stoddard County. County Road 18 was washed out in Ripley County, and other road washouts were reported in Scott and Mississippi Counties.

Damage
$180,000
Events
10

The full record

2001Flooding in Washington, December 16 to 19, 2001

Storm total (48-hour) precipitation amounts were around 6 to 9 inches over the Olympics and Willapa Hills, 4 to 6 inches over the southern Cascades, 3 to 5 inches over the central Cascades, and 2 to 4 inches over the north Cascades.The Chehalis, Skookumchuck, Satsop, Dungeness,…

Damage
$150,000
Events
7

The full record

2002Flooding in California, December 16, 2002

Almost two inches of rain fell in a two hour period, causing low lying roads and most creeks to flood. In Carlsbad, 5 women tried to cross a flooded bridge in a car, which stalled midway then floated downstream and overturned. Two women escaped, the other three drowned.

Deaths
3
Injuries
2
Damage
$860,000
Events
4

The full record

2007Coastal Flood in New York, December 16, 2007

Strong east to northeast winds blowing across a long distance combined with high astronomical tides caused significant beach erosion and tidal flooding across parts of coastal Southeast NY. Tidal departures ranged from 2 to 4 feet above normal.

Damage
$7.0 million
Events
2

The full record

20082008 Papua New Guinea floods

The 2008 Papua New Guinea floods displaced roughly 75,000 people located in Papua New Guinea, prompting an international response to provide support for the region. The country was struck by large sea swells on 16 December, apparently caused by "strong storms", which affected over eight provinces and caused at least one death.

Where
Papua New Guinea
Country
Papua New Guinea

From Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 4.0.

The full record

2023Coastal Flood in Florida, December 16 to 17, 2023

Enhanced pressure gradients between a surface high and stalled frontal boundary produced strong and gusty northeasterly winds across much of South Florida beginning on December 13th, with winds eventually turning southerly and peaking on December 16th and 17th when gale force…

Damage
$100,000
Events
2

The full record

Severe storms

26 on December 16, oldest first.

1996High Wind in Utah, December 16, 1996

A strong arctic front blew through the state on this date. High winds from the northeast developed as this front moved through. Wind gusts from 70-110 mph were recorded from all the remote observing platforms in the mountains.

Injuries
6
Damage
$100,000
Strongest
96 kt wind
Events
5

The full record

2000High Wind in Texas, December 16, 2000

High winds estimated between 40 and 60 mph blew down many trees and power lines across southeast Texas. Trees were knocked onto homes and vehicles in Beaumont, Port Arthur and Nederland in Jefferson County.

Damage
$175,000
Events
2

The full record

2004High Wind in Alaska, December 16, 2004

A 971mb low, just off Cape Suckling, spread a strong front up through Southeast Alaska on this date. High winds were able to surface in most locations and resulted in extensive damage, power and phone outages.

Damage
$332,000
Strongest
67 kt wind
Events
8

The full record

2004High Wind in California, December 16, 2004

Four big rigs were blown over on Inland Empire freeways by gusty Santa Ana winds. A wind gust of 69 mph was recorded in northwest San Bernardino at about the same time as the accidents. Another big rig was blown over on the Ramona Expressway near San Jacinto.

Damage
$150,000
Strongest
60 kt wind
Events
1

The full record

2007Strong Wind in Pennsylvania, December 16 to 17, 2007

A strong area of high pressure was anchored over southeastern Canada on December 15th. This high gradually moved eastward during the day, however it wedged itself down into the Mid Atlantic region. Meanwhile, a storm system became more organized across the Gulf Coast states.

Deaths
1
Injuries
1
Damage
$620,000
Events
10

The full record

2007High Wind and Strong Wind in New Jersey, December 16 to 17, 2007

A strong area of high pressure was anchored over southeastern Canada on December 15th. This high gradually moved eastward during the day, however it wedged itself down into the Mid Atlantic region. Meanwhile, a storm system became more organized across the Gulf Coast states.

Damage
$25,000
Strongest
51 kt wind
Events
21

The full record

2021Storm Carmel

Storm Carmel was an extratropical cyclone that was part of the 2021–22 European windstorm season. Storm Carmel was named by the Hellenic National Meteorological Service on 16 December 2021.

Ended
December 22, 2021
Where
Mediterranean Sea
Deaths
4

From Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 4.0.

The full record

2021High Wind in Michigan, December 16, 2021

An impressive sub-980mb cyclone tracked across western Lake Superior into Ontario during the morning of 12/16, bringing widespread wind gusts of 60-70mph across all of northern Michigan. The highest gust recorded was 70mph at Traverse City Cherry Capitol airport.

Damage
$421,000
Strongest
61 kt wind
Events
29

The full record

2021High Wind in Michigan, December 16, 2021

A very strong low pressure system tracked from the arrowhead of Minnesota northeast toward James Bay. Strong winds gusting to 50 mph occured across much of southeast Michigan, with peak winds reaching 60 mph or greater across Huron and Saginaw.

Damage
$200,000
Strongest
57 kt wind
Events
4

The full record

Winter storms and snow

42 on December 16, oldest first.

1996Blizzard in South Dakota, December 16 to 18, 1996

Widespread blizzard conditions occurred as prolonged winds of 30 to 45 mph with gusts as high as 60 mph combined with heavy loose snow cover and light falling snow to produce whiteout conditions. Wind chills as cold as 60 below zero also occurred.

Damage
$30,000
Events
22

The full record

1999Heavy Snow in New York, December 16 to 17, 1999

Cold air crossing the Great Lakes produced lake effect snows downwind of Lakes Erie and Ontario.Off Lake Erie the band of precipitation began across the Niagara Peninsula, but settled south quickly across the Buffalo metro area before settling over southern Erie, Wyoming and the…

Damage
$46,000
Events
6

The full record

2000Blizzard in Iowa, December 16, 2000

A powerful storm system moved through the central U.S. during the day on the 16th. Low pressure tracked southeast into northern Missouri, then tracked northeast into the Great Lakes. Behind the low was a strong Arctic high pressure area.

Damage
$1.0 million
Events
20

The full record

2005Freezing Fog in Georgia, December 16, 2005

Several counties across north and central Georgia experienced a problem with black ice and a heavy frost forming on the roads as clearing occurred the evening before following a rainy, foggy day and temperatures dropped into the mid 20s.

Events
66

The full record

2005Winter Storm in New York, December 16, 2005

A storm system developed over the lower Mississippi Valley early on the 15th of December and moved northeast to western Long Island of New York early on the 16th of December. The storm continued northeast into the Gulf of Maine by the evening of December 16th.

Damage
$80,000
Events
8

The full record

2005Winter Weather in Vermont, December 16, 2005

A storm system developed over the lower Mississippi Valley early on the 15th of December and moved northeast to western Long Island of New York early on the 16th of December. The storm continued northeast into the Gulf of Maine by the evening of December 16th.

Damage
$70,000
Events
7

The full record

2005Heavy Snow in New York, December 16, 2005

Surface low pressure moving up the east coast brought copious moisture north ahead of it. Snow started the afternoon of the 15th, then continued into the morning of the 16th before ending. The snow was mixed with sleet and freezing rain during the morning of the 16th.

Damage
$80,000
Events
4

The full record

2005Winter Storm in Vermont, December 16, 2005

A storm system developed over the lower Mississippi Valley early on the 15th of December and moved northeast to western Long Island of New York early on the 16th of December. The storm continued northeast into the Gulf of Maine by the evening of December 16th.

Damage
$50,000
Events
5

The full record

2005Winter Storm in Vermont, December 16, 2005

A storm system developed over the lower Mississippi Valley early on the 15th of December and moved northeast to western Long Island of New York early on the 16th of December. The storm continued northeast into the Gulf of Maine by the evening of December 16th.

Damage
$60,000
Events
3

The full record

2006Avalanche in Wyoming, December 16, 2006

An avalanche at 9,500 foot elevation occurred near Stewart Peak around 3:00 p.m. MST. The slide sent a slab of snow 400 feet long and 300 feet wide down a hillside. Two snowmobilers were caught in the snow which accumulated to nearly 10 feet in depth.

Deaths
1
Injuries
1
Events
1

The full record

2008Winter Weather in Illinois, December 16, 2008

A winter storm brought between 1 and 3 inches of snow to areas north of the I-70 corridor on December 16th. Further south, patchy freezing drizzle created icy road conditions south of I-70...where numerous traffic accidents were reported.

Deaths
1
Events
1

The full record

2008Winter Weather in Kansas, December 16, 2008

Isentropic ascent coupled with forcing aloft in the form of the left exit quadrant of an upper level jet streak offered large scale lift across the forecast area, and helped to produce a widespread snowfall event across the local area.

Injuries
10
Events
3

The full record

2010Winter Weather in Delaware, December 16, 2010

The first widespread measurable but overall light snow of the winter season came at an unfortunate time during the afternoon of the 16th in Delaware. Accumulations averaged one to two inches in Sussex County and around one inch in Kent and New Castle Counties.

Injuries
6
Events
4

The full record

2010Ice Storm in Tennessee, December 16, 2010

A storm system moving through the region produced an initial burst of two to four inches at several locations. As warmer air moved into the region, freezing rain followed the snowfall, resulting in a quarter to half of an inch of icing at most locations.

Damage
$330,000
Events
20

The full record

2010Ice Storm in Virginia, December 16, 2010

An area of low pressure tracking through the area on the 15-16th produced freezing rain over southwest Virginia during the overnight hours of the 15th, into the morning hours of the 16th. Roads were glazed with 0.25 inches of ice.

Damage
$80,000
Events
4

The full record

2016Winter Weather in Missouri, December 16, 2016

Freezing drizzle caused major travel impacts and numerous accidents around the Missouri Ozarks. There were a few fatalities associated with car accidents which were indirectly caused by the icy road conditions.

Deaths
3
Injuries
10
Damage
$500,000
Events
5

The full record

2016Winter Weather in Indiana, December 16 to 17, 2016

On the evening of December 16 into the early morning of December 17, light freezing rain and freezing drizzle fell across portions of central Indiana, including the Indianapolis Metro Area. A glaze of ice formed on area roads and caused hundreds of accidents.

Deaths
3
Events
3

The full record

2016Winter Weather in Kansas, December 16, 2016

During the morning dense freezing fog, with visibilities of a quarter mile or less and slick conditions on I-70, led to a multiple vehicle accident and two fatalities near Mingo. Another accident occurred south of Oakley on Highway 83.

Deaths
2
Events
2

The full record

2020Heavy Snow in New York, December 16 to 17, 2020

A Nor'easter moved slowly up the US eastern coastline on the afternoon of the 16th through the 17th. The storm system produced very heavy snowfall across parts of Central New York and Northeast Pennsylvania, particularly during the very early morning hours of the 17th.

Damage
$100,000
Events
14

The full record

Cold

5 on December 16, oldest first.

2017Cold in Minnesota, December 16, 2017

A man and his dog were found deceased in a cabin in the Saginaw area. Authorities determined that the cause of death was carbon monoxide poisoning from a generator running inside the cabin.

Deaths
1
Events
1

The full record

Wildfires

12 on December 16, oldest first.

1993Unnamed Fire

The Unnamed Fire was discovered on December 16, 1993, in Collier County, Florida, and burned 520 acres; the cause was recorded as equipment and vehicle use.

When
December 16, 1993
Acres
520

The full record

1999Christmas Fire

The Christmas Fire was discovered on December 16, 1999, in Sweet Grass County, Montana, and burned 4,400 acres; the cause was recorded as power generation/transmission/distribution.

When
December 16, 1999
Acres
4,400

The full record

1999Pittman Fire

The Pittman Fire was discovered on December 16, 1999, in South Dakota, and burned 1,275 acres; the cause was recorded as equipment and vehicle use.

When
December 16, 1999
Acres
1,275

The full record

1999Lawrence Burke Fire

The Lawrence Burke Fire was discovered on December 16, 1999, in South Dakota, and burned 1,000 acres; the cause was recorded as power generation/transmission/distribution.

When
December 16, 1999
Acres
1,000

The full record

2000Fakahatche Fire

The Fakahatche Fire was discovered on December 16, 2000, in Florida, and burned 3,000 acres.

When
December 16, 2000
Acres
3,000

The full record

2002Dust Storm and High Wind in California, December 16, 2002

Windows of car were blown out at Cajon Pass, and power lines and trees were blown down at Lake Arrowhead and Big Bear City. A tractor-trailer was blown over west of Phelan and a motorhome was blown over in Hesperia. Visibility was reduced to zero in blowing dust in Phelan.

Injuries
2
Damage
$775,000
Strongest
68 kt wind
Events
4

The full record

2003High Plains - 1 Fire

The High Plains - 1 Fire was discovered on December 16, 2003, in Randall County, Texas, and burned 1,000 acres; the cause was recorded as equipment and vehicle use.

When
December 16, 2003
Acres
1,000

The full record

2006Curly Horse Fire

The Curly Horse Fire was discovered on December 16, 2006, in Santa Cruz County, Arizona, and burned 1,565 acres; the cause was recorded as smoking.

When
December 16, 2006
Acres
1,565

The full record

2010Normandy Fire

The Normandy Fire was discovered on December 16, 2010, in Duval County, Florida, and burned 2,258 acres; the cause was recorded as equipment and vehicle use.

When
December 16, 2010
Acres
2,258

The full record

2016Green Baca Fire

The Green Baca Fire was reported on December 16, 2016, in Oldham County, Texas, and burned 6,493 acres; the cause was recorded as human.

When
December 16, 2016
Acres
6,493

The full record

2016Carson 1059 Fire

The Carson 1059 Fire was reported on December 16, 2016, in Carson County, Texas, and burned 5,128 acres; the cause was recorded as human.

When
December 16, 2016
Acres
5,128

The full record

2016Optima Fire

The Optima Fire was reported on December 16, 2016, in Texas County, Oklahoma, and burned 4,769 acres; the cause was recorded as human.

When
December 16, 2016
Acres
4,769

The full record

Earthquakes

22 on December 16, oldest first.

Volcanoes

4 on December 16, oldest first.

1631December 16, 1631 Eruption of Vesuvius

Vesuvius, Italy erupted with a Volcanic Explosivity Index of 5. It killed 4,000 people and did extreme (about $25 million or more) damage. The eruption caused a tsunami and was accompanied by an earthquake.

When
December 16, 1631
VEI
5
Deaths
4,000
Where
Vesuvius, Italy

The full record

1631Mount Vesuvius eruption of 1631

In December 1631, Mount Vesuvius, a major stratovolcano in Southern Italy, erupted. The eruption resulted in at least 4,000 fatalities, making it the deadliest eruption of Vesuvius since 79 AD

Ended
January 3, 1632
Where
Mount Vesuvius
Country
Italy

From Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 4.0.

The full record

1707Hōei eruption

The Hōei eruption of Mount Fuji started on December 16, 1707 and ended on February 24, 1708. It was the last confirmed eruption of Mount Fuji, with three unconfirmed eruptions reported from 1708 to 1854.

Ended
December 31, 1707
Where
Mount Fuji
Country
Japan

From Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 4.0.

The full record

1707December 16, 1707 Eruption of Fujisan

Fujisan, Japan erupted with a Volcanic Explosivity Index of 4. It killed few people (about 1 to 50) and destroyed 75 houses. The eruption was accompanied by an earthquake.

When
December 16, 1707
VEI
4
Deaths
Few (about 1 to 50)
Where
Fujisan, Japan

The full record

Tsunamis

8 on December 16, oldest first.

Space weather and aurora

1 on December 16, oldest first.

Billion-dollar disasters

1 on December 16, oldest first.

Other weather

8 on December 16, oldest first.

2000Dense Fog in Alabama, December 16, 2000

Patchy, but locally dense, fog formed over Mobile Bay during the early morning hours. The fog sharply reduced visibilities along sections of the Interstate 10 Bayway, just east of the George Wallace Tunnel.

Damage
$50,000
Events
1

The full record

20222022 Batang Kali landslide

A landslide occurred in the early hours of 16 December 2022 near the Malaysian town of Batang Kali, Selangor, displacing 450,000 m3 (16 million cu ft) of soil and burying campsites at an organic farm. The accident trapped 92 people under the collapsed slope; most were campers from the farm.

Where
Father's Organic Farm
Country
Malaysia
Deaths
30
Injured
7

From Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 4.0.

The full record

2023Dense Fog in Oregon, December 16 to 17, 2023

Dense Fog in the Central Willamette Valley contributed to a aircraft accident. A small plane struck power pole and power lines near Independence, Oregon and crashed just outside airport grounds, killing all three people onboard.

Deaths
3
Injuries
3
Events
1

The full record

Every day of the year

Sources

Gathered from this site’s archives: the tornado record (NOAA SPC, and Grazulis before 1950), IBTrACS and the National Hurricane Center, NOAA NCEI’s Storm Events Database, Regional Snowfall Index, billion-dollar disasters list, State Climate Extremes Committee and hazard databases, USGS, NIFC, GFZ Potsdam’s Kp index (CC BY 4.0), the National Weather Service in Norman, Oklahoma, and Wikidata (CC0), with article leads from Wikipedia under CC BY-SA 4.0, each credited where it appears. Rebuilt 2026-09-24.