Earthquakes
1755November 19, 1755 Earthquake in Meknes, Fes, Morocco
An earthquake struck Meknes, Fes, Morocco. It killed 3,000 people and did severe (about $5 to $25 million) damage.
- When
- November 19, 1755
- Deaths
- 3,000
- Where
- Meknes, Fes, Morocco
Every tornado, hurricane, flood, blizzard, heat wave, record, earthquake, eruption, tsunami, wildfire and geomagnetic storm on record for November 19, in any year, each linked to its full record.
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By deaths, damage and strength together, across every archive.
Earthquakes
An earthquake struck Meknes, Fes, Morocco. It killed 3,000 people and did severe (about $5 to $25 million) damage.
Tornadoes
An F4 tornado touched down in Oklahoma County, Oklahoma and tracked 7.1 miles, 150 yards wide at its widest, killing 23 and injuring 125. From Grazulis's record of significant tornadoes: Bethany, OK.
Earthquakes
A magnitude 6.7 earthquake struck Central, Acambay, Tixmadeje, Mexico. It killed 202 people and did severe (about $5 to $25 million) damage.
Earthquakes
A magnitude 6 earthquake struck Shandong Province, China. It killed 200 people.
Tornadoes
An F3 tornado touched down in McClain, Cleveland, Oklahoma counties, Oklahoma and tracked 24.2 miles, 500 yards wide at its widest, killing 5 and injuring 36.
Hurricanes and tropical storms
Hurricane June reached its peak of 160 kt (185 mph) with a central pressure of 875 mb, a category 5 storm.
Earthquakes
A magnitude 5.6 earthquake struck Huaping, Lijiang, Ninglag, Sichuan Province, China. It killed 5 people, injured 1,543, destroyed 12,000 houses and did $70 million in damage.
Tornadoes
An F3 tornado touched down in Lee County, Mississippi and tracked 12.5 miles, 120 yards wide at its widest, killing 2 and injuring 11.
Tornadoes
Tornadoes
An F3 tornado touched down in Lee County, Arkansas and tracked 8 miles, 400 yards wide at its widest, injuring 27.
Winter storms and snow
Lake effect snow developed over Eastern Lake Erie and Southern Ontario Wednesday (19) evening on a southwest flow. Cloud to ground lightning was noted near Long Point near the onset of the activity.
Tornadoes
An F3 tornado touched down in Williamson County, Illinois and tracked 1.5 miles, 70 yards wide at its widest, injuring 16.
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An F4 tornado touched down in Oklahoma County, Oklahoma and tracked 7.1 miles, 150 yards wide at its widest, killing 23 and injuring 125. From Grazulis's record of significant tornadoes: Bethany, OK.
An F3 tornado touched down in Ellis, Russell counties, Kansas and tracked 15.4 miles, 70 yards wide at its widest, injuring 15. From Grazulis's record of significant tornadoes: W Victoria to NE Victoria, KS.
An F3 tornado touched down in Garfield County, Oklahoma and tracked 5.2 miles, 250 yards wide at its widest, injuring 4. From Grazulis's record of significant tornadoes: S Carrier, OK.
An F2 tornado touched down in Yell County, Arkansas and tracked 9.5 miles, 180 yards wide at its widest, killing 1 and injuring 15. From Grazulis's record of significant tornadoes: Ola, AR.
An F2 tornado touched down in Titus County, Texas and tracked 4.9 miles, 50 yards wide at its widest, killing 1 and injuring 1. From Grazulis's record of significant tornadoes: NW Mt. Pleasant, TX.
An F3 tornado touched down in Talbot County, Georgia, injuring 2. From Grazulis's record of significant tornadoes: Geneva to Box Springs, GA.
An F3 tornado touched down in Lee County, Arkansas and tracked 8 miles, 400 yards wide at its widest, injuring 27.
An F3 tornado touched down in Perry County, Indiana and tracked 2 miles, 100 yards wide at its widest, injuring 2.
An F3 tornado touched down in McClain, Cleveland, Oklahoma counties, Oklahoma and tracked 24.2 miles, 500 yards wide at its widest, killing 5 and injuring 36.
On this day in 1973, a tornado occurred in McClain County near Blanchard, and tracked north northeastward to near Moore, in Cleveland County. A woman and her infant son were killed in a trailer in Blanchard, as about one-third of the town was destroyed. A total of 67 trailers were destroyed in Moore, resulting in 3 fatalities. Another tornado touched down in and near Tonkawa, in Kay County, damaging 180 homes, 20 businesses, and the high school.
From the National Weather Service in Norman, Oklahoma.
An F3 tornado touched down in Union Parish, Louisiana and tracked 2 miles, 200 yards wide at its widest.
An F3 tornado touched down in Madison Parish, Louisiana and tracked 0.5 miles, 100 yards wide at its widest.
An F3 tornado touched down in Lee County, Mississippi and tracked 12.5 miles, 120 yards wide at its widest, killing 2 and injuring 11.
An F3 tornado touched down in Sunflower County, Mississippi and tracked 4 miles, 100 yards wide at its widest, injuring 3.
An F3 tornado touched down in Williamson County, Illinois and tracked 1.5 miles, 70 yards wide at its widest, injuring 16.
This weak tornado blew down numerous trees and power lines along its intermittent 15-mile track. One telephone pole was snapped. In Abbeville, a large tree limb fell and tore a hole in the roof of a home, causing extensive damage.
A strong cold front crossing the upper Ohio Valley late on the 18th produced isolated wind damage across the region.
A longwave trough moved through the Intermountain West. With synoptic forcing |and moisture still in place over Arizona, scattered showers developed over the area. A developing shower spun up a tornado south of the Mogollon Rim that hit the community of Star Valley.
A line of severe thunderstorms moved through central Mississippi during the evening of November 18. Scattered wind damage and a tornado occurred with this line of storms.
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Hurricane June reached its peak of 160 kt (185 mph) with a central pressure of 875 mb, a category 5 storm.
Hurricane Lenny crossed the coast as a category 2 hurricane, 85 kt (100 mph), central pressure 975 mb. Hurricane Lenny was the strongest November Atlantic hurricane since the 1932 Cuba hurricane. It was the sixteenth tropical cyclone, twelfth named storm, eighth hurricane, and record-breaking fifth Category 4 hurricane in the 1999 Atlantic hurricane season.
From Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 4.0.
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Police determined that low visibility in the rain was the main factor as a driver missed a stop sign as he approached a road "T" and drove the car into a concrete abutment. The heavy rain also destroyed 60,000 books in the Shasta county library when the roof sprung a leak.
With soils still soaked from flooding on the 14th and 15th, an additional 1 to 2 inches of rain that fell on the 19th over the southern part of Real County was sufficient to restart flash flooding very briefly.
Rains of 2 to 4.2 inches fell from 2200E on the 18th through 1600E on the 19th. A strong inflow of moist air from the southeast, helped enhance these rains.
Creeks and roads were flooded.
Rains of 2 to 2.8 inches fell in a 12 to 18 hour period from late on the 18th into the afternoon of the 19th. Breaks Interstate Park measured 2.8 inches, Grundy had 2.4 inches, and Clintwood observed 2.2 inches.
Heavy rains on the 18th and 19th caused moderate flooding along the Clinch River. The river at Richlands crested over four and a half feet above flood stage at 7 pm on the 19th. 26 houses were destroyed, 14 had major damage, and 5 minor damage.
Moderate to heavy rainfall late on the 18th and on the 19th resulted in flash flooding and small stream flooding.
Moderate to heavy rainfall late on the 18th and on the 19th resulted in widespread significant flash flooding and small stream flooding.In Mercer County, there was significant flooding across the county, as many creeks and smaller rivers flooded.
Moderate to heavy rain late on the 18th and on the 19th resulted in flash flooding and small stream flooding. Runoff from heavy rain resulted in the flooding of numerous creeks, some of which flooded roads across Wilkes, Watauga, Alleghany, and Ashe counties.
Heavy rains on the 18th and 19th caused moderate flooding along the New River.The New River at Galax crested 2 feet above flood stage at 8 pm on the 19th. At Radford, the river crested over five and a half feet above flood stage at 1215 am on the 20th.
In Uniontown, roads, houses, and 19 businesses flooded by the overflow of Redstone and other creeks. 11 cars submerged at car dealership. 3 inches of rain reported at Uniontown fire station.
Heavy rains on the 18th and 19th caused flooding along the North, Middle and South Forks of the Holston River.
Streams flooded roads, 60 houses and basements on West Loyalhanna, South Fairfield, Walnut St, North Ave. Local YMCA was flooded. 6 residents in Darlington evacuated due to high water. 2 people stranded in cars. Derry Middle School measured 3.1 inches of rain.
Stewart Run caused flooding of roads near Oak Forest. About 3 hours later, flooding from Ten Mile Creek was reported in Waynesburg. Houses and businesses were flooded in Lincoln, Elm, and First streets. Other roads flooded: Routes 19, 21, and 218.
At 1:30 PM, Big Wheeling Creek began to flood in Majorsville. Flooding continued on Big Wheeling Creek, Fish Creek, Middle Grave Creek, and Big Grave Creek through the early morning of the 20th. Cameron elementary school flooded. Numerous basements flooded throughout the county.
Heavy rain started on the 19th, and produced flash flooding over many counties. Total rains were 2 to 3 inches. This caused river flooding on the Youghiogheny, Monongahela, and Ohio Rivers.
Flash flooding of Virginia Lane, Victoria Lane, and Lee Street. Man trapped in car, and rescued, after he drove through a flooded Route 40. Cinder road washed out.
Two low pressure areas interacted and brought widespread rain and flooding to the Mojave Desert.
A large area of low pressure developing to the west of Arizona advected considerable amounts of moisture into Arizona on November 19th.
The first atmospheric river of the winter storm season created flooding across the North Bay between November 20 and 23.
A typical mid fall stronger cold front was moving through the region during the early morning hours of November 19th. As the boundary moved into southeast Louisiana, a surface low began to develop and depend right along the front.
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There were numerous reports of severe weather in the Permian Basin on the evening of the 19th. Severe thunderstorms moved across Odessa, causing a swath of damage that tore sections of roofs off mobile homes, a church, and a high school, as well as downing many power lines.
Winds from a strong Pacific storm gusted to 43 mph in Corvallis, and a strong gust blew a 1947 Taylor airplane from its moorings at Albany Municipal airport. The aircraft hit several parked cars before crashing into a fence, causing extensive damage to the aircraft.
A powerful Pacific storm brought high winds to the Oregon coast. The highest wind speeds reported included sustained winds of 55 mph with gusts to 89 mph at Florence in Lane county, sustained 60 mph with gusts to 80 mph at Tillamook in Tillamook county, sustained 60 mph gusting…
Strong south to southeast winds preceding an approaching cold front knocked down several trees, numerous tree limbs and wires in Eastern Pennsylvania. The wind damage was then further exacerbated in Chester County by a line of severe thunderstorms.
On the morning of November 19th a strong low level jet stream was detected by weather balloons over the eastern Columbia Basin of Washington.
A line of strong to severe thunderstorms moved across the region on the 19th. These storms preceded a cold front and produced gusty, damaging winds and heavy rainfall. Widespread power outages were reported due to downed trees and power lines.
During the morning of November 19th a low level jet stream was detected by weather balloons over extreme eastern Washington and northern Idaho. At daybreak these strong winds aloft started to descend to the surface producing scattered damage from downed trees.
Approximately 100 trees were blown down by winds estimated at 90 mph. Numerous power lines were blown down and power poles snapped. Numerous homes were damaged by fallen trees.
Radio tower toppled in Letterkenney Township near Upper Strasburg.
Strong southwest winds developed during the evening across parts of the northern Foothills. Winds gusted near 80 mph just west of Spearfish, while gusts over 50 mph were recorded in the Sturgis area.
A strong upper level jet and tight surface pressure gradients aided in high winds across much of the Pendleton County Warning Area.
Strong gusty northwest winds occurred behind a strong cold front.
A potent low pressure system moved across Montana. A large pressure gradient and strong winds aloft produced high winds across portions of south central and southeast Wyoming. Frequent wind gusts of 60 to 80 mph were observed.
A strengthening low pressure system dragged a strong cold front through eastern New York around sunrise on November 19. Strong winds occurred along the front and continued during the day behind the front.
Low pressure system moving across British Columbia delivered strong westerly winds aloft which brought strong winds across Northern and Central Montana early on the 19th and lasting through the morning hours on the 20th.
An area of low pressure from the Midwest passed west of Southern New England and into Canada, swinging a cold front through New England during the night of November 18 and morning of November 19. Strong west winds trailed the cold front and brought scattered reports of damage.
Strong gusty northwest winds occurred behind a strong cold front.
Strong and gusty Santa Ana winds impacted many areas of Ventura and Los Angeles counties. Northeasterly wind gusts up to 93 MPH were reported.
A rapidly deepening area of low pressure passing over the offshore waters of Western Washington produce very strong easterly winds across portions of Western Washington.
An area of low pressure intensified lifting northward across Minnesota into southwestern Ontario and resulted in very strong winds across southeast South Dakota.
A deep low pressure system generated widespread strong winds. A peak wind gust of 69 mph was observed by the Pierre Regional Airport ASOS, while 68 mph gusts were recorded by mesonet weather stations 1 mile northeast of Ridgeview in Dewey county, 10 miles southwest of Chantier…
A strong upper-level low passed slowly across the northern high Plains, bringing a prolonged period of strong winds at times across northwest into south central South Dakota.
Widely scattered hail-producing thunderstorms, including supercell thunderstorms, developed across the WFO Norman Forecast Area on the evening of the 19th as a leading upper-level impulse moved east from the central Texas Panhandle.
Strong to severe thunderstorms developed across portions of northeastern Oklahoma during the evening of the 19th, as warm, moist, and unstable air was lifted northward over a warm front that stretched across the area.
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Snowstorm of November 19, 1985 was ranked category 1, Notable, on NOAA’s Regional Snowfall Index, strongest in the Upper Midwest. It lasted from November 19, 1985 to November 24, 1985.
Before the freezing rain hit there was already 2 to 4 inches of snow on the ground. Between 1 and 1.5 inches of freezing rain fell over the Spokane area, knocking out power to 50% of the people and forcing the mayor to declare a state of emergency.
The first report of heavy snow came from Yelm, in Thurston county, with 4". Heavy snow then moved north and fell over the entire Puget Sound region. Up to twelve inches of snow fell over Western Washington.
14 inches of snow fell in Yakima, knocking out power to 15,000 homes, and cancelling all bus service for the first time in 20 years. Charles Wiltsey, 85, died when his carport collapsed due to heavy snow. Tieton, northwest of Yakima, got 22". Wenatchee got 13.5" in 24 hrs.
Another winter storm hit North Dakota bringing more unwanted snow to the state. Although there wasn't enough wind associated with the storm system to qualify the storm as a blizzard, the 10 to 20 mph winds were enough to create some blowing and drifting snow in open areas.
A couple from Turah, not wearing seatbelts, were killed when their car slid out of control on an icy Interstate 90.There were approximately 30 vehicles involved in 20 accidents across town that morning.
Light to moderate snow started in the mountains and spread southeast, lasting through the day. Generally 1 to 3 inches of snow fell, but some higher elevations of the central and southern mountains reported more than 4 inches.
An early season snowfall affected portions of central North Carolina on Sunday, November 19. It was the second earliest date that snow has been measured at Raleigh-Durham Aiport and at the Piedmont Triad Airport.
Light to moderate snow started in the mountains and spread southeast, lasting through the day. Generally 1 to 3 inches of snow fell with the heaviest amounts falling north of Interstate 85.
Cold air crossing the relatively warm waters of Lakes Erie and Ontario resulted in lake effect snows to the east of the lakes. Off Lake Erie, the snowbands did extend too far inland due to the lighter winds however the snow was very intense fueled by the 51 degree lake.
A cold front moved south through the area, and unlike normal, it actually dropped the temperatures by almost 20 degrees. After strong, relatively warm south winds, the temperature fell from 55 degrees at midnight to 35 by 8 am. Up to 4 inches of snow fell in Snohomish county.
A cold and unstable air mass in combination with low level upslope flow brought heavy snow on the Waterville Plateau. A trained spotter reported six inches of snow in Waterville.
Very cold low pressure dropped south along the Pacific Northwest coast and into the northern Sierra between the 18th and the 21st followed by another low on the 23rd. This brought gusty winds and periods of heavy snow to northeast California and the Sierra.
Snow-covered roads were blamed in a fatal accident which occurred in Luce County on the morning of the 19th. A band of moderate snow moved through the area at the time of the accident.
Snow accumulated up to 3 inches in Lincoln and Lyon Counties during the day on November 19th. Areas of freezing rain and freezing drizzle were reported further south in Nobles and Jackson Counties.
Lake effect snow developed over Eastern Lake Erie and Southern Ontario Wednesday (19) evening on a southwest flow. Cloud to ground lightning was noted near Long Point near the onset of the activity.
A strong cold front crossed the Lower Great Lakes from west to east during the day of the 19th.
Unusually cold northwest winds blowing across Lake Erie caused lake effect snow showers to develop during the evening of the 19th. The snow showers picked up in intensity during the early morning hours of the 20th. Snowfall rates were in excess of an inch per hour at times.
A strong cold front crossed central New York on Saturday afternoon the 19th. Much colder air followed this front and was accompanied by several inches of snow, especially over the higher terrain.
Strong low pressure moved from Minnesota to Lake Superior late on the 18th, then continued east. Persistent warm weather would give way to by far the coldest air of the season thus far. Lake enhanced snow and very gusty winds resulted.
A cold front crossed the lower Great Lakes early Sunday morning (19th). The cold air crossing the warmer waters of Lake Ontario began to produce lake effect snow bands during the evening hours.
A low pressure trough moving through the Upper Great Lakes produced moderate snow over the higher terrain of Marquette County on the 19th.
A Beatty man died on this date when his vehicle collided with a Klamath County school bus on Highway 140E between Klamath Falls and Bonanza. No children were inside the bus at the time, according to Oregon State Police. David Hauck, 51, was headed westbound about 8:50 a.m.
A strong low pressure system moved northward through the plains before stalling over southeastern Manitoba, Canada.
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Following the passage of a trough through central California on November 19 which brought clouds to the area resulting in temperatures remaining above freezing throughout the San Joaquin Valley on November 18, clearing skies and diminishing winds in a prevailing dry airmass…
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The Gauley MT2 Fire was discovered on November 19, 1999, in Fayette County, West Virginia, and burned 3,706 acres; the cause was recorded as fireworks.
The Marsh Fork Fire was discovered on November 19, 1999, in Raleigh County, West Virginia, and burned 3,484 acres; the cause was recorded as arson/incendiarism.
The Big Jarrell Fire was discovered on November 19, 1999, in Boone County, West Virginia, and burned 3,171 acres; the cause was recorded as fireworks.
The Thompson Branch Fire was discovered on November 19, 1999, in Lincoln County, West Virginia, and burned 2,090 acres; the cause was recorded as arson/incendiarism.
The Bacon Hollow Fire was discovered on November 19, 1999, in Raleigh County, West Virginia, and burned 1,666 acres; the cause was recorded as fireworks.
The Tongue River Fire was discovered on November 19, 2003, in Sheridan County, Wyoming, and burned 1,500 acres.
The Mill Rd Fire was discovered on November 19, 2003, in South Dakota, and burned 1,100 acres; the cause was recorded as misuse of fire by a minor.
The BRUSHHILL2 Fire was discovered on November 19, 2005, in Oklahoma, and burned 3,000 acres; the cause was recorded as arson/incendiarism.
The North Canadian Fire was discovered on November 19, 2005, in Oklahoma, and burned 2,300 acres; the cause was recorded as arson/incendiarism.
A small human caused wildfire which began in the southern Manzano Mountains early in the morning on the 19th grew to around 7000 acres early on the 21st. Three residences and 4 outbuildings were destroyed.
The Ojo Peak Fire was discovered on November 19, 2007, in Torrance County, New Mexico, and burned 6,969 acres; the cause was recorded as human.
The Aetna Fire was discovered on November 19, 2007, in Barber County, Kansas, and burned 5,000 acres; the cause was recorded as human.
The Wild Hog Fire was discovered on November 19, 2007, in Motley County, Texas, and burned 2,300 acres; the cause was recorded as smoking.
The Wild Hog South Fire was discovered on November 19, 2007, in Motley County, Texas, and burned 1,200 acres; the cause was recorded as equipment and vehicle use.
The Peoples Creek Fire was discovered on November 19, 2013, in Montana, and burned 1,538 acres; the cause was recorded as debris and open burning.
The Mount Pleasant Fire was reported on November 19, 2016, in Amherst County, Virginia, and burned 11,229 acres.
The Bells Road Fire was reported on November 19, 2016, in Haralson County, Georgia, and burned 1,546 acres.
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An earthquake struck Meknes, Fes, Morocco. It killed 3,000 people and did severe (about $5 to $25 million) damage.
An earthquake struck Valparaiso, Chile. It caused a tsunami.
A magnitude 6 earthquake struck Shandong Province, China. It killed 200 people.
An earthquake struck Ambon Island, Indonesia. It caused a tsunami.
An earthquake struck Antofagasta, Chile. It caused a tsunami.
A magnitude 7.8 earthquake struck West Coast, Australia.
A magnitude 6.7 earthquake struck Central, Acambay, Tixmadeje, Mexico. It killed 202 people and did severe (about $5 to $25 million) damage.
A magnitude 6.4 earthquake struck Malekula, Vanuatu Islands. It caused a tsunami.
A magnitude 6.4 earthquake struck Chaco, Buenaventura, Cali, Colombia. It killed 2 people.
A magnitude 5.6 earthquake struck Huaping, Lijiang, Ninglag, Sichuan Province, China. It killed 5 people, injured 1,543, destroyed 12,000 houses and did $70 million in damage.
A magnitude 4.8 earthquake struck Western Iran.
A magnitude 6.1 earthquake struck Paso Canoa, David, Puerto Armuelles, Panama.
A magnitude 7 earthquake struck Loyalty Islands, New Caledonia. It caused a tsunami.
A magnitude 6.6 earthquake struck Loyalty Islands, New Caledonia. It caused a tsunami.
A magnitude 6.3 earthquake struck Loyalty Islands, New Caledonia. It caused a tsunami.
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A tsunami struck Tuscany Coast, Italy.
A tsunami with a source recorded as earthquake struck Central Chile, with a maximum water height of 4 meters.
A tsunami with a source recorded as earthquake struck Ambon Island, Banda Sea, Indonesia.
A tsunami struck Aegean Sea, Greece.
A tsunami with a source recorded as earthquake struck Northern Chile.
A tsunami with a source recorded as meteorological struck N. California, United States.
A tsunami caused by a magnitude 6.4 earthquake struck Vanuatu Islands.
A tsunami with a source recorded as meteorological struck Pantano do Sul, Santa Catarina, Brazil, with a maximum water height of 3 meters. It injured 1.
A tsunami caused by a magnitude 7 earthquake struck Loyalty Islands, New Caledonia, with a maximum water height of 0.37 meters.
A tsunami caused by a magnitude 6.6 earthquake struck Loyalty Islands, New Caledonia, with a maximum water height of 0.08 meters.
A tsunami caused by a magnitude 6.3 earthquake struck Loyalty Islands, New Caledonia, with a maximum water height of 0.05 meters.
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A G3 (strong) geomagnetic storm began November 19, 1943, reached Kp 7- and lasted 45 hours, with a daily Ap as high as 57; at that Kp the aurora may be seen from about 52 degrees geomagnetic latitude.
A G4 (severe) geomagnetic storm began November 19, 1955, reached Kp 8- and lasted 33 hours, with a daily Ap as high as 65; at that Kp the aurora may be seen from about 47 degrees geomagnetic latitude.
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Dense fog developed over parts of Oklahoma during the early to mid morning hours of the 19th. A couple of automobile accidents occurred as a result of poor visibility due to dense fog. Two injuries occurred, but thankfully no fatalities were reported.
Radiational cooling and copious amounts of surface moisture combined to produce dense fog across much of East Central and South Central Minnesota.
A weak trough of low pressure from MN into the southern Plains brought light south winds and increasing low level moisture into the region.
A potent cold front passed through. A strong wind shift behind the front along with gusty winds led to a couple fatalities along with an injury.
During the early morning hours of November 19th, patchy dense fog formed across portions of east central Indiana. This persisted through around 9 AM and was attributed to a fatal accident on Interstate 70 east of Indianapolis.
Gathered from this site’s archives: the tornado record (NOAA SPC, and Grazulis before 1950), IBTrACS and the National Hurricane Center, NOAA NCEI’s Storm Events Database, Regional Snowfall Index, billion-dollar disasters list, State Climate Extremes Committee and hazard databases, USGS, NIFC, GFZ Potsdam’s Kp index (CC BY 4.0), the National Weather Service in Norman, Oklahoma, and Wikidata (CC0), with article leads from Wikipedia under CC BY-SA 4.0, each credited where it appears. Rebuilt 2026-09-24.