October 15 in Weather History

178 events on record, 1104 to 2025

Every tornado, hurricane, flood, blizzard, heat wave, record, earthquake, eruption, tsunami, wildfire and geomagnetic storm on record for October 15, in any year, each linked to its full record.

← October 14TodayOctober 16 →

October 15 on the map

Every event with a place, colored by kind. Tap one to open its record.

  • Tornadoes
  • Hurricanes and tropical storms
  • Floods
  • Severe storms
  • Winter storms and snow
  • Heat and drought
  • Cold
  • Wildfires
  • Earthquakes
  • Volcanoes
  • Tsunamis
  • Other weather

By kind

The most significant

By deaths, damage and strength together, across every archive.

Earthquakes

1883Çeşme earthquake of 1883

The 1883 Çeşme earthquake occurred at 12:30 local time on October 15. This earthquake shook a wide area and was felt in the neighboring islands as well as in modern-day Western Turkey.

Where
Turkey
Country
Turkey
Magnitude
7.3
Deaths
15,000

From Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 4.0.

The full record

Hurricanes and tropical storms

1954Hurricane Hazel makes landfall near Carolina Shores, NC

Hurricane Hazel crossed the coast near Carolina Shores, NC as a category 4 hurricane, 115 kt (130 mph), central pressure 938 mb. Hurricane Hazel was the deadliest, second-costliest, and most intense hurricane of the 1954 Atlantic hurricane season. The storm killed at least 469 people in Haiti before it struck the United States near the border between North and South Carolina as a Category 4 hurricane.

Wind at landfall
115 kt
Pressure
938 mb
Peak wind
115 kt

From Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 4.0.

The full record

Tornadoes

31 on October 15, newest first.

2021Tornadoes and Damaging Wind in Arkansas, October 15, 2021

A cluster of strong to severe thunderstorms developed during the late evening of the 14th over central Oklahoma ahead of an approaching cold front. These thunderstorms remained organized and moved through northwestern Arkansas during the early morning hours of the 15th.

Damage
$100,000
Strongest
EF1
Events
3

The full record

2021Tornado and Damaging Wind in Indiana, October 15, 2021

Several strong to occasionally severe thunderstorms formed along a cold front as it advanced eastward into western Kentucky and southwest Indiana. The storms intensified as gradual destabilization took place and temperatures warmed ahead of the front.

Damage
$54,000
Strongest
EF1
Events
2

The full record

2009Tornado and Hail in Georgia, October 15, 2009

A stationary front was located across the northern Gulf of Mexico. A fast westerly flow aloft was present across the region with a broad upper trough evident across the mid-south region. An unusually warm, moist air mass was present across central and south Georgia.

Damage
$125,000
Strongest
EF1
Events
2

The full record

2004Tornado in Kentucky, October 15, 2004

A residence on Fairview Church Road sustained major damage when it was struck by a large tree. There was severe roof damage, and much of the home's interior was damaged. Part of the ceiling collapsed, and the foundation was cracked.

Damage
$50,000
Strongest
F1
Events
1

The full record

2002Tornadoes in Florida, October 15, 2002

Low pressure in the Gulf of Mexico traveled along a stationary front into Levy county. One of the stronger storms in the vicinity of the stationary front produced a waterspout that moved inland into extreme northwest Citrus County near the Cross Florida Barge Canal.

Damage
$500,000
Strongest
F1
Events
2

The full record

1999Tornado in Florida, October 15, 1999

A tornadic waterspout moved ashore on Fort Lauderdale Beach. The tornado overturned a lifeguard stand and passed over a high-rise condominium. The tornado blew out a plate-glass window at the Elbow Room Bar injuring eight patrons, two of whom were treated at the hospital.

Injuries
3
Damage
$300,000
Strongest
F1
Events
1

The full record

1999Tornado in Florida, October 15, 1999

A tornado touched down in the Tropic Isles subdivision, crossed I-95, blowing over a semi-tractor trailer and lifted near Linton Boulevard and Abbey Road. Several structures suffered slight damage.

Damage
$100,000
Strongest
F1
Events
1

The full record

1899F2 tornado, Merrick County, Nebraska

An F2 tornado touched down in Merrick County, Nebraska and tracked 11.2 miles, killing 1 and injuring 3. From Grazulis's record of significant tornadoes: Chapman/N Central City, NE.

Rating
F2
Deaths
1
Injuries
3
Path
11.2 mi

The full record

Hurricanes and tropical storms

10 on October 15, newest first.

2001Hurricane Karen makes landfall near Bedford, Nova Scotia, Canada

Hurricane Karen crossed the coast near Bedford, Nova Scotia, Canada as a tropical storm, 40 kt, central pressure 998 mb. Hurricane Karen was a hurricane of non-tropical origin that formed in October of the 2001 Atlantic hurricane season. It developed out of the interaction between a cold front and an upper level trough on October 10 located to the south of Bermuda, and quickly strengthened as an extratropical storm.

Wind at landfall
40 kt
Pressure
998 mb
Peak wind
70 kt

From Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 4.0.

The full record

1999Hurricane in Florida, October 15 to 16, 1999

Minimal Hurricane Irene moved northeast from the Florida Keys across south Florida and emerged over the Atlantic near Ft. Pierce. Even though the storm was classified a category one hurricane, no sustained hurricane force winds were observed in east central Florida.

Damage
$51 million
Events
5

The full record

1999Hurricane Irene makes landfall near Big Coppitt Key, FL

Hurricane Irene crossed the coast near Big Coppitt Key, FL as a category 1 hurricane, 65 kt (75 mph), central pressure 987 mb. Hurricane Irene produced somewhat heavy damage across southern Florida in October 1999. The ninth named storm and the sixth hurricane of the season, Irene developed in the western Caribbean Sea on October 13 from a tropical wave.

Wind at landfall
65 kt
Pressure
987 mb
Peak wind
95 kt

From Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 4.0.

The full record

1988Hurricane Joan:miriam makes landfall

Hurricane Joan:miriam crossed the coast as a tropical storm, 45 kt, central pressure 1003 mb. Hurricane Joan was a long lived and powerful tropical cyclone that caused death and destruction in over a dozen countries in the Caribbean and Central America. Moving on a due west course for nearly two weeks in October 1988, Hurricane Joan caused widespread flooding and over 200 deaths after moving into Central America.

Wind at landfall
45 kt
Pressure
1003 mb
Peak wind
125 kt

From Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 4.0.

The full record

1954Hurricane Hazel makes landfall near Carolina Shores, NC

Hurricane Hazel crossed the coast near Carolina Shores, NC as a category 4 hurricane, 115 kt (130 mph), central pressure 938 mb. Hurricane Hazel was the deadliest, second-costliest, and most intense hurricane of the 1954 Atlantic hurricane season. The storm killed at least 469 people in Haiti before it struck the United States near the border between North and South Carolina as a Category 4 hurricane.

Wind at landfall
115 kt
Pressure
938 mb
Peak wind
115 kt

From Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 4.0.

The full record

1947An unnamed storm makes landfall near Skidaway Island, GA

An unnamed storm crossed the coast near Skidaway Island, GA as a category 2 hurricane, 90 kt (105 mph). The 1947 Florida–Georgia hurricane (Air Weather Service designation: King) was a moderate hurricane that caused catastrophic flooding in South Florida and the Everglades in mid-October 1947. The ninth tropical storm and fourth hurricane of the 1947 Atlantic hurricane season, it first developed on October 9 in the southern Caribbean Sea and hence moved north by west until a few days later it struck western Cuba.

Wind at landfall
90 kt
Peak wind
90 kt

From Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 4.0.

The full record

Floods

29 on October 15, newest first.

2007Flooding in Iowa, October 15 to 26, 2007

Very wet weather prevailed for the first 18 days of the month. The month began with a heavy rain event on the 2nd when 2.25 inches of rain was recorded at New Hampton. Another round occurred on the 7th-8th with the heaviest rainfall being a 5.57 inch total at Edgewood.

Damage
$250,000
Events
3

The full record

2007Flooding in Iowa, October 15, 2007

The heavy rainfall that occurred during the evening of the 14th into the early morning of the 15th produced flash flooding in several counties. The flash flooding transitioned into general flooding in some of the same counties.

Damage
$225,000
Events
3

The full record

2006Flash Flooding and Damaging Wind in Texas, October 15, 2006

A round of strong to severe thunderstorms and heavy rainfall impacted the west Texas South Plains region on the 15th. Heavy rainfall during the pre-dawn hours caused flash flooding in Garza County, where a vehicle became stranded in a flooded playa lake.

Damage
$90,000
Strongest
57 kt wind
Events
5

The full record

2005Flooding in Connecticut, October 15, 2005

A low pressure system interacted with a plume of tropical moisture as the low slowly moved parallel to the Long Island and south Massachusetts coasts, resulting in excessive rain and flooding across north central and northeast Connecticut.

Deaths
2
Damage
$6.0 million
Events
7

The full record

2005Flooding in Massachusetts, October 15, 2005

A low pressure system interacted with a plume of tropical moisture as the low slowly moved parallel to the Long Island and south Massachusetts coasts, resulting in excessive rain and flooding across Massachusetts.

Damage
$6.0 million
Events
33

The full record

2005Flooding in Rhode Island, October 15, 2005

A low pressure system interacted with a plume of tropical moisture as the low slowly moved parallel to the Long Island and south Massachusetts coasts, resulting in excessive rain and flooding across Rhode Island. Between 2.5 and 4.5 inches of rain fell from this event.

Damage
$1.6 million
Events
18

The full record

2005Flooding in New Hampshire, October 15 to 16, 2005

Heavy rain fell over New Hampshire due to the rapid development of surface low pressure well to the southeast of New England. Rainfall amounts ranged from around 3 inches in southern New Hampshire up to 9.26 inches at Pinkham Notch.

Damage
$625,000
Events
12

The full record

2005Flooding in New Hampshire, October 15, 2005

A low pressure system interacted with a plume of tropical moisture as the low slowly moved parallel to the Long Island and south Massachusetts coasts, producing between 2.5 and 5.0 inches of rain across southwest New Hampshire.

Damage
$100,000
Events
2

The full record

2005Flooding in New Hampshire, October 15 to 20, 2005

Heavy rain fell over New Hampshire due to the rapid development of surface low pressure well to the southeast of New England. Rainfall amounts across the area ranged from around 3 inches in southern New Hampshire up to 9.26 inches at Pinkham Notch.

Damage
$30,000
Events
6

The full record

2002Flash Flood in Hawaii, October 15, 2002

Severe flash flooding occurred in the Kula area of East Maui near Waipoli Road. A deluge of water sent boulders, mud, and large eucalyptus trees down a steep mountainside gulch in a nearby subdivision.

Damage
$90,000
Events
1

The full record

1879Santa Teresa flood

The flood of Santa Teresa took place on 15 October 1879 due to an overflow of the Segura river and resulted in more than 1000 deaths and heavy material damage. It is the worst recorded flood in Murcia history.

Where
Region of Murcia
Country
Spain

From Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 4.0.

The full record

Severe storms

48 on October 15, newest first.

2022Hail and Damaging Winds in Arkansas, October 15, 2022

Strong to severe thunderstorms developed across west central Arkansas during the late afternoon of the 15th, along a cold front that had become nearly stationary over the area. Additional thunderstorms moved into the area during the evening.

Damage
$31,000
Strongest
1.5 in hail
Events
12

The full record

2021Damaging Winds in Kentucky, October 15, 2021

Several strong to occasionally severe thunderstorms formed along a cold front as it advanced eastward into western Kentucky and southwest Indiana. The storms intensified as gradual destabilization took place and temperatures warmed into the lower 80's ahead of the front.

Damage
$32,000
Strongest
56 kt wind
Events
3

The full record

2018High Wind in California, October 15, 2018

A strong Santa Ana Wind event impacted Southern California on October 15th. Multiple mesonet sites reported winds in excess of 58 mph, with the highest wind gust of 82 mph at Fremont Canyon. Orange County reported over 200 downed trees.

Deaths
1
Damage
$1,000
Strongest
71 kt wind
Events
9

The full record

2017Damaging Winds in New York, October 15, 2017

Thunderstorms ahead of and along an approaching strong cold front produced damaging winds during the afternoon and early evening hours. The thunderstorm winds downed trees and power lines throughout the region.

Damage
$670,000
Strongest
57 kt wind
Events
74

The full record

2017Damaging Winds in New York, October 15, 2017

A line of severe thunderstorms moved across central New York during the early evening hours of the 15th. The storms produced locally damaging wind gusts with trees and wires down across several counties in central New York.

Damage
$340,000
Strongest
50 kt wind
Events
10

The full record

2011Strong Wind in Michigan, October 15, 2011

A strong cold front pushed through southeast Michigan, with post frontal westerly wind gusts up around 45 mph. Tree limbs and power lines were brought down, which lead to 85,000 customers to be without electricity.

Damage
$34,000
Events
17

The full record

2011High Wind in New York, October 15 to 16, 2011

A strong area of low pressure moved across the Great Lakes region. The low brought increasing winds to the entire region. The funneling effects of Lakes Erie and Ontario produced damaging winds in parts of Niagara, northern Erie and Oswego counties.

Damage
$45,000
Strongest
52 kt wind
Events
3

The full record

2009Strong Wind in New Jersey, October 15, 2009

As the first nor'easter made its closest pass to the New Jersey coast during the early evening on the 15th, northeast winds increased with peak gusts reaching around 45 mph from Monmouth County southward. A few trees were knocked down in Ocean ans Monmouth Counties.

Damage
$14,000
Events
6

The full record

2008Damaging Winds in Indiana, October 15, 2008

Weak instability with moderate shear allowed for scattered thunderstorms to develop. A few bowing segments of thunderstorms were noted across portions of northern Indiana, with a few of these producing localized damage.

Damage
$35,000
Strongest
55 kt wind
Events
2

The full record

2003High Wind in New York, October 15, 2003

Low pressure over Ohio deepened as it moved across eastern Lake Erie and then across Lake Ontario. High winds buffeted the area downing trees and power lines and poles. Sustained winds of 30 to 40 mph with gusts to 70 mph were recorded.

Damage
$3.0 million
Strongest
65 kt wind
Events
16

The full record

2003High Wind in New York, October 15, 2003

An intensifying low pressure system moved from the Ohio Valley through New York state early on the 15th into southeast Canada. Numerous trees and power lines were down area wide. A few trees fell on houses and cars. Oneida County had the most damage.

Injuries
1
Damage
$1.0 million
Strongest
60 kt wind
Events
18

The full record

2003Strong Wind in New Jersey, October 15, 2003

A strong westerly flow occurred across New Jersey during the day on the 15th. It was caused by the pressure gradient (difference) between an intensifying low pressure system heading through the Saint Lawrence Valley and a high pressure system building east from the Lower…

Injuries
1
Damage
$500,000
Events
21

The full record

2003High Wind in Massachusetts, October 15, 2003

High winds brought down trees, large limbs, and power lines across much of the Bay State, cutting power to about 36,000 customers throughout the state, most of which were in the Merrimack Valley.

Injuries
3
Damage
$250,000
Strongest
55 kt wind
Events
12

The full record

2003High Wind in Pennsylvania, October 15, 2003

An intensifying low pressure system moved from the Ohio Valley through New York state early on the 15th into southeast Canada. Numerous trees and power lines were down area wide. A few trees fell on houses and cars. Thousands of electric customers were without power.

Damage
$700,000
Strongest
60 kt wind
Events
7

The full record

2003High Wind in Maine, October 15, 2003

A strong low pressure system moving northeast along the Saint Lawrence River Valley caused damaging winds over western and southern Maine. The high winds downed trees and limbs causing property damage and numerous power outages.

Injuries
1
Strongest
54 kt wind
Events
17

The full record

2003Strong Wind in Maryland, October 15, 2003

On Oct 14th a cold front moved through the region. Scattered showers and thunderstorms produced heavy rainfall overnight. Some amounts were in excess of 1 inch. Gusty winds developed behind the front on Oct 15th.

Damage
$32,000
Events
10

The full record

2003High Wind in New Hampshire, October 15, 2003

A strong low pressure system moving northeast along the Saint Lawrence River Valley caused damaging winds over northern, central, and southeastern New Hampshire. The high winds downed trees and limbs causing property damage and scattered power outages.

Strongest
50 kt wind
Events
12

The full record

2003Strong Wind in Connecticut, October 15, 2003

As a strong area of low pressure moved along the Saint Lawrence River Valley, its' associated cold front traversed Southern Connecticut early on the morning of Wednesday, October 15th. This system strengthened during the day as it moved across Southeast Canada.

Damage
$100,000
Events
1

The full record

2003High Wind in New York, October 15, 2003

As a strong area of low pressure moved along the Saint Lawrence River Valley, its' associated cold front traversed Southeast New York early on the morning of Wednesday, October 15th. This system strengthened during the day as it moved across Southeast Canada.

Damage
$100,000
Events
1

The full record

2003High Wind in New York, October 15, 2003

A strong low pressure system moved down the St Lawrence River Valley and into Canada during Wednesday morning, October 15th. Strong winds preceded and followed this storm system.

Damage
$50,000
Strongest
50 kt wind
Events
5

The full record

2003Strong Wind in Virginia, October 15, 2003

On Oct 14th a cold front moved through the region. Scattered showers and thunderstorms produced heavy rainfall overnight. Some amounts were in excess of 1 inch. Gusty winds developed behind the front on Oct 15th.

Damage
$44,000
Events
5

The full record

2003High Wind in Vermont, October 15, 2003

A strong low pressure system moved down the St Lawrence River Valley and into Canada during Wednesday morning, October 15th. Strong winds preceded and followed this storm system.

Damage
$30,000
Strongest
50 kt wind
Events
3

The full record

2003High Wind in New Hampshire, October 15, 2003

High winds brought down trees, large limbs, and wires throughout southwest New Hampshire. There were numerous reports of damage, and an estimated 5,000 customers were left without power in Cheshire and Hillsborough Counties.

Damage
$40,000
Strongest
50 kt wind
Events
2

The full record

2001High Wind in Oklahoma, October 15, 2001

North winds between 40 and 50 mph developed across western Oklahoma during the late morning and afternoon of the 15th, behind a strong cold front that moved through the area. Blowing dust was observed in most places as well, reducing the visibility at times below 3 miles.

Events
17

The full record

1987Great Storm of 1987

The Great Storm of 1987, also known as the Sevenoaks Hurricane, was a violent extratropical cyclone that occurred on the night of 15–16 October, with hurricane-force winds causing casualties in England, France, and the Channel Islands as a severe depression in the Bay of Biscay moved north east. Among the most damaged areas were Greater London, Kent, the East Anglian coast, the Home Counties, the west of Brittany, and the Cotentin Peninsula of Normandy, all of which weathered gusts with a…

From Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 4.0.

The full record

Winter storms and snow

2 on October 15, newest first.

1998Winter Storm in Wyoming, October 15 to 17, 1998

A severe winter storm moved across Western and Central Wyoming dumping locally heavy snow from southern Yellowstone National Park to the Casper area. The main brunt of the storm was felt in the Casper area where up to 17 inches of snow fell.

Damage
$1.0 million
Events
4

The full record

1998Winter Storm in Utah, October 15 to 16, 1998

A strong winter storm moved through Utah on the 15th and 16th. The heaviest snow fell in the southern half of the state. Cedar City, Parowan and Paragonah received 9-10 inches of snow, along with numerous reports of tree damages and power outages.

Damage
$100,000
Events
12

The full record

Heat and drought

3 on October 15, newest first.

Cold

2 on October 15, newest first.

Wildfires

17 on October 15, newest first.

2020Horse Fire

The Horse Fire was reported on October 15, 2020, in Yavapai County, Arizona, and burned 9,537 acres; the cause was recorded as human.

When
October 15, 2020
Acres
9,537

The full record

2015Wildfire in Louisiana, October 15 to 16, 2015

With D4 Exceptional Drought conditions ongoing across Red River Parish during the middle of October, the wildfire danger was very high. A wildfire began in the Martin Community during the afternoon of October 15th and quickly spread to near 500 acres.

Damage
$400,000
Events
1

The full record

2015Impact Fire

The Impact Fire was reported on October 15, 2015, in Riley County, Kansas, and burned 6,289 acres; the cause was recorded as human.

When
October 15, 2015
Acres
6,289

The full record

2011Zimmerman Fire

The Zimmerman Fire was discovered on October 15, 2011, in Cheyenne County, Kansas, and burned 2,000 acres; the cause was recorded as human.

When
October 15, 2011
Acres
2,000

The full record

2011Haigler Fire

The Haigler Fire was discovered on October 15, 2011, in Yuma County, Colorado, and burned 1,000 acres.

When
October 15, 2011
Acres
1,000

The full record

2005Surrup Fire

The Surrup Fire was discovered on October 15, 2005, in Elmore County, Idaho, and burned 948 acres; the cause was recorded as equipment and vehicle use.

When
October 15, 2005
Acres
948

The full record

2004Hetchy Fire

The Hetchy Fire was discovered on October 15, 2004, in California, and burned 2,310 acres; the cause was recorded as arson/incendiarism.

When
October 15, 2004
Acres
2,310

The full record

2003Secret Fire

The Secret Fire was discovered on October 15, 2003, in Lassen County, California, and burned 1,195 acres; the cause was recorded as equipment and vehicle use.

When
October 15, 2003
Acres
1,195

The full record

2000Unnamed Fire

The Unnamed Fire started on October 15, 2000, in Nebraska, and burned 2,924 acres.

When
October 15, 2000
Acres
2,924

The full record

1999Wildfire in California, October 15, 1999

The Oregon Incident was a civilian caused fire, but was aided by strong and gusty winds, low humidities, and inaccessibility. Five injuries and zero deaths were reported. The fire was responsible for burning over 200 acres as well as destroying several homes and outbuildings.

Injuries
5
Damage
$480,000
Events
1

The full record

1999Sandrock Fire

The Sandrock Fire was discovered on October 15, 1999, in Cassia County, Idaho, and burned 970 acres; the cause was recorded as human.

When
October 15, 1999
Acres
970

The full record

1996Tule Fire

The Tule Fire was discovered on October 15, 1996, in Nevada, and burned 1,900 acres; the cause was recorded as equipment and vehicle use.

When
October 15, 1996
Acres
1,900

The full record

1995Signal Butte Fire

The Signal Butte Fire was discovered on October 15, 1995, in Idaho, and burned 6,698 acres; the cause was recorded as equipment and vehicle use.

When
October 15, 1995
Acres
6,698

The full record

1993Halfway Fire

The Halfway Fire was discovered on October 15, 1993, in New Mexico, and burned 1,920 acres.

When
October 15, 1993
Acres
1,920

The full record

1984Squaw Flat Fire

The Squaw Flat Fire started on October 15, 1984, in California, and burned 6,048 acres.

When
October 15, 1984
Acres
6,048

The full record

Earthquakes

21 on October 15, newest first.

20142014 Iran earthquake

2 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe). The thrust earthquake injured 60–330 people and was followed by a number of high intensity aftershocks.

From Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 4.0.

The full record

19791979 Imperial Valley earthquake

The 1979 Imperial Valley earthquake occurred at 16:16 Pacific Daylight Time (23:16 UTC) on 15 October just south of the Mexico–United States border. It affected Imperial Valley in Southern California and Mexicali Valley in northern Baja California.

Where
Mexico
Country
Mexico

From Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 4.0.

The full record

1883Çeşme earthquake of 1883

The 1883 Çeşme earthquake occurred at 12:30 local time on October 15. This earthquake shook a wide area and was felt in the neighboring islands as well as in modern-day Western Turkey.

Where
Turkey
Country
Turkey
Magnitude
7.3
Deaths
15,000

From Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 4.0.

The full record

Volcanoes

3 on October 15, newest first.

Tsunamis

2 on October 15, newest first.

Space weather and aurora

1 on October 15, newest first.

Other weather

9 on October 15, newest first.

2011High Surf in Michigan, October 15, 2011

Strong northwest winds caused rough waters along southeastern Lake Michigan. Three teenagers were kayaking inside a New Buffalo break-wall when they capsized as a result of waves of at least 8 to 10 feet just offshore and over 14 feet onshore.

Deaths
1
Events
1

The full record

Every day of the year

Sources

Gathered from this site’s archives: the tornado record (NOAA SPC, and Grazulis before 1950), IBTrACS and the National Hurricane Center, NOAA NCEI’s Storm Events Database, Regional Snowfall Index, billion-dollar disasters list, State Climate Extremes Committee and hazard databases, USGS, NIFC, GFZ Potsdam’s Kp index (CC BY 4.0), the National Weather Service in Norman, Oklahoma, and Wikidata (CC0), with article leads from Wikipedia under CC BY-SA 4.0, each credited where it appears. Rebuilt 2026-10-01.