Alert archive / Minnesota / Severe Thunderstorm Warnings in 2022

Severe Thunderstorm Warning 14, NWS Twin Cities, MN

April 12, 2022Faribault County, Martin County, Minnesota

NWS Twin Cities, MN issued this severe thunderstorm warning at Apr 12, 2022, 9:06 PM CDT for Faribault County, Martin County, Minnesota. It was in force for 54 min. No storm report in the archive falls inside the area while it was in force.

The area

The outline as issued.

The facts

Issued: Apr 12, 2022, 9:06 PM CDT (02:06 UTC)
Expired: Apr 12, 2022, 10:00 PM CDT
In force: 54 min
Issued by: NWS Twin Cities, MN
Area: Storm-based polygon
Hail: 1.0 in
Wind: 60.0 mph

Counties Faribault County, MN, Martin County, MN

The radar

The Minneapolis radar (KMPX), 141 km from the middle of the area, began a volume at 02:05 UTC, the scan nearest the moment this went out.

Open the radar archive at this moment

The archived warnings, watches and discussions in force at that minute are drawn over the scan, this one among them.

Did it verify

Not verified. The Iowa Environmental Mesonet's Cow found no qualifying storm report inside this severe thunderstorm warning while it was in force. That is not proof nothing happened: reports are thin where few people live.

Cow counts a report within 15 km of the polygon while the warning was in force: a tornado for a tornado warning; hail of 1 inch or more, a gust of 58 mph or more or wind damage for a severe thunderstorm warning; a flash flood report for a flash flood warning.

The watch it was issued in

The SPC watch in force over the same counties when this warning went out.

Issued	Product	Office	Lasted
Apr 12, 5:11 PM CDT	Tornado Watch	SPC	7 hr

The nearest sounding before it

Minneapolis, MN (KMPX), launched 00:00Z, 2.1 hours before the alert went out and 141 km from the middle of its area. This is the routine balloon launch nearest before it, the air the forecaster had in hand, not a measurement taken for the alert.

Skew-T log-p

Temperature in red, dew point in green, the mixed-layer parcel dashed.

Hodograph

The wind turning with height, colored by layer: ground to 1 km, 1 to 3 km, 3 to 6 km, 6 to 10 km.

Mixed-layer CAPE: 0 J/kg
Mixed-layer CIN: No buoyant parcel
Mixed-layer LCL: 992 m above ground
0-6 km bulk shear: 62 kt
0-1 km storm-relative helicity: 710 m²/s²
0-3 km storm-relative helicity: 827 m²/s²
Significant tornado parameter: 0.0
Supercell composite: 0.0

Open this sounding in Storm Lab

The text

As transmitted.

366 
WUUS53 KMPX 130206
SVRMPX
MNC043-091-130300-
/O.NEW.KMPX.SV.W.0014.220413T0206Z-220413T0300Z/

BULLETIN - IMMEDIATE BROADCAST REQUESTED
Severe Thunderstorm Warning
National Weather Service Twin Cities/Chanhassen MN
906 PM CDT Tue Apr 12 2022

The National Weather Service in the Twin Cities has issued a

* Severe Thunderstorm Warning for...
  Faribault County in south central Minnesota...
  Southeastern Martin County in south central Minnesota...

* Until 1000 PM CDT.

* At 905 PM CDT, a severe thunderstorm was located 7 miles southeast
  of Fairmont, moving northeast at 45 mph.

  HAZARD...60 mph wind gusts and quarter size hail.

  SOURCE...Radar indicated.

  IMPACT...Hail damage to vehicles is expected. Expect wind damage 
           to roofs, siding, and trees.

* This severe thunderstorm will be near...
  Blue Earth and Winnebago around 925 PM CDT.

Other locations in the path of this severe thunderstorm include
Delavan, Easton, Wells and Minnesota Lake.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

A Tornado Watch remains in effect until 1000 PM CDT for south central
Minnesota.

For your protection move to an interior room on the lowest floor of a
building.

&&

LAT...LON 4359 9451 4385 9408 4385 9365 4350 9365
      4350 9446
TIME...MOT...LOC 0205Z 242DEG 41KT 4358 9434 

HAIL THREAT...RADAR INDICATED
MAX HAIL SIZE...1.00 IN
WIND THREAT...RADAR INDICATED
MAX WIND GUST...60 MPH

$$

Borghoff

3 follow-up statements

285 
WWUS53 KMPX 130215
SVSMPX

Severe Weather Statement
National Weather Service Twin Cities/Chanhassen MN
915 PM CDT Tue Apr 12 2022

MNC091-130225-
/O.CAN.KMPX.SV.W.0014.000000T0000Z-220413T0300Z/
Martin MN-
915 PM CDT Tue Apr 12 2022

...THE SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING FOR SOUTHEASTERN MARTIN COUNTY IS
CANCELLED...

The storms which prompted the warning have weakened and moved out of 
the warned area. Therefore, the warning has been cancelled.

A Tornado Watch remains in effect until 1000 PM CDT for south central
Minnesota.

LAT...LON 4375 9425 4385 9408 4385 9365 4350 9365
      4350 9425
TIME...MOT...LOC 0215Z 244DEG 27KT 4363 9421 4353 9401 

$$

MNC043-130300-
/O.CON.KMPX.SV.W.0014.000000T0000Z-220413T0300Z/
Faribault MN-
915 PM CDT Tue Apr 12 2022

...A SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 1000 PM CDT
FOR FARIBAULT COUNTY...

At 915 PM CDT, severe thunderstorms were located along a line
extending from 5 miles west of Blue Earth to near Elmore, moving
northeast at 30 mph.

HAZARD...60 mph wind gusts and quarter size hail.

SOURCE...Radar indicated.

IMPACT...Hail damage to vehicles is expected. Expect wind damage to 
         roofs, siding, and trees.

These severe storms will be near...
  Frost around 925 PM CDT.

Other locations in the path of these severe thunderstorms include
Bricelyn, Delavan, Easton, Minnesota Lake and Wells.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

A Tornado Watch remains in effect until 1000 PM CDT for south central
Minnesota.

For your protection move to an interior room on the lowest floor of a
building.

&&

LAT...LON 4375 9425 4385 9408 4385 9365 4350 9365
      4350 9425
TIME...MOT...LOC 0215Z 244DEG 27KT 4363 9421 4353 9401 

HAIL THREAT...RADAR INDICATED
MAX HAIL SIZE...1.00 IN
WIND THREAT...RADAR INDICATED
MAX WIND GUST...60 MPH

$$

Borghoff

832 
WWUS53 KMPX 130220
SVSMPX

Severe Weather Statement
National Weather Service Twin Cities/Chanhassen MN
920 PM CDT Tue Apr 12 2022

MNC043-130300-
/O.CON.KMPX.SV.W.0014.000000T0000Z-220413T0300Z/
Faribault MN-
920 PM CDT Tue Apr 12 2022

...A SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 1000 PM CDT
FOR FARIBAULT COUNTY...

At 919 PM CDT, severe thunderstorms were located along a line
extending from near Blue Earth to near Frost, moving northeast at 45
mph.

HAZARD...60 mph wind gusts and quarter size hail.

SOURCE...Radar indicated.

IMPACT...Hail damage to vehicles is expected. Expect wind damage to 
         roofs, siding, and trees.

These severe storms will be near...
  Frost around 925 PM CDT.
  Bricelyn around 930 PM CDT.
  Delavan around 935 PM CDT.

Other locations in the path of these severe thunderstorms include
Easton, Minnesota Lake and Wells.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

A Tornado Watch remains in effect until 1000 PM CDT for south central
Minnesota.

For your protection move to an interior room on the lowest floor of a
building.

&&

LAT...LON 4372 9425 4385 9397 4385 9365 4350 9365
      4350 9425
TIME...MOT...LOC 0219Z 242DEG 41KT 4365 9417 4355 9397 

TORNADO...POSSIBLE
HAIL THREAT...RADAR INDICATED
MAX HAIL SIZE...1.00 IN
WIND THREAT...RADAR INDICATED
MAX WIND GUST...60 MPH

$$

JRB

160 
WWUS53 KMPX 130232
SVSMPX

Severe Weather Statement
National Weather Service Twin Cities/Chanhassen MN
932 PM CDT Tue Apr 12 2022

MNC043-130300-
/O.CON.KMPX.SV.W.0014.000000T0000Z-220413T0300Z/
Faribault MN-
932 PM CDT Tue Apr 12 2022

...A SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 1000 PM CDT
FOR FARIBAULT COUNTY...

At 932 PM CDT, severe thunderstorms were located along a line
extending from near Alden to 8 miles south of Elmore, moving
northeast at 55 mph.

HAZARD...60 mph wind gusts and quarter size hail.

SOURCE...Radar indicated.

IMPACT...Hail damage to vehicles is expected. Expect wind damage to 
         roofs, siding, and trees.

Locations impacted include...
  Frost, Bricelyn and Wells.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

A Tornado Watch remains in effect until 1000 PM CDT for south central
Minnesota.

For your protection move to an interior room on the lowest floor of a
building.

&&

LAT...LON 4385 9388 4385 9365 4350 9365 4350 9420
TIME...MOT...LOC 0232Z 221DEG 46KT 4368 9367 4339 9408 

TORNADO...POSSIBLE
HAIL THREAT...RADAR INDICATED
MAX HAIL SIZE...1.00 IN
WIND THREAT...RADAR INDICATED
MAX WIND GUST...60 MPH

$$

Borghoff

What forecasters said that day

The local office's own words before this severe thunderstorm warning went out, as it sent them, from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service text.

NWS Twin Cities, MN wrote its last area forecast discussion before this severe thunderstorm warning went out at Apr 12, 5:46 PM CDT, 3 hours 20 minutes earlier.

Area forecast discussion, Apr 12, 5:46 PM CDT, 3 hours 20 minutes before

Area Forecast Discussion
National Weather Service Twin Cities/Chanhassen MN
546 PM CDT Tue Apr 12 2022

.UPDATED for 06Z aviation discussion...
Issued at 536 PM CDT Tue Apr 12 2022

&&

.DISCUSSION...(This evening through Tuesday)
Issued at 230 PM CDT Tue Apr 12 2022

* KEY MESSAGES: (optional)

- Severe thunderstorms are possible through this evening from
  southwest and south central Minnesota through east central
  Minnesota and into west central Wisconsin. Although isolated severe
  weather is possible prior to 7 PM, most of the potential for severe
  storms will be from 7 PM onward.

- Strong winds are expected Thursday into Thursday night, with gusts
  of 40 to 50 mph possible, especially along and south of the
  Minnesota River valley.

Visible satellite imagery this afternoon shows clouds locked in
across the area, with the nearest clearing from southeast South
Dakota into western Iowa. Surface low of around 985 mb was analyzed
over eastern Nebraska. This low will lift northeast through this
evening, and should bring the warm frontal boundary into far southern
and southeast Minnesota after 00Z. Instability will be somewhat
limited, and will be primarily elevated, although the south/southeast
portion of the area could see some storms rooted in the boundary
layer which would enhance tornado potential there. In addition, the
eventual evolution into more of a QLCS structure east of I-35 after
02Z could favor the development of low-level mesovortices and short-
tracked tornadoes and/or enhanced areas of wind damage. Otherwise,
hail looks to be the primary concern over most of the area, including
the Twin Cities metro, where forecast soundings from the RAP and HRRR
favor things remaining elevated. Even with somewhat limited
instability, low-level and deep layer/effective shear will remain
high through the evening, favoring rotating updrafts in discrete
elevated storms, further enhancing the large hail potential. The
forecast 0-3 km bulk shear fields across the southern portion of the
area this evening favor greater than 30 kt of shear with any
potential storm/line motion, which is why mesovortices (as mentioned
above) would be favored if/when a QLCS structure evolves. Meaningful
convection should push east of the area by around 05-06Z, with some
lingering showers possible, mainly over the north.

The surface low will occlude from Minnesota into Wisconsin on
Wednesday, with the bulk of the lingering precipitation staying
north/east of the forecast area, although some PoPs are still
warranted (particularly north of I-94). Cold advection increases
Wednesday night into Thursday, along with the pressure gradient.
Winds look to significantly increase Thursday into Thursday night,
with gusts to 50 mph a possibility (especially from west central into
south central Minnesota). Included gusts above 40 mph for much of the
area Thursday afternoon/evening, and subsequent forecasts should be
able to refine things, with the definite possibility of a wind
advisory being needed at some point.

Medium range guidance is in good agreement after Thursday, with
unseasonably cool temperatures continuing through the weekend,
although precipitation chances are limited and light through that
time. Return flow will precede the next system of note Sunday
afternoon/evening, with sufficient moisture and lift for rain/snow
across the area. It looks to cool off a bit behind this system, with
any significant warming holding off until after the current seven day
forecast period.

&&

.AVIATION...(For the 00Z TAFS through 00Z Wednesday evening)
Issued at 536 PM CDT Tue Apr 12 2022

Areas of MVFR/IFR developing this evening as thunderstorms lift up
from Iowa and move across Minnesota and Wisconsin. These storms could
be severe with strong winds and large hail. Expect a strong wind
shift as well with a surface low moving through. Winds will start out
easterly this evening, and then take on a more westerly direction
with strong gusts near 30kts on Wednesday after the surface low
passes through.

KMSP...
No significant changes from the previous forecast. Thunderstorms are
expected later this evening with MVFR/IFR clouds developing as well.
These storms could produce strong winds or large hail. Winds will be
easterly, and then switch northeast and to the north tonight,
eventually becoming westerly on Wednesday. Clouds should lift towards
VFR by the late afternoon and evening.

/OUTLOOK FOR KMSP/
Thu...IFR/MVFR chc -RASN. Wind W 20-25 kts, gusts 40-45 kts.
Fri...VFR. Wind W 20-25 kts, gusts 35-40 kts.
Sat...VFR. Wind WNW 10-15 kts, gusts 25kts.

&&

.MPX WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES...
MN...None.
WI...None.
&&

DISCUSSION...WFO MPX
AVIATION...JRB

Hazardous weather outlook, Apr 12, 5:26 PM CDT, 3 hours 40 minutes before

Hazardous Weather Outlook
National Weather Service Twin Cities/Chanhassen MN
526 PM CDT Tue Apr 12 2022

MNZ051>053-059>063-065>070-073>078-082>085-091>093-WIZ014>016-
023>028-132230-
Sherburne-Isanti-Chisago-Wright-Hennepin-Anoka-Ramsey-Washington-
Renville-McLeod-Sibley-Carver-Scott-Dakota-Redwood-Brown-Nicollet-
Le Sueur-Rice-Goodhue-Watonwan-Blue Earth-Waseca-Steele-Martin-
Faribault-Freeborn-Polk-Barron-Rusk-St. Croix-Pierce-Dunn-Pepin-
Chippewa-Eau Claire-
526 PM CDT Tue Apr 12 2022

This Hazardous Weather Outlook is for portions of central
Minnesota...east central Minnesota...south central Minnesota...
southeast Minnesota...southwest Minnesota...northwest Wisconsin
and west central Wisconsin.

.DAY ONE...Tonight.

Strong to severe thunderstorms are expected this evening from
southwest and south central through east central Minnesota and
into western Wisconsin. The greatest risk for tornadoes,
including a strong tornado or two, exists this evening in south
central Minnesota. Large hail will be the primary severe hazard
across the rest of the thunderstorm threat area.

.DAYS TWO THROUGH SEVEN...Wednesday through Monday.

Wind gusts of 45 to 55 mph are expected across much of central
and southern Minnesota Wednesday night into Thursday night. Wind
gusts to 40 mph will also be possible Wednesday and Friday.

Scattered snow showers will be possible Thursday, with occasional
bouts of low visibility resulting from the falling and blowing
snow.

.SPOTTER INFORMATION STATEMENT...

SKYWARN spotter activation will likely be needed.

MNZ041>045-047>050-054>058-064-132230-
Douglas-Todd-Morrison-Mille Lacs-Kanabec-Stevens-Pope-Stearns-
Benton-Lac Qui Parle-Swift-Chippewa-Kandiyohi-Meeker-
Yellow Medicine-
526 PM CDT Tue Apr 12 2022

This Hazardous Weather Outlook is for portions of central
Minnesota...east central Minnesota and west central Minnesota.

.DAY ONE...Tonight.

Showers and thunderstorms are expected late tonight. Some storms
may be strong with gusty winds and small hail. Widespread severe
weather is not anticipated.

.DAYS TWO THROUGH SEVEN...Wednesday through Monday.

Wind gusts of 45 to 55 mph are expected across much of central
and southern Minnesota Wednesday night into Thursday night. Wind
gusts to 40 mph will also be possible Wednesday and Friday.

Scattered snow showers will be possible Thursday, with occasional
bouts of low visibility resulting from the falling and blowing
snow.

.SPOTTER INFORMATION STATEMENT...

SKYWARN spotter activation will likely be needed.

In the hours before

Local storm report, Apr 12, 8:11 PM CDT, 55 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE TWIN CITIES/CHANHASSEN MN
811 PM CDT TUE APR 12 2022

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0755 PM     HAIL             MANKATO                 44.17N 94.00W
04/12/2022  M1.25 INCH       BLUE EARTH         MN   PUBLIC

            PICTURE VIA TWITTER.

&&

TDH

Local storm report, Apr 12, 8:17 PM CDT, 49 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE TWIN CITIES/CHANHASSEN MN
817 PM CDT TUE APR 12 2022

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0805 PM     HAIL             1 ESE NORTH MANKATO     44.17N 94.02W
04/12/2022  M1.00 INCH       NICOLLET           MN   TRAINED SPOTTER

&&

TDH

Local storm report, Apr 12, 8:25 PM CDT, 41 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE TWIN CITIES/CHANHASSEN MN
825 PM CDT TUE APR 12 2022

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0805 PM     HAIL             2 NE MANKATO            44.19N 93.96W
04/12/2022  M1.75 INCH       BLUE EARTH         MN   TRAINED SPOTTER

&&

TDH

Local storm report, Apr 12, 8:26 PM CDT, 40 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE TWIN CITIES/CHANHASSEN MN
826 PM CDT TUE APR 12 2022

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0800 PM     HAIL             SKYLINE                 44.14N 94.03W
04/12/2022  M1.00 INCH       BLUE EARTH         MN   TRAINED SPOTTER

            PICTURE VIA TWITTER.

&&

TDH

Special weather statement, Apr 12, 8:58 PM CDT, 8 minutes before

Special Weather Statement
National Weather Service Twin Cities/Chanhassen MN
858 PM CDT Tue Apr 12 2022

MNZ058-059-066-130230-
McLeod MN-Meeker MN-Wright MN-
858 PM CDT Tue Apr 12 2022

...A strong thunderstorm will impact portions of southwestern Wright,
southeastern Meeker and northern McLeod Counties through 930 PM
CDT...

At 858 PM CDT, Doppler radar was tracking a strong thunderstorm near
Hutchinson, moving east at 40 mph.

HAZARD...Wind gusts up to 50 mph and nickel size hail.

SOURCE...Radar indicated.

IMPACT...Gusty winds could knock down tree limbs and blow around
         unsecured objects. Minor damage to outdoor objects is
         possible.

This strong thunderstorm will be near...
  Silver Lake around 915 PM CDT.

Other locations in the path of this storm include Lester Prairie,
Winsted and Howard Lake.

This includes U.S. Highway 12 between mile markers 118 and 128.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

If outdoors, consider seeking shelter inside a building.

A Severe Thunderstorm Watch remains in effect until midnight CDT for
central and east central Minnesota.

&&

LAT...LON 4498 9399 4497 9401 4483 9401 4484 9450
      4489 9450 4490 9455 4502 9461 4511 9399
TIME...MOT...LOC 0158Z 251DEG 36KT 4487 9445

MAX HAIL SIZE...0.88 IN
MAX WIND GUST...50 MPH

JRB

Local storm report, Apr 12, 9:00 PM CDT, 6 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE TWIN CITIES/CHANHASSEN MN
900 PM CDT TUE APR 12 2022

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0740 PM     HAIL             2 NNE MANKATO           44.19N 93.98W
04/12/2022  E1.00 INCH       BLUE EARTH         MN   PUBLIC

&&

The office that day

Everything else NWS Twin Cities, MN issued on the same UTC day.

Issued	Product	Office	Counties	Lasted
Apr 12, 7:14 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	MPX	Faribault, Martin	46 min
Apr 12, 7:22 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	MPX	Brown, Nicollet, Renville, Sibley	38 min
Apr 12, 7:39 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	MPX	Redwood, Yellow Medicine	31 min
Apr 12, 7:42 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	MPX	Blue Earth, Le Sueur, Nicollet	48 min
Apr 12, 7:44 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	MPX	Dakota, Goodhue, Rice, Steele	30 min
Apr 12, 7:48 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	MPX	McLeod	27 min
Apr 12, 7:50 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	MPX	McLeod	25 min
Apr 12, 7:54 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	MPX	Blue Earth, Faribault, Waseca	36 min
Apr 12, 8:30 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	MPX	Le Sueur, Rice	20 min
Apr 12, 8:39 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	MPX	Martin	34 min
Apr 12, 8:58 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	MPX	McLeod	32 min
Apr 12, 9:14 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	MPX	Sibley	31 min
Apr 12, 9:23 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	MPX	Carver, McLeod, Sibley	37 min
Apr 12, 9:35 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	MPX	Dakota, Hennepin, Scott	25 min
Apr 12, 9:42 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	MPX	Faribault, Freeborn, Steele, Waseca	63 min
Apr 12, 9:53 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	MPX	Anoka, Hennepin, Ramsey	37 min
Apr 12, 10:37 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	MPX	Wright	38 min
Apr 13, 4:01 AM CDT	Wind Advisory	MPX	Anoka, Benton, Blue Earth, Brown, Carver, Chippewa and 32 more	39 hr

Nearby

Severe Thunderstorm Warnings in Minnesota, 2022 Every severe thunderstorm warning in 2022

Sources

The product and its follow-ups from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service and Storm Prediction Center text; the sounding from the Mesonet's radiosonde archive; radar from the NEXRAD Level II archive.