Tornadoes · United States · Ohio · 2023

EF0 tornado, Plankton to Lykens, Ohio, March 31, 2023

From Plankton to Lykens, this EF0 tornado ran 2.9 miles across Crawford County on March 31, 2023, touching down at 1:47 AM EDT and reaching 200 yards wide. It killed nobody, and did $70,000 of property damage.

The rating scale

Tracks are drawn in the color of the rating. The Enhanced Fujita scale rates the damage rather than measuring the wind: the speeds are what that damage is taken to imply.

  1. EF065 to 85 mphthis tornado

    Light damage. Surface peeled off some roofs, gutters and siding damaged, branches broken, shallow-rooted trees pushed over.

  2. EF186 to 110 mph

    Moderate damage. Roofs badly stripped, mobile homes overturned or badly damaged, exterior doors lost, windows broken.

  3. EF2111 to 135 mph

    Considerable damage. Roofs torn off well-built houses, frame homes shifted on their foundations, mobile homes destroyed, large trees snapped or uprooted, cars lifted off the ground.

  4. EF3136 to 165 mph

    Severe damage. Whole stories of well-built houses destroyed, large buildings badly damaged, trains overturned, trees debarked, heavy cars lifted and thrown.

  5. EF4166 to 200 mph

    Devastating damage. Well-built houses leveled, structures with weak foundations moved some distance, cars thrown and large missiles generated.

  6. EF5over 200 mph

    Incredible damage. Strong frame houses swept off their foundations, car-sized missiles thrown more than 100 meters, steel-reinforced concrete badly damaged, high-rise buildings deformed.

  7. Unrated

    The survey recorded a tornado but could not put a number on it, most often because it crossed open country and damaged nothing a rating can be read from.

The record

Rating
EF0
Date
March 31, 2023
Touchdown
1:47 AM EDT (05:47 UTC)
Lifted
1:50 AM EDT (05:50 UTC)
On the ground
3 minutes
Path length
2.9 miles (4.6 km)
Path width
200 yards (183 m)
Deaths
0
Injuries
0
Property damage
$70,000
County
Crawford County
Touchdown point
40.960, -83.071
Lift-off point
40.960, -83.016
Record number
2303312347-01

What the Weather Service recorded

A surface low moved east-northeastward from southern Lake Michigan to Lake Ontario during the morning through early afternoon of April 1st. Simultaneously, the low's trailing cold front moved from the southwestern Great Lakes and Middle MS Valley toward central NY and the Upper OH Valley. Scattered multicell showers and thunderstorms persisted generally northeastward and eastward ahead of, along, and just behind the surface cold front during the wee hours of the 1st and again during the late morning through early afternoon of the 1st. These showers and storms encountered moderate to strong effective bulk shear, weak DCAPE, and weak MUCAPE that increased somewhat and transitioned from elevated to surface-based by late morning as the boundary layer destabilized via daytime heating. Despite the marginally-favorable thermodynamic environment, showers and storms generated sporadic damaging convective gusts and a tornado during the wee hours of the 1st. Additional straight-line convective wind damage occurred during the late morning through early afternoon of the 1st.

A brief EF0 tornado with estimated peak winds of 85 mph impacted Crawford County. The tornado began five-miles ENE of Sycamore, ended four-miles west of Chatfield, and caused damage along and near the Wheeling and Lake Erie Railroad. As the tornado moved eastward, the roof of a barn was damaged near County Road 100 and then a large dairy barn was damaged and displaced. Farther east, the tornado ripped a silo's bolts from a concrete pad and the silo was displaced onto railroad tracks, where a westward-moving train collided with the silo. Even farther east, a two-car garage was damaged and several two-by-fours were impaled into the ground and roof of a nearby house.

From NOAA NCEI's Storm Events Database, the narrative the local forecast office wrote for Storm Data.

The forecast that day

The Storm Prediction Center had this point in a Slight Risk. The outlook in force was issued at 01:04 UTC.

SPC's Day 1 convective outlook as it stood when the tornado began, read at the touchdown point. The same archive is on the radar archive.

What forecasters said that day

The local office's own words before the tornado touched down, as it sent them, from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service text.

NWS Cleveland, OH wrote its last area forecast discussion before the tornado touched down at Mar 31, 8:05 PM EDT, 5 hours 42 minutes earlier.

Area forecast discussion, Mar 31, 8:05 PM EDT, 5 hours 42 minutes before
Area Forecast Discussion
National Weather Service Cleveland OH
805 PM EDT Fri Mar 31 2023

.SYNOPSIS...
Low pressure moves into Michigan tonight with a cold front
moving west to east across the area. A secondary cold front
crosses the region Saturday. High pressure builds in by Sunday.

&&

.NEAR TERM /THROUGH SATURDAY NIGHT/...
Only minor changes have been made to the previous forecast. Will
continue to monitor the severe potential as the cold front
moves across Indiana through midnight. Strong low level jet is
already feeding some elevated convection that is moving into
southern Michigan. The toledo area has the best chance to be
impacted with a passing stronger thunderstorm through 10 pm.

Previous Discussion...
A busy near term forecast period with multiple rounds of
convection, synoptic high wind potential, and eventually a few
snow flakes to contend with. Rainfall may cause river rises, but
outside of a very prone point or two (such as Eagle Creek in
Trumbull County or Killbuck Creek in Wayne/Holmes Counties) we
aren't expecting notable water issues.

TONIGHT:

Impactful Weather Potential:

A batch of showers and embedded thunder is expected to take
shape this evening. A weakening line of thunderstorms along or
just ahead of a cold front is expected to move into our area
from the west after 11 PM, bringing a risk for severe weather.
Incredible wind fields just above the surface will allow these
thunderstorms to maintain a risk for strong to damaging winds as
they move in, though gradual weakening is expected with time
leading to a reduction in severe potential from west to east.
Winds may briefly gust over 45 mph for an hour or two just ahead
of the frontal line of showers and thunderstorms.

Details:

First batch of showers will continue to gradually exit into the
early evening. Another batch of showers and some embedded
thunder is expected to develop and quickly lift northeast across
our area this evening on the nose of an intensifying low-level
jet. This activity is not expected to be severe.

Severe convection is taking shape over the upper Mississippi
Valley this afternoon along and just ahead of the advancing cold
front and will quickly sweep towards our area by the overnight
hours. The cold front is expected to sweep through our area
between 12 and 5 AM, with a line showers and storms along or
immediately ahead of the front. This convection will be
weakening as it pushes into and then across our area because it
will outrun the bulk of the instability and the best upper-level
support. However, hi-res and mesoscale models maintain a narrow
ribbon of 50-100 J/KG of 0-3km CAPE as far east as I-77 to go
along with incredible wind shear beneath a 70-80 knot low-level
jet leading to 0-3km shear vectors of 50-60 knots. The
incredible wind fields and modest low-level CAPE may allow for a
damaging wind threat to persist into our area given an absence
of a strong low-level inversion. 0-3km CAPE and shear values are
too strong to rule out a low QLCS tornado threat persisting as
far east as the Findlay and Marion areas. However, at some
point the lack of instability and gradually cooler low-levels
as one moves farther east will cause the severe threat to become
more isolated with time and eventually end. The SPC has upgraded
locations from Findlay to Marion points southwest to an Enhanced
Risk (level 3/5) for primarily damaging winds, and this is where
the highest confidence in potentially numerous damaging
thunderstorm wind gusts exists. A Slight Risk then extends as
far east as the I-77 corridor, dropping off a Marginal Risk to
the east for most of the rest of Northeast OH/extreme western
PA. Expect severe potential to gradually decrease east across
the Slight Risk area, with just a very uncertain/isolated risk
into the Marginal Risk.

While winds won't mix down well tonight, the incredibly strong
low-level jet may allow for an hour or two of gusts nearing or
reaching advisory criteria just ahead of the front and
associated line of showers/thunderstorms. Will let the
convective messaging drive the bus tonight as these winds would
occur immediately prior to any line of showers/thunderstorms.

Temperatures hold steady or even rise a few degrees tonight
ahead of the cold front, before sliding into the upper 40s/lower
50s behind the cold front late tonight.

SATURDAY:

Impactful Weather Potential:

Southwest winds will increase to 20-30 MPH with gusts to 50 MPH
area-wide through Saturday morning from west to east. This may
result in minor tree damage and scattered power outages. As a
secondary cold front pushes through between 10 AM and 4 PM a
line of low-topped showers and storms is expected to develop.
Some of these storms may also turn severe from far Northeast OH
into PA with pockets of damaging wind the main concern. Winds
quickly diminish late Saturday afternoon and evening.

Details:

Main potential for synoptic wind gusts will be within a couple
hours of the secondary cold frontal passage, as warming surface
temperatures beneath cold air advection aloft steepen low-level
lapse rates and deepen mixing depths. With 35-45 knots of wind
at 925mb and 45-55 knots of wind at 850mb am expecting
advisory-criteria gusts of up to 50 mph to mix down to the
surface. Main timeframe for winds is probably between about 9 AM
and 3 PM from west to east in conjunction with the secondary
cold frontal passage. Am getting unfriendly flashbacks to last
Saturday as model soundings depict very deep mixing into
stronger flow aloft where more heating occurs in the Mansfield-
Akron/Canton-Youngstown-Meadville corridor in our southeast
counties. For now, rolled with just a Wind Advisory everywhere,
but that trend will need to be watched as there's low (but not
zero) potential for a few gusts to 55 or 60 mph in our
southeastern counties. Winds quickly diminish late afternoon
and evening due to diminishing mixing heights and gradually
weakening flow aloft. Strong onshore winds may hang up a bit
longer along the eastern lakeshore into Saturday evening.

In terms of severe potential, good agreement that sufficient
heating will occur beneath cooling mid-levels for up to 500
J/KG of MLCAPE to develop east of I-77 in Northeast OH into
Northwest PA by midday. Outstanding forcing ahead of a closed
cold core 500mb low and vort max and along the quickly advancing
secondary cold front will combine with this modest instability
for storms to develop by the time the front reaches the I-77
corridor. Storms will then gain organization and intensity as
they track through our eastern counties. Expect initial cellular
activity to quickly grow into a broken line. With mean cloud-
layer flow of about 60 knots atop low-level inverted-v
soundings, any organized convection can easily bring severe
gusts in excess of 58 mph to the surface. With steep mid-level
lapse rates and low wet-bulb 0C heights don't want to rule out a
bit of hail with any initial cellular activity, but damaging
winds will quickly become the main risk as organization into
lines occurs. Any bowing segments could produce gusts of 60-75
MPH given the flow aloft. Abundant 0-3km CAPE (100-200 J/KG) and
shear (50 knots) could yield a QLCS tornado threat if any
robust bowing segments develop as well. The SPC has a Slight
Risk (risk level 2/5) from Ashtabula, Trumbull and Mahoning
Counties points east, with a small buffer of Marginal Risk
(level 1/5) to the west. A subtle slower trend has been noted
with the timing of the front and any thunderstorms on most
recent model runs...if this trend continues the severe threat
may begin a bit farther west than the current outlook depicts.
Main severe threat is between 12 PM and 3 or 4 PM before quickly
exiting to the east.

Highs will range from near 50 in Toledo to the lower 60s east of
I-77, with temperatures falling into the 40s in the afternoon
behind the secondary cold frontal passage.

SATURDAY EVENING/NIGHT:

Winds diminish and light wrap-around precip mixes with snow
before ending. Maybe a bit of lake enhancement contributing to
a dusting in the higher terrain of extreme NE Ohio or NW PA, but
otherwise no accums of any snow.

Lows will be in the upper 20s/lower 40s by early Sunday.

&&

.SHORT TERM /SUNDAY THROUGH MONDAY NIGHT/...
Sunday into Monday morning will feature a brief period of dry
weather as high pressure briefly builds over the CWA. By Monday
morning, low pressure over the Upper Great Lakes will lift a warm
front northeast across the local area. Still not totally confident
in the moisture behind the front, but there's at least a chance of
scattered showers and perhaps a few rumbles of thunder in the warm
sector behind the front. The low slides into southern Ontario and
Quebec by Monday night, pushing a cold front southeast across
northern OH and NW PA. PoPs increase further Monday evening, but
still some uncertainty in placement of the front and the resulting
precip; it's possible that the best precip chances remain just north
of the CWA over Lake Erie.

Temps warm through the short term period and expect highs in the mid
to upper 40s to lower 50s Sunday and the low to mid 60s on Monday.
Anticipate overnight lows in the mid to upper 30s to lower 40s
Sunday night. Temps may vary between southern and northern zones
Monday night; lows across the northern half of the CWA will likely
drop into the low to mid 40s, but locations in the south may remain
in the lower 50s.

&&

.LONG TERM /TUESDAY THROUGH FRIDAY/...
The aforementioned cold front will slow across the southern portion
or just south of the local area Tuesday with scattered showers
remaining possible near the front during the day Tuesday. By Tuesday
afternoon and Tuesday night, the front will lift back north as a
warm front as a potent low advances northeast from the central High
Plains into the Upper Midwest, pushing a cold front east towards the
CWA. Moisture deepens behind the warm front and ahead of the cold
front and a few models are hinting at potential for a brief period
of MUCAPE values as high as 500-1000 J/kg during the afternoon hours
both Tuesday and Wednesday, although the best instability will
likely remain to the west Tuesday. The best potential for more
organized thunderstorms and/or convective showers may not arrive
until wind shear increases ahead of and along the cold front
Wednesday. Will continue to keep an eye on the setup in the upcoming
days. Regardless, shower chances continue through Tuesday with the
highest PoPs of the period Tuesday night into Wednesday. Deep warm
air advection will result in breezy winds Tuesday night into
Wednesday.

The front will push east of the local area Wednesday night or early
Thursday morning and high pressure should build into the area
relatively quickly Thursday. As a result, showers quickly taper off
from west to east and dry weather will continue through the
remainder of the period.

Temps warm up quite a bit on Tuesday and highs will reach the mid
60s across NW PA and northern Ohio and the lower 70s along and south
of US-30. Tuesday night's lows will be well above normal and most
locations south of the lakeshore should remain in the upper 50s to
lower 60s. Temps warm even further with the deepening warm air
advection Wednesday and most locations across the CWA should break
70 degrees. A few spots in southern zones might even make a run for
the upper 70s. Temps cool behind the cold front and expect highs to
fall back into the 50s for the remainder of the week.

&&

.AVIATION /00Z Saturday THROUGH Wednesday/...
MVFR/IFR conditions cover much of the region as we wait for a
cold front to lift across the region. As the warm front passes
ceiling should try to lift but likely stay MVFR. Showers along
the warm front are expected 00Z through 04Z. Any thunder looks
to be limited to NW OH until the cold front gets closer
overnight. The cold front sweeps west to east across the region
06Z to 10Z. Any strong to severe thunderstorm would be located
along this boundary. Still lots of uncertainty on how strong
storms will be but there is a chance of a stronger wind gusts
with the convection and with any of the thunderstorms.

Another round of convection should occur late Saturday afternoon
through mid afternoon. Some of these may produce some strong to
severe wind gusts, especially across NE OH into NW PA.

South winds remain brisk at 15-25 knots, gusts of 25 to 30
knots at times. Gusts to 35 or 40 knots may occur for an hour or
two ahead of the approaching cold front and line of storms
later this evening into tonight. Winds briefly lull early
Saturday behind the first cold front before sustained winds
increase to 20-30 knots out of the west-southwest with gusts to
40 knots by mid to late morning, continuing into the afternoon.
Expect enough mixing to preclude true LLWS tonight.

Outlook...Non-VFR in rain, changing to snow, from the Mid Ohio
region to NW PA Saturday afternoon into the overnight. Non-VFR
possible in rain on Monday and Tuesday.

&&

.MARINE...
Southwest winds 15 to 25 knots continue through tonight and Small
Craft Advisories remain in effect. Winds quickly become a bit more
westerly and increase by mid to late morning Saturday as a cold
front crosses the lake. The forecast becomes a bit difficult
Saturday afternoon as winds sharply increase for a brief period.
While there's still decent potential for gales from Vermilion east
between about 16Z and 21Z Saturday, sustained winds will be
extremely marginal at 30 to 34 knots and the duration will only be
on the order of 2 to 4 hours in any given marine zone. Confidence
remains too low to upgrade the Gale Watch to a Gale Warning or
cancel the watch and extend the Small Craft Advisories at this time,
so will likely make a decision in an subsequent update once
confidence increases for either a cancellation or upgrade. Either
way, expect wind gusts as high as 45 knots in the eastern half of
the lake, so it won't exactly be a pleasant day to be out on the
lake.

Will need to keep an eye on the water level in the western basin,
but if gales do unfold, expect the most favorable southwest flow to
be too short-lived to warrant the issuance of a Low Water Advisory.
Winds in the western basin will likely be too low for any
significant impacts on water level anyway.

Winds become northwest and decrease to 20 to 25 knots Saturday
evening and expect Small Craft Advisories to persist east of The
Islands through early Sunday morning before winds diminish to 10 to
15 knots. Winds gradually shift to the southeast on Sunday and
expect southwest flow to develop Sunday night with winds increasing
slightly by Monday morning before becoming northeasterly by Tuesday.
The next good chance of a Small Craft Advisory will arrive Wednesday
as southerly flow deepens in response to strong warm air
advection.

&&

.CLE WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES...
OH...Wind Advisory from 8 AM to 4 PM EDT Saturday for OHZ003-
     006>010-017>020-027>031-036>038-047.
     Wind Advisory from 10 AM to 6 PM EDT Saturday for OHZ011-013-
     014-021>023-032-033.
     Wind Advisory from 10 AM to 9 PM EDT Saturday for OHZ012-089.
PA...Wind Advisory from 10 AM to 6 PM EDT Saturday for PAZ002-003.
     Wind Advisory from 10 AM to 9 PM EDT Saturday for PAZ001.
MARINE...Small Craft Advisory until 10 PM EDT Saturday for LEZ142>144.
     Small Craft Advisory until 2 PM EDT Saturday for LEZ145>147.
     Gale Watch from Saturday afternoon through late Saturday night
     for LEZ145>149-165>169.
     Small Craft Advisory until 2 PM EDT Saturday for LEZ148-149.

&&

SYNOPSIS...MM/Sullivan
NEAR TERM...MM/Sullivan
SHORT TERM...Maines
LONG TERM...Maines
AVIATION...MM
MARINE...Maines
Hazardous weather outlook, Mar 31, 3:39 PM EDT, 10 hours 8 minutes before
Hazardous Weather Outlook
National Weather Service Cleveland OH
339 PM EDT Fri Mar 31 2023

LEZ061-145>149-165>169-011945-
Ripley to Buffalo NY extending from 5NM off shoreline to US-
Canadian border-Vermilion to Avon Point OH-
Avon Point to Willowick OH-Willowick to Geneva-on-the Lake OH-Geneva-
on-the-Lake to Conneaut OH-Conneaut OH to Ripley NY-
Vermilion to Avon Point OH beyond 5 nm off shoreline to US-
Canadian border-
Avon Point to Willowick OH beyond 5 nm off shoreline to US-
Canadian border-Willowick to Geneva-on-the-
Lake OH beyond 5NM off shoreline to US-Canadian border-Geneva-on-the-
Lake to Conneaut OH beyond 5 nm off shoreline to US-Canadian border-
Conneaut OH to Ripley NY beyond 5 nm off shoreline to US-
Canadian border-
339 PM EDT Fri Mar 31 2023

...GALE WATCH IN EFFECT FROM SATURDAY AFTERNOON THROUGH LATE
SATURDAY NIGHT...

This Hazardous Weather Outlook is for Lake Erie.

.DAY ONE...This afternoon and tonight.

Hazardous weather is not expected at this time.

.DAYS TWO THROUGH SEVEN...Saturday through Thursday.

Please listen to NOAA Weather Radio or go to weather.gov on the
Internet for more information about the following hazards.

   Gale Watch.

.SPOTTER INFORMATION STATEMENT...

Spotter activation is not expected at this time.

LEZ142>144-162>164-011945-
Maumee Bay to Reno Beach OH-Reno Beach to The Islands OH-
The Islands to Vermilion OH-
Detroit River Lt. to Maumee Bay OH to Reno Beach OH beyond 5NM
offshoreline to US-Canadian border-
Reno Beach to The Islands OH beyond 5NM off shoreline to US-
Canadian border-
The Islands to Vermilion OH beyond 5 nm off shoreline to US-
Canadian border-
339 PM EDT Fri Mar 31 2023

This Hazardous Weather Outlook is for Lake Erie.

.DAY ONE...This afternoon and tonight.

Hazardous weather is not expected at this time.

.DAYS TWO THROUGH SEVEN...Saturday through Thursday.

Strong west-southwest winds will develop across the western portions
of Lake Erie on Saturday behind a cold front. These winds could
allow for water levels to dip below the critical mark for safe
navigation for the western basin of Lake Erie.

.SPOTTER INFORMATION STATEMENT...

Spotter activation is not expected at this time.

OHZ017-027-036-011945-
Hancock-Wyandot-Marion-
339 PM EDT Fri Mar 31 2023

...WIND ADVISORY IN EFFECT FROM 8 AM TO 4 PM EDT SATURDAY...

This Hazardous Weather Outlook is for north central Ohio and
northwest Ohio.

.DAY ONE...This afternoon and tonight.

A line of thunderstorms is expected to move in from the west ahead of
a cold front overnight tonight. There is an Enhanced Risk for severe
weather with this activity, with damaging wind gusts over 60 MPH the
greatest severe weather concern. Timing will be between 11 PM and 3
AM. Wind gusts may exceed 45 mph for an hour or two before the
arrival of these thunderstorms.

.DAYS TWO THROUGH SEVEN...Saturday through Thursday.

Please listen to NOAA Weather Radio or go to weather.gov on the
Internet for more information about the following hazards.

   Wind Advisory.

.SPOTTER INFORMATION STATEMENT...

Spotter activation will likely be needed. Please relay any
information about observed severe weather to the NWS when it is safe
to do so.

OHZ003-006>010-018>020-028>031-037-038-047-011945-
Lucas-Wood-Ottawa-Sandusky-Erie-Lorain-Seneca-Huron-Medina-Crawford-
Richland-Ashland-Wayne-Morrow-Holmes-Knox-
339 PM EDT Fri Mar 31 2023

...WIND ADVISORY IN EFFECT FROM 8 AM TO 4 PM EDT SATURDAY...

This Hazardous Weather Outlook is for north central Ohio, northeast
Ohio and northwest Ohio.

.DAY ONE...This afternoon and tonight.

A line of showers and thunderstorms is expected to move in from the
west ahead of a cold front overnight tonight. There is a Slight Risk
for severe weather with this activity, with isolated damaging wind
gusts to 60 MPH the main severe weather concern. Timing will be
between 12 AM and 4 AM. Wind gusts may exceed 45 mph for an hour or
two before the arrival of these thunderstorms.

.DAYS TWO THROUGH SEVEN...Saturday through Thursday.

Please listen to NOAA Weather Radio or go to weather.gov on the
Internet for more information about the following hazards.

   Wind Advisory.

.SPOTTER INFORMATION STATEMENT...

Spotter activation may be needed. Please relay any information about
observed severe weather to the NWS when it is safe to do so.

OHZ011-021-011945-
Cuyahoga-Summit-
339 PM EDT Fri Mar 31 2023

...WIND ADVISORY IN EFFECT FROM 10 AM TO 6 PM EDT SATURDAY...

This Hazardous Weather Outlook is for northeast Ohio.

.DAY ONE...This afternoon and tonight.

A line of showers and thunderstorms is expected to move in from the
west ahead of a cold front overnight tonight. There is a Slight Risk
for severe weather with this activity, with isolated damaging wind
gusts to 60 MPH the main severe weather concern. Timing will be
between 1 AM and 4 AM. Wind gusts may exceed 45 mph for an hour or
two before the arrival of these thunderstorms.

.DAYS TWO THROUGH SEVEN...Saturday through Thursday.

Please listen to NOAA Weather Radio or go to weather.gov on the
Internet for more information about the following hazards.

   Wind Advisory.

.SPOTTER INFORMATION STATEMENT...

Spotter activation may be needed. Please relay any information about
observed severe weather to the NWS when it is safe to do so.

OHZ012-089-PAZ001-011945-
Lake-Ashtabula Lakeshore-Northern Erie-
339 PM EDT Fri Mar 31 2023

...WIND ADVISORY IN EFFECT FROM 10 AM TO 9 PM EDT SATURDAY...

This Hazardous Weather Outlook is for northeast Ohio and northwest
Pennsylvania.

.DAY ONE...This afternoon and tonight.

A weakening line of showers and thunderstorms will move in from the
west ahead of a cold front late tonight. There is a Marginal Risk for
pockets of gusty winds with these thunderstorms. Timing will be
between 1 and 5 AM. Brief wind gusts to 40 mph are possible outside
of any showers and thunderstorms in this window as well.

.DAYS TWO THROUGH SEVEN...Saturday through Thursday.

Please listen to NOAA Weather Radio or go to weather.gov on the
Internet for more information about the following hazards.

   Wind Advisory.

Additional showers and thunderstorms will develop ahead of a cold
front late Saturday morning into early Saturday afternoon. Some of
these thunderstorms may turn severe, with damaging winds the primary
severe risk with this activity.

.SPOTTER INFORMATION STATEMENT...

Spotter activation is not expected at this time.

OHZ013-014-022-023-032-033-PAZ002-003-011945-
Geauga-Ashtabula Inland-Portage-Trumbull-Stark-Mahoning-
Southern Erie-Crawford-
339 PM EDT Fri Mar 31 2023

...WIND ADVISORY IN EFFECT FROM 10 AM TO 6 PM EDT SATURDAY...

This Hazardous Weather Outlook is for northeast Ohio and northwest
Pennsylvania.

.DAY ONE...This afternoon and tonight.

A weakening line of showers and thunderstorms will move in from the
west ahead of a cold front late tonight. There is a Marginal Risk for
pockets of gusty winds with these thunderstorms. Timing will be
between 1 and 5 AM. Brief wind gusts to 40 mph are possible outside
of any showers and thunderstorms in this window as well.

.DAYS TWO THROUGH SEVEN...Saturday through Thursday.

Please listen to NOAA Weather Radio or go to weather.gov on the
Internet for more information about the following hazards.

   Wind Advisory.

Additional showers and thunderstorms will develop ahead of a cold
front late Saturday morning into early Saturday afternoon. Some of
these thunderstorms may turn severe, with damaging winds the primary
severe risk with this activity.

.SPOTTER INFORMATION STATEMENT...

Spotter activation is not expected at this time.

In the hours before

Local storm report, Mar 31, 11:01 PM EDT, 2 hours 46 minutes before
PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE CLEVELAND OH
1101 PM EDT FRI MAR 31 2023

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

1057 PM     HAIL             3 E NORTH MADISON       41.84N 81.00W
03/31/2023  M1.25 INCH       ASHTABULA          OH   PUBLIC

&&
Special weather statement, Mar 31, 11:04 PM EDT, 2 hours 43 minutes before
Special Weather Statement
National Weather Service Cleveland OH
1104 PM EDT Fri Mar 31 2023

OHZ089-PAZ001-002-010345-
Ashtabula Lakeshore OH-Northern Erie PA-Southern Erie PA-
1104 PM EDT Fri Mar 31 2023

...A strong thunderstorm will impact portions of Erie County through
1145 PM EDT...

At 1104 PM EDT, Doppler radar was tracking a strong thunderstorm over
Conneaut, moving east at 65 mph.

HAZARD...Wind gusts up to 50 mph and nickel size hail.

SOURCE...Radar indicated.

IMPACT...Gusty winds could knock down tree limbs and blow around
         unsecured objects. Minor damage to outdoor objects is
         possible.

Locations impacted include...
Erie, Conneaut, North East, Girard, Waterford, Albion, Wattsburg,
Northwest Harborcreek, Harborcreek, Lawrence Park, Wesleyville, Lake
City, Cranesville, Platea, McKean, Northwest Harborcr and Avonia.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

If outdoors, consider seeking shelter inside a building.

Torrential rainfall is also occurring with this storm and may lead to
localized flooding. Do not drive your vehicle through flooded
roadways.

&&

LAT...LON 4196 7976 4186 8052 4193 8052 4192 8058
      4196 8059 4204 8031 4212 8013 4213 8015
      4213 8012 4214 8009 4215 8011 4214 8014
      4217 8012 4217 8008 4215 8010 4215 8006
      4227 7976
TIME...MOT...LOC 0304Z 255DEG 55KT 4194 8061

MAX HAIL SIZE...0.88 IN
MAX WIND GUST...50 MPH

Garuckas
Special weather statement, Apr 1, 12:28 AM EDT, 1 hour 19 minutes before
Special Weather Statement
National Weather Service Cleveland OH
1228 AM EDT Sat Apr 1 2023

OHZ010>013-020>022-030>032-038-010515-
Holmes OH-Summit OH-Geauga OH-Portage OH-Lake OH-Stark OH-Medina OH-
Lorain OH-Cuyahoga OH-Wayne OH-Ashland OH-
1228 AM EDT Sat Apr 1 2023

...An area of showers and thunderstorms will impact portions of
Portage, Geauga, Medina, Cuyahoga, Lake, Ashland, Stark, Summit,
Wayne, central Lorain and eastern Holmes Counties through 115 AM
EDT...

At 1226 AM EDT, Doppler radar was tracking showers and thunderstorms
along a line extending from near Westlake to near Rittman to
Farmerstown. Movement was northeast at 65 mph.

HAZARD...Wind gusts up to 50 mph.

SOURCE...Radar indicated.

IMPACT...Gusty winds could knock down tree limbs and blow around
         unsecured objects.

Locations impacted include...
Cleveland, Akron, Canton, Elyria, Medina, Wooster, Ashland,
Painesville, Willowick, Ravenna, Chardon, Fairport Harbor,
Millersburg, Parma, Lakewood, Cuyahoga Falls, Euclid, Mentor,
Cleveland Heights and Strongsville.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

If outdoors, consider seeking shelter inside a building.

&&

LAT...LON 4045 8183 4066 8199 4073 8238 4097 8241
      4112 8232 4145 8200 4149 8191 4149 8173
      4173 8136 4185 8101 4099 8100 4099 8109
      4073 8109 4072 8124 4065 8124 4066 8146
      4064 8165 4044 8169
TIME...MOT...LOC 0426Z 244DEG 56KT 4141 8190 4101 8178 4050 8173

MAX HAIL SIZE...0.00 IN
MAX WIND GUST...50 MPH
Special weather statement, Apr 1, 12:59 AM EDT, 48 minutes before
Special Weather Statement
National Weather Service Cleveland OH
1259 AM EDT Sat Apr 1 2023

OHZ007-008-018-010545-
Seneca OH-Ottawa OH-Sandusky OH-
1259 AM EDT Sat Apr 1 2023

...Strong thunderstorms will impact portions of Ottawa, northern
Seneca and Sandusky Counties through 145 AM EDT...

At 1258 AM EDT, Doppler radar was tracking strong thunderstorms along
a line extending from near Luna Pier to near Woodville to near North
Baltimore. Movement was east at 75 mph.

HAZARD...Winds in excess of 40 mph.

SOURCE...Radar indicated.

IMPACT...Gusty winds could knock down tree limbs and blow around
         unsecured objects.

Locations impacted include...
Fremont, Fostoria, Port Clinton, Bellevue, Clyde, Oak Harbor,
Gibsonburg, Genoa, Woodville, Elmore, Green Springs, Ballville,
Marblehead, Bettsville, Lindsey, Rocky Ridge, Clay Center, Helena,
Burgoon and Stony Prairie.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

If outdoors, consider seeking shelter inside a building.

&&

LAT...LON 4162 8341 4162 8311 4152 8298 4151 8299
      4152 8289 4159 8285 4155 8280 4153 8282
      4153 8271 4150 8273 4150 8274 4151 8273
      4149 8296 4145 8304 4142 8294 4145 8285
      4116 8284 4115 8342
TIME...MOT...LOC 0458Z 260DEG 63KT 4179 8335 4142 8341 4120 8374

MAX HAIL SIZE...0.00 IN
MAX WIND GUST...40 MPH

Garuckas
Special weather statement, Apr 1, 1:09 AM EDT, 38 minutes before
Special Weather Statement
National Weather Service Cleveland OH
109 AM EDT Sat Apr 1 2023

OHZ014-023-033-089-PAZ001>003-010600-
Mahoning OH-Trumbull OH-Ashtabula Lakeshore OH-Ashtabula Inland OH-
Northern Erie PA-Southern Erie PA-Crawford PA-
109 AM EDT Sat Apr 1 2023

...Strong thunderstorms will impact portions of Trumbull, Mahoning,
Ashtabula, Erie and Crawford Counties through 200 AM EDT...

At 108 AM EDT, Doppler radar was tracking strong thunderstorms along
a line extending from 9 miles north of Geneva-On-The-Lake to near
Middlefield to near Garrettsville to near Salem. Movement was east at
75 mph.

HAZARD...Wind gusts up to 50 mph.

SOURCE...Radar indicated.

IMPACT...Gusty winds could knock down tree limbs and blow around
         unsecured objects.

Locations impacted include...
Erie, Youngstown, Warren, Ashtabula, Meadville, Conneaut,
Geneva-On-The-Lake, Boardman, Niles, Campbell, Hubbard, Canfield,
Cortland, Edinboro, Geneva, Newton Falls, Lordstown, North
Kingsville, Cambridge Springs and Kinsman.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

If outdoors, consider seeking shelter inside a building.

&&

LAT...LON 4221 7988 4152 7996 4149 8000 4148 8010
      4149 8052 4090 8052 4093 8089 4090 8090
      4111 8100 4184 8100 4203 8034
TIME...MOT...LOC 0508Z 261DEG 64KT 4199 8101 4150 8104 4125 8101 4091
8090

MAX HAIL SIZE...0.00 IN
MAX WIND GUST...50 MPH
Special weather statement, Apr 1, 1:35 AM EDT, 12 minutes before
Special Weather Statement
National Weather Service Cleveland OH
135 AM EDT Sat Apr 1 2023

OHZ007>009-019-010615-
Huron OH-Erie OH-Ottawa OH-Sandusky OH-
135 AM EDT Sat Apr 1 2023

...A strong thunderstorm will impact portions of northern Huron,
Ottawa, Erie and southeastern Sandusky Counties through 215 AM EDT...

At 135 AM EDT, Doppler radar was tracking a strong thunderstorm near
Clyde, or near Fremont, moving east at 55 mph.

HAZARD...Winds in excess of 40 mph.

SOURCE...Radar indicated.

IMPACT...Gusty winds could knock down tree limbs and blow around
         unsecured objects.

Locations impacted include...
Sandusky, Norwalk, Western Vermilion, Bellevue, Northern Milan,
Milan, Wakeman, Castalia, Monroeville, Marblehead, Berlin Heights,
Bloomingville, Sandusky South, Birmingham, Fairview Lanes and Whites
Landing.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

If outdoors, consider seeking shelter inside a building.

&&

LAT...LON 4155 8280 4153 8282 4154 8273 4151 8272
      4150 8274 4146 8270 4138 8252 4143 8235
      4123 8235 4124 8284 4126 8292 4143 8291
      4147 8281 4150 8284 4149 8290 4158 8286
      4159 8285
TIME...MOT...LOC 0535Z 275DEG 49KT 4135 8302

MAX HAIL SIZE...0.00 IN
MAX WIND GUST...40 MPH

Garuckas

The air that afternoon

The radiosonde launches on either side of the tornado, from the nearest station that was launching then, drawn and analyzed the way Storm Lab does: the same diagram, the same parcel and shear definitions SPC's mesoanalysis uses.

Cncnati-Daytn, OH (KILN), 00:00Z

5.8 hours before the tornado, 182 km from the path. April 1, 2023.

Skew-T log-pSkew-T log-p diagram, Cncnati-Daytn, OH at 00:00Z on 2023-04-01Temperature and dew point through the depth of the atmosphere, with the mixed-layer parcel lifted from the surface. Mixed-layer CAPE 0 joules per kilogram, CIN -81650, lifted condensation level 799 meters above ground. Wind barbs in knots down the right edge.LCL10008507005003002001001 km2 km3 km6 km9 km12 km15 km-30°-20°-10°0°10°20°30°40°
Temperature in red, dew point in green, the mixed-layer parcel dashed. The warm shading is its CAPE, the cool shading the inhibition it has to break through.
HodographHodograph, Cncnati-Daytn, OH at 00:00Z on 2023-04-01The wind through the lowest 10 kilometers as a curve, rings every 10 meters per second labeled in knots. Zero to 1 km storm-relative helicity 456 square meters per square second, 0 to 6 km bulk shear 61 knots.1939587897117Sfc1 km3 km6 km9 kmRMLM
The wind turning with height, colored by layer: ground to 1 km, 1 to 3 km, 3 to 6 km, 6 to 10 km. RM and LM are the right and left moving storms Bunkers' method gives; the shaded area is the 0 to 1 km storm-relative helicity.
Mixed-layer CAPE
0 J/kg
Mixed-layer CIN
-81650 J/kg
Surface CAPE
0 J/kg
Mixed-layer LCL
799 m above ground
0-6 km bulk shear
61 kt
0-1 km bulk shear
35 kt
0-1 km storm-relative helicity
456 m²/s²
0-3 km storm-relative helicity
400 m²/s²
Significant tornado parameter
0.0
Supercell composite
0.0
0-3 km lapse rate
3.7 K/km

Open this sounding in Storm Lab

Cncnati-Daytn, OH (KILN), 12:00Z

6.2 hours after it, 182 km from the path. April 1, 2023.

Skew-T log-pSkew-T log-p diagram, Cncnati-Daytn, OH at 12:00Z on 2023-04-01Temperature and dew point through the depth of the atmosphere, with the mixed-layer parcel lifted from the surface. Mixed-layer CAPE 0 joules per kilogram, CIN -79747, lifted condensation level 1978 meters above ground. Wind barbs in knots down the right edge.LCL10008507005003002001001 km2 km3 km6 km9 km12 km15 km-30°-20°-10°0°10°20°30°40°
Temperature in red, dew point in green, the mixed-layer parcel dashed. The warm shading is its CAPE, the cool shading the inhibition it has to break through.
HodographHodograph, Cncnati-Daytn, OH at 12:00Z on 2023-04-01The wind through the lowest 10 kilometers as a curve, rings every 10 meters per second labeled in knots. Zero to 1 km storm-relative helicity 247 square meters per square second, 0 to 6 km bulk shear 119 knots.1939587897117136156Sfc1 km3 km6 km9 kmRMLM
The wind turning with height, colored by layer: ground to 1 km, 1 to 3 km, 3 to 6 km, 6 to 10 km. RM and LM are the right and left moving storms Bunkers' method gives; the shaded area is the 0 to 1 km storm-relative helicity.
Mixed-layer CAPE
0 J/kg
Mixed-layer CIN
-79747 J/kg
Surface CAPE
1 J/kg
Mixed-layer LCL
1978 m above ground
0-6 km bulk shear
119 kt
0-1 km bulk shear
45 kt
0-1 km storm-relative helicity
247 m²/s²
0-3 km storm-relative helicity
191 m²/s²
Significant tornado parameter
0.0
Supercell composite
0.0
0-3 km lapse rate
5.7 K/km

Open this sounding in Storm Lab

The surface observations

Fremont (S24), 37 km from the path, in the two hours either side.

Time (UTC)Temp (°F)Dew point (°F)WindGust (kt)Pressure (mb)Weather
00:00 UTC

From the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of airport observations.

The radar

The Cleveland radar (KCLE), 111 km away, was scanning. The volume nearest the touchdown began at 05:46 UTC.

Open the radar archive at this moment, over the track

Reflectivity and velocity, decoded from the Level II archive in the browser. Volumes take a few seconds to open the first time.

This ground now

The live radar over the trackEvery 2023 tornado in OhioEvery tornado in Ohio since 1950Warnings in force in Ohio nowThe forecast where you are

The other tornadoes of March 31, 2023

126 more were confirmed in the United States that day.

DateTimeRatingWherePath (mi)Width (yd)DeathsInjuriesDamage
March 312:18 PM CDTEF3Little Rock tornado, AR34.280054$90 million
March 312:37 PM CDTUnratedTazewell, IL0.310
March 313:15 PM CDTEF1Tazewell, IL0.910
March 313:23 PM CDTUnratedWoodford, IL0.620
March 313:36 PM CDTEF3Wapello, IA26.11,000$2.0 million
March 313:45 PM CDTEF1Prairie, AR1.1100
March 313:52 PM CDTUnratedPoweshiek, IA3.660
March 314:05 PM CDTUnratedLivingston, IL0.015
March 314:10 PM CDTEF4Keota–Wellman tornado, IA19.97003
March 314:22 PM CDTEF1Grundy, IA3.580$50,000
March 314:22 PM CDTEF1Grundy, IA4.180$50,000
March 314:30 PM CDTEF3Wynne–Parkin tornado, Arkansas and Tennessee72.51,600426$151 million
March 314:36 PM CDTEF2Benton, IA1.750
March 314:37 PM CDTEF0Johnson, IA6.150
March 314:46 PM CDTEF2Johnson, IA16.9752
March 314:47 PM CDTEF2Benton, IA4.950
March 314:49 PM CDTEF2Stone, AR6.8125
March 314:51 PM CDTUnratedBenton, IA1.410
March 314:53 PM CDTEF2Johnson, IA14.7100
March 315:03 PM CDTUnratedBuchanan, IA1.710
March 315:06 PM CDTEF2Johnson, IA9.075
March 315:06 PM CDTEF1Cedar, IA8.310
March 315:14 PM CDTEF2Cedar, IA16.4250
March 315:15 PM CDTUnratedScott, IL0.510
March 315:17 PM CDTEF1Cedar, IA5.2100
March 315:18 PM CDTEF2Cedar, IA19.62002
March 315:20 PM CDTEF1Delaware, IA4.150
March 315:27 PM CDTUnratedMorgan, IL0.710
March 315:32 PM CDTEF1Delaware, IA11.190
March 315:35 PM CDTEF0Morgan, IL1.130
March 315:41 PM CDTEF1Jones, IA1.450
March 315:41 PM CDTEF2Des Moines, IA0.9150
March 315:48 PM CDTEF3Covington tornado, TN39.22,000128$80 million
March 315:50 PM CDTEF2Clinton, IA18.03501
March 315:58 PM CDTEF1Jackson, IA1.250
March 316:09 PM CDTEF0Jackson, IA0.215
March 316:12 PM CDTEF2Sangamon, IL5.4400
March 316:16 PM CDTEF1Jackson, IA to IL1.91003
March 316:18 PM CDTEF2Sangamon, IL21.0200
March 316:24 PM CDTEF2Henry, IL3.5300
March 316:33 PM CDTEF2Henry, IL3.0200
March 316:36 PM CDTEF2Henry, IL9.3440
March 316:37 PM CDTEF2Henry, IL6.8650
March 316:39 PM CDTEF1Carroll, IL1.050
March 316:47 PM CDTEF0Macoupin, IL6.3150$25,000
March 316:48 PM CDTEF1Whiteside, IL13.9150
March 316:48 PM CDTEF1Iowa, WI1.175$300,000
March 316:50 PM CDTEF1Lafayette, WI5.575$1.0 million
March 316:50 PM CDTEF1Carroll, IL11.0200
March 316:55 PM CDTEF1Lafayette, WI6.675$600,000
March 317:03 PM CDTUnratedPhillips, AR2.8100
March 317:06 PM CDTEF0Christian, IL4.120
March 317:08 PM CDTEF2Lee, IL9.3350
March 317:13 PM CDTEF1Lee, IL7.875
March 317:13 PM CDTEF1Christian, IL1.730
March 317:16 PM CDTEF0Green, WI3.075$400,000
March 317:20 PM CDTEF1Green, WI10.250$600,000
March 317:24 PM CDTEF1Ogle, IL27.5600140
March 317:26 PM CDTEF0Green, WI5.875$400,000
March 317:31 PM CDTEF1Winnebago, IL5.8300

All 127 of them

What this means

Ratings are the survey's, read off the damage rather than measured; the rating scale is above. Tornado counts rise through the record as reporting improved, so a year in the 1950s is not comparable with one today except for the strongest tornadoes, which were always noticed.

Sources

NOAA Storm Prediction Center tornado database, 1950-2025, the official record kept by NOAA's Storm Prediction Center.