Earthquakes
856December 3, 856 Earthquake in Tunis, Tunisia
An earthquake struck Tunis, Tunisia. It killed 45,000 people and did extreme (about $25 million or more) damage.
- When
- December 3, 856
- Deaths
- 45,000
- Where
- Tunis, Tunisia
Every tornado, hurricane, flood, blizzard, heat wave, record, earthquake, eruption, tsunami, wildfire and geomagnetic storm on record for December 3, in any year, each linked to its full record.
Every event with a place, colored by kind. Tap one to open its record.
By deaths, damage and strength together, across every archive.
Earthquakes
An earthquake struck Tunis, Tunisia. It killed 45,000 people and did extreme (about $25 million or more) damage.
Earthquakes
A magnitude 6.8 earthquake struck Zhanghua, Taiwan. It killed 1,001 people, destroyed 20,300 houses and did extreme (about $25 million or more) damage.
Tornadoes
An F4 tornado touched down in Vernon Parish, Rapides Parish, Grant Parish, Louisiana and tracked 85.5 miles, 300 yards wide at its widest, killing 9 and injuring 50.
Earthquakes
A magnitude 7 earthquake struck Tibet (Xizang Province), China. It killed 170 people.
Tornadoes
An F4 tornado touched down in Bossier Parish, Louisiana and tracked 6.2 miles, 400 yards wide at its widest, killing 2 and injuring 266.
Volcanoes
On 3 December 2023, Mount Marapi, a complex volcano on the Indonesian island of Sumatra, erupted, sending ash as high as 3,000 metres (10,000 ft) into the air, and depositing large amounts of volcanic ash in nearby districts. Twenty-four hikers were found dead near the crater of the volcano.
From Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 4.0.
Tornadoes
Earthquakes
A magnitude 7.3 earthquake struck Pyu, Myanmar. It killed 36 people.
Earthquakes
A magnitude 5.9 earthquake struck M'Sila, Algeria. It killed 33 people and did severe (about $5 to $25 million) damage.
Tornadoes
Hurricanes and tropical storms
Hurricane Bopha reached its peak of 150 kt (175 mph) with a central pressure of 911 mb, a category 5 storm.
Tornadoes
An F3 tornado touched down in Calhoun County, Alabama and tracked 4 miles, 150 yards wide at its widest, killing 2 and injuring 51.
36 on December 3, oldest first.
On the 3rd of December 1908, an F2 tornado destroyed three homes and killed a large number of cattle near Westville, in Adair County, Oklahoma.
From the National Weather Service in Norman, Oklahoma.
An F4 tornado touched down in Vernon Parish, Rapides Parish, Grant Parish, Louisiana and tracked 85.5 miles, 300 yards wide at its widest, killing 9 and injuring 50.
An F3 tornado touched down in Issaquena, Sharkey counties, Mississippi and tracked 18.8 miles, 300 yards wide at its widest, injuring 20.
An F3 tornado touched down in Rains County, Texas and tracked 3 miles, 27 yards wide at its widest.
An F4 tornado touched down in Bossier Parish, Louisiana and tracked 6.2 miles, 400 yards wide at its widest, killing 2 and injuring 266.
An F3 tornado touched down in Webster Parish, Claiborne Parish, Union Parish, Louisiana and tracked 60 miles, 300 yards wide at its widest, killing 2 and injuring 4.
An F3 tornado touched down in Bossier Parish, Webster Parish, Claiborne Parish, Louisiana and tracked 61.1 miles, 10 yards wide at its widest.
An F2 tornado touched down in Union County, Arkansas and tracked 6.4 miles, 50 yards wide at its widest, killing 1 and injuring 7.
An F3 tornado touched down in Ouachita County, Arkansas and tracked 10 miles, 250 yards wide at its widest, injuring 7.
An F3 tornado touched down in Calhoun County, Alabama and tracked 4 miles, 150 yards wide at its widest, killing 2 and injuring 51.
Wind with a thunderstorm overturned a 90-foot tug boat in Mobile Bay with three people onboard. No one was hurt in the incident. Time is estimated.
A weak tornado touched down briefly in Calhoun County, about 1.5 miles east-southeast of Woodberry. The tornado was on the ground for about 2.7 miles before dissipating 3 miles north-northeast of Hampton.
2 on December 3, oldest first.
Hurricane Lucy reached its peak of 115 kt (130 mph) with a central pressure of 920 mb, a category 4 storm.
Hurricane Bopha reached its peak of 150 kt (175 mph) with a central pressure of 911 mb, a category 5 storm.
12 on December 3, oldest first.
A rush of water in a stream in the Yunque Caribbean National Forest swept away three people killing two of them and injuring the other one.
Heavy rains in the overnight hours produced flash flooding in parts of Toa alta, Vega Baja, Manati, Caguas and Ciales. In Toa Alta several roads were completed flooded as Cibuco river overflowed its banks. Landslides were reported in some sectors of Toa Alta.
Two very powerful storms with origins in the Tropics brought hazardous weather to the Pacific Northwest. Each storm moved over the coastal Pacific waters in quick succession, and were unusually strong. With the stronger winds, seas built to heights of 44 to 48 feet.
Two very powerful storms with origins in the Tropics brought hazardous weather to the Pacific Northwest. Each storm moved over the coastal Pacific waters in quick succession, and were unusually strong. With the stronger winds, seas built to heights of 44 to 48 feet.
Strong low pressure moving through New York State coupled with a vigorous low level jet resulted in periods of damaging wind across Southern New England. Rain and occasional thunder also occurred.
Well above normal rainfall from previous months, combined with additional heavy rainfall in early December and planned reservoir releases, caused the White and Cache rivers to rise above flood stage during the first part of the month.
Heavy rain showers and thunderstorms brought record rainfall and flooding issues to portions of the Central Valley and foothills. There were 2 berm levees which failed in Tehama County, flooding over 200 homes and damaging farms and orchards.
A cold front moved into South Florida during the day of December 3rd, and stalled across the far southern end of the peninsula and upper Florida Keys on the 4th and 5th.
Efficient low level convergence along a near coastal warm frontal boundary within a moist environment generated thunderstorms that produced extreme early day rainfall rates. This intense morning rainfall produced flash flooding.
A frontal boundary stalled along the coast while moisture overran the boundary. This produced moderate to heavy rain across Southwest Louisiana that produced flash flooding at a few locations.
A surface front and a deep upper low, known locally as a kona low, produced heavy and sustained showers and thunderstorms as tropical moisture was pulled north over the Aloha State. The downpours also led to instances of flash flooding.
A pair of moderate atmospheric rivers brought heavy rain leading to minor river and urban flooding to portions of northwest Oregon.
22 on December 3, oldest first.
Severe thunderstorms caused extensive damage in downtown Lake Charles. A four story hotel that was under construction collapsed, causing 1.25 million dollars worth of damages. Two trailers used by the construction crews were rolled over.
Severe thunderstorm winds blew down several utility poles and wires in Nederland. At 5:00 am, an 18 wheeler was blown off I-10 five miles west of Beaumont. The driver received minor injuries.
Strong storm moved west to east across the area producing wind damage in its path. Tree fell onto a house roof and a carport was downed on a car in Pasadena. Road signs bent along HWY 225 in La Porte. Powerlines blown down in Deer Park. Trees blown down in Baytown.
Severe thunderstorms blew a roof off a motel in Vinton, damaged a barn, and knocked over several trees.In Carlyss, one mobile home lost it's roof, and several other mobile homes received minor damage.
Power lines and trees were blown down on Highway 87 in Little Cypress due to severe thunderstorm winds.
Nickel size hail fell near 45th place north and delaware.
The strongest Santa Ana wind event of this year began in the early morning hours of December 3 and continued into the afternoon of December 4. Ten power poles were knocked down in Northwest San Bernardino, just below the Cajon Pass.
Strong winds buffeted eastern Pennsylvania during the second half of the morning and into the evening on the 3rd. Highest wind gusts averaged around 50 mph and downed trees, tree limbs, scattered garbage pails and caused scattered power outages.
Strong winds buffeted New Jersey during the second half of the morning and into the evening on the 3rd. Highest wind gusts averaged 50 to 55 mph and downed trees, tree limbs and caused scattered power outages. Garbage cans and tree limbs littered county roadways.
Strong west winds in the wake of an intense cold front produced wind gusts up to 62 mph, which downed trees and power lines.
Strong winds buffeted the Maryland Eastern Shore during the second half of the morning and the afternoon on the 3rd. Highest wind gusts averaged around 50 mph and downed trees and wires caused power outages.
A strong cold front moved across the Mid Atlantic early on December 3rd. This brought gusty winds to portions of central Maryland through much of the day. Many automated observations measured wind gusts between 40 and 55 mph.
Thunderstorms developed across portions of northeast Texas and northwest Louisiana along a frontal boundary in association with an upper level disturbance.
A low-topped squall line raced northeast across central Pennsylvania during the early morning hours before sunrise, producing damaging winds with measured peak gusts between 60 to 85 mph. The intense winds resulted in two injuries.
Very strong south winds mixed to the ground after a warm front moved through eastern New Jersey during the early morning of the 3rd. Peak wind gust averaged around 50 mph and tore down some weak tree limbs, trees and wires.
An intense Bering Sea Storm produced high wind across the Pribilof Islands and warm moist and windy conditions across much of south central Alaska. The peak wind in the Anchorage area was 118 mph at Glenn Alps.
A strong Pacific cold front brought strong southerly winds to the North and Central Oregon Coast.
A powerful jet stream that shifted into New Mexico from the eastern Pacific Ocean focused periodic strong winds over the region on the 3rd and 4th. The strongest winds impacted the higher terrain and along the east slopes of the central mountain chain.
Strong, gusty cross winds caused a plane to crash on takeoff at the Mammoth-Yosemite airport on the 3rd.
Strong and gusty north winds on the back side of area of low pressure situated just south of Arizona blew across the deserts of far southeast California during the morning hours on December 3rd.
Periodically strong gap winds developed across portions of southeast Wyoming due to strengthening pressure gradients in advance of a potent cold front.
45 on December 3, oldest first.
Snowstorm of December 3, 1957 was ranked category 1, Notable, on NOAA’s Regional Snowfall Index, strongest in the Northeast. It lasted from December 3, 1957 to December 5, 1957.
Snowstorm of December 3, 1971 was ranked category 2, Significant, on NOAA’s Regional Snowfall Index, strongest in the Southeast. It lasted from December 3, 1971 to December 4, 1971.
An upper-level trough moved across the northern Great Basin developing snow across extreme northern Utah. Though the northern mountains did not receive warning criteria snowfall, most northern valleys did. Generally 4-8 inches of snow was reported with this system.
Heavy snow was reported across the Kenai Peninsula late Thursday and Friday...with areas around Kenai and Nikiski receiving in excess of 1 foot of snow in about 18 hours...closing several schools, causing major transportation delays and resulting in several power outages for…
Snowstorm of December 3, 1999 was ranked category 1, Notable, on NOAA’s Regional Snowfall Index, strongest in the South. It lasted from December 3, 1999 to December 6, 1999.
Icy roads from snowfall resulted in a few serious accidents. The most significant was a collision between two semi trucks on Interstate 80 about 17 miles west of Cheyenne, Wy.
A winter storm struck parts of extreme southern and southeastern Virginia. The storm affected a relatively small area, but the areas that had snow received some hefty totals.
The first significant and widespread snow to hit north Georgia of the winter season began around 3 am EST and ended around 10 am EST Sunday December 3, 2000.
A developing surface cyclone off the Carolina Coast spread abundant moisture into western North Carolina, which was still mired in a cold, winter-like temperature regime. The result was another widespread snowfall.
A winter storm struck parts of northeast North Carolina. The storm struck a relatively small area, but the locations that had snow received impressive totals.
Low pressure moving up the coast of the Carolinas combined with cold air and an upper level disturbance moving in from the Midwest to create a winter weather scenario.
A mix of freezing rain and sleet fell on much of northeast Arkansas. The icy conditions brought down many trees,power poles and power lines. One man was killed in Lawrence county when a power line fell on him.
A mixture of snow, sleet and freezing rain starting falling on the afternoon of the 3rd over parts of north-central Arkansas. The precipitation gradually overspread the rest of the area by that evening and continued through the morning hours of the 4th.
A disturbance in the upper atmosphere moving northeast over a cold arctic air mass across the Texas panhandle produced heavy snow.
A winter storm affected the northwest half of Oklahoma during the afternoon and evening of the 3rd, and early morning of the 4th.
Snow fell across much of southwest and south central Kansas generally along and south of a line from Syracuse through Dighton, Ness City and LaCrosse. The precipitation started out in the form of freezing rain along the Oklahoma border.
A weak low pressure system moved from the eastern Great Lakes Friday morning, December 3rd across New England late Friday and Friday night, December 3rd. Light snow fell across much of Vermont and northern New York.
A weak area of low pressure track through the northern Great Lakes and into upstate New York by the morning of the 4th. Northwest flow off of Lake Erie during this time brought lake effect snow to only a few counties throughout northeast Ohio and northwest Pennsylvania.
A weak area of low pressure track through the northern Great Lakes and into upstate New York by the morning of the 4th. Northwest flow off of Lake Erie during this time brought lake effect snow to only a few counties throughout northeast Ohio and northwest Pennsylvania.
The first true arctic air mass of the season swept into western and central New York on the heels of a major synoptic storm during the first few days of December.
An area of low pressure moved from the western Great Lakes on the morning of the 2nd to the Saint Lawrence Valley by the morning of the 3rd.
Intensifying low pressure tracking across the Gulf of Maine to Nova Scotia from the afternoon of the 3rd through the morning of the 4th brought heavy precipitation and gusty winds to northern and eastern Maine. The storm brought heavy snow to the entire region.
Cold west to northwest winds blowing across Lake Erie caused lake effect snow showers to develop.
An arctic front swept through the region on December 3, 2008 accompanied by a band of snow behind the frontal passage. Mainly light snow fell for about a 5 to 7 hour period with total accumulations of 2 to 4 inches across eastern Iowa and northwest and western Illinois.
A cold airmass encompassed southeast New Mexico and west Texas on 12/03/09. A shortwave trough translated eastward over the region on the night of the 3rd and resulted in 1 to 3 inches of snow across the region.
Two powerful north Pacific storms moved across the eastern Aleutians beginning December 4th continuing through December 7th.
Black ice on bridges and access roads leading into Prestonsburg was the cause of 20 car accidents during the morning of Friday, December 3rd. Five of the accidents resulted in the injuries of 3 people. The most serious accident occurred on the Bert T.
A fast moving storm system, that remained fairly modest in terms of moisture, created a small band of very heavy snowfall across portions of central and southern Minnesota, as well as a small portion of west central Wisconsin.
A surface low pressure tracked from South Dakota through Iowa across southern Illinois. Warm air advection ahead of the low led to a prolonged 15 to 18 hour snow event.
Low pressure tracked from Kansas to the Great Lakes region on December 3rd as an upper level disturbance lifted northeast out of the Rockies. This brought a southwest to northeast band of snow, some of it heavy, from Nebraska into western Iowa.
Two cold and wet winter storms moved through Arizona during the period from Saturday December 3rd through Monday December 5th.
Seven people were injured in two separate accidents as a result of slippery roads across Trempealeau County. One person was injured in the first accident near Whitehall. This accident occurred after light freezing rain fell in the morning hours of December 3rd.
For much of South Central Nebraska, this Saturday featured the first widespread, measurable snow of the 2011-2012 winter season. Storm-total accumulations were mainly between 3-6 inches, but with exceptions on either side of this range.
A 960 mb low approximately 200 miles west of Nunivak Island at 1500AKST on the 3rd moved north to Saint Lawrence Island by 0300AKST on the 4th as a 968 mb low. The low drifted slowly north to the Bering Strait as a 970 mb low by 1500AKST on the 4th.
An upper level trough of low pressure moved across Northwest Kansas bringing snowfall amounts of six to almost eleven inches with it. The snowfall began during the early morning, then began to taper off during the afternoon and evening hours.
A cold and slow moving Pacific low pressure system slowly moved east across Arizona on the weekend of December 3rd and 4th.
Several inches of snow, along with a period of freezing rain, caused hazardous driving conditions across much of north central and northeast Wisconsin. The heaviest snow fell in far north central Wisconsin where 4 to 6 inches of snow was followed by freezing rain and sleet.
Snow, heavy in areas, accumulated up to 8 inches from the evening of December 3rd through the afternoon of December 4th. Difficult travel conditions forced delayed openings or early closings of some schools and businesses on December 4th.
After a round of about one to nine inches of light snow fell across portions of northwest and west central Minnesota on December 2nd and 3rd, a second round of snow fell on the 3rd through the 4th.
A cold. moist, and slow moving upper trough over the region brought widespread heavy snow to western Colorado.
After a round of about one to five inches of light snow fell across eastern North Dakota on December 2nd and 3rd, a second round of snow fell on the 3rd through the 4th. This second batch of snow set up along an inverted trough, bringing about 4 to 10 inches of snow to the area.
A strong low pressure area moving across the region brought widespread heavy snow to much of central and northeast South Dakota. Snowfall amounts of 6 to 8 inches occurred. School start delays or closings occurred along with travel problems.
On the 2nd and 3rd of December, 2020, heavy snow fell across northwest Oklahoma, along with adjacent parts of the Texas and Oklahoma Panhandles along with a small part of southwest Kansas. While there were high snow totals, they were mainly confined to Harper County and a small part of northern Ellis and western parts of Woodward and Woods Counties. The highest totals were seen in the Buffalo, Laverne, and Gage areas where between 12 and 15 inches of snow piled up. Woodward saw anywhere from 5 to 8 inches, with higher amounts across the far western sides of the city.
From the National Weather Service in Norman, Oklahoma.
An upper level storm system initially brought a mix of valley rain and mountain snow to northern and central NM.
Right near the start of the month, a positively-tilted trough swung through the Rockies, bringing strong forcing and banded snow to the mountains and eastern plains.
8 on December 3, oldest first.
An 86 year old white female died of hypothermia in her home.
Temperatures across the state averaged well below normal the first week of December. Detroit tied a 131-year record low of 3 degrees Fahrenheit on the morning of the 3rd, while a temperature of -8 degrees Fahrenheit broke the record low in Flint.
A 52 year old homeless man died of exposure after falling asleep in a bus shelter in Moorhead. He was found by a person walking by the bus shelter the morning of the 4th.
A 51 year old man died on Ashland Avenue in Chicago due to cold exposure with temperatures in the lower to middle 20s.
Three people died from cold exposure in Cook County on December 5th and 6th including a 34 year old man in Chicago; a 69 year old man in Hanover Park and a 50 year old woman in Palos Park.
A 99-year-old woman died from hypothermia due to cold exposure. The low temperature at O'Hare on December 3rd was 24 F.
The Milwaukee County Medical Examiner's office reported a death of a homeless woman due to hypothermia.
Seven people were evacuated from their residence and treated for carbon monoxide poisoning. Several first responders also had to be evaluated due to exposure of the gas.
1 on December 3, oldest first.
Big Fork recorded 14.06 inches, Arkansas’s all-time greatest 24-hour precipitation, as the State Climate Extremes Committee lists it.
4 on December 3, oldest first.
The Fm 920 Fire was discovered on December 3, 2005, in Wise County, Texas, and burned 4,500 acres; the cause was recorded as human.
The Carter Fire was discovered on December 3, 2005, in Palo Pinto County, Texas, and burned 1,865 acres; the cause was recorded as human.
The Shekell Fire was discovered on December 3, 2006, in Ventura County, California, and burned 30,000 acres; the cause was recorded as misuse of fire by a minor.
A wildfire began around 1020CST about nine miles south southeast of Canyon Texas in Randall county. The wildfire started near Interstate 40 and Dowlen Road and consumed an estimated seventy-five acres.
15 on December 3, oldest first.
An earthquake struck Tunis, Tunisia. It killed 45,000 people and did extreme (about $25 million or more) damage.
An earthquake struck Khorasan,jabal, Iran. It killed many people (about 101 to 1,000) and did severe (about $5 to $25 million) damage.
A magnitude 7 earthquake struck Trinidad & St. Christopher, Trinidad and Tobago. It caused a tsunami.
A magnitude 6.8 earthquake struck Zhanghua, Taiwan. It killed 1,001 people, destroyed 20,300 houses and did extreme (about $25 million or more) damage.
A magnitude 7 earthquake struck Nankaido, Japan. It caused a tsunami.
A magnitude 5.9 earthquake struck M'Sila, Algeria. It killed 33 people and did severe (about $5 to $25 million) damage.
An earthquake struck Bisignano, Italy.
An earthquake struck Zakynthos, Greece. It caused a tsunami.
A magnitude 7.9 earthquake struck Martinique.
A magnitude 7 earthquake struck Tibet (Xizang Province), China. It killed 170 people.
A magnitude 7.3 earthquake struck Pyu, Myanmar. It killed 36 people.
An earthquake struck San Jorge, LA Encarnacion, San Fernando, Honduras.
A magnitude 7.9 earthquake struck Iturup, Matua, Kunashir, Kuril Islands, Russia. It caused a tsunami.
A magnitude 5.7 earthquake struck Goresken, Erzurum Province, Turkey. It killed 1 person and injured 6.
A magnitude 5.3 earthquake struck Cook Strait, New Zealand.
4 on December 3, oldest first.
Nyamulagira, Democratic Republic of the Congo erupted with a Volcanic Explosivity Index of 3. It killed 20 people.
Manam, Papua New Guinea erupted with a Volcanic Explosivity Index of 3. It killed 13 people and injured 29.
On 3 December 2023, Mount Marapi, a complex volcano on the Indonesian island of Sumatra, erupted, sending ash as high as 3,000 metres (10,000 ft) into the air, and depositing large amounts of volcanic ash in nearby districts. Twenty-four hikers were found dead near the crater of the volcano.
From Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 4.0.
Marapi, Indonesia erupted. It killed 23 people and injured 12.
6 on December 3, oldest first.
A tsunami with a source recorded as earthquake struck Trinidad & St. Christopher, Trinidad and Tobago.
A tsunami with a source recorded as earthquake struck Tuscany, Italy.
A tsunami caused by a magnitude 7 earthquake struck Nankaido, Japan.
A tsunami with a source recorded as earthquake struck Ionian Islands, Greece, with a maximum water height of 0.4 meters.
A tsunami struck Ambon Island, Indonesia.
A tsunami caused by a magnitude 7.9 earthquake struck S. Kuril Islands, Russia, with a maximum water height of 1.1 meters.
1 on December 3, oldest first.
A G3 (strong) geomagnetic storm began December 3, 2025, reached Kp 7- and lasted 12 hours, with a daily Ap as high as 32; at that Kp the aurora may be seen from about 52 degrees geomagnetic latitude.
10 on December 3, oldest first.
Lightning struck a home in Leesville. A tree limb had fallen through the dining room ceiling, parts of the northeast corner of the home were blown away, a hole had been knocked in the southern end of the building, and the patio at the rear of the home was destroyed.Although the…
High surf generated by an intense low pressure area far south of Samoa washed out a temporary access road at Avau Point which cost about $200,000.00 to construct.
Ocean Beach Pier was slightly damaged by waves breaking over the top of it. The Crystal Pier in Pacific Beach was also closed due to high waves.
Intermittent dense advection fog formed over southern Wisconsin ahead of an approaching warm front.
Little change in the upper air pattern occurred from the previous day. Clear skies, light winds and inversion conditions in the San Joaquin Valley allowed for areas of dense fog to form in Merced, Madera and Fresno Counties in the central San Joaquin Valley during the early…
A large swell from the north-northwest generated surf of 25 to 35 feet along the north- facing shores of Niihau, Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, and Maui; 10 to 20 feet along the west-facing shores of Kauai, Oahu, and Molokai; 15 to 25 feet along the north-facing shores of the Big Island;…
A 17-year-old girl from New York was caught in a rip current and drowned in Cocoa Beach.
A fatal automobile accident occurred near Viola, WI (Vernon County) late on December 3rd on Wisconsin State Highway 56. A truck veered from the roadway and struck multiple trees.
Mainly clear skies prevailed across the area during the evening of December 2. With winds remaining light across the San Joaquin Valley along with the presence of low level moisture from recent rainfall and inversion conditions, areas of dense fog formed in the San Joaquin…
A 32-year old man died after drowning off Bean Hollow State Beach in southern San Mateo County.
Gathered from this site’s archives: the tornado record (NOAA SPC, and Grazulis before 1950), IBTrACS and the National Hurricane Center, NOAA NCEI’s Storm Events Database, Regional Snowfall Index, billion-dollar disasters list, State Climate Extremes Committee and hazard databases, USGS, NIFC, GFZ Potsdam’s Kp index (CC BY 4.0), the National Weather Service in Norman, Oklahoma, and Wikidata (CC0), with article leads from Wikipedia under CC BY-SA 4.0, each credited where it appears. Rebuilt 2026-09-24.