Alert archive / North Carolina / Flash Flood Warnings in 2006
Flash Flood Warning 23, NWS Greenville-Spartanburg, SC
NWS Greenville-Spartanburg, SC issued this flash flood warning at Aug 31, 2006, 7:45 AM EDT for Union County, North Carolina. It was in force for 6 hr. No storm report in the archive falls inside the area while it was in force.
The area
The outline as issued.
The facts
- Issued
- Aug 31, 2006, 7:45 AM EDT (11:45 UTC)
- Expired
- Aug 31, 2006, 1:45 PM EDT
- In force
- 6 hr
- Issued by
- NWS Greenville-Spartanburg, SC
- Area
- Counties, with a storm outline in the text
County Union County, NC
The radar
The Columbia radar (KCAE), 122 km from the middle of the area, began a volume at 11:47 UTC, the scan nearest the moment this went out.
Open the radar archive at this moment
The archived warnings, watches and discussions in force at that minute are drawn over the scan, this one among them.
Did it verify
Not verified. The Iowa Environmental Mesonet's Cow found no qualifying storm report inside this flash flood warning while it was in force. That is not proof nothing happened: reports are thin where few people live.
Cow counts a report within 15 km of the polygon while the warning was in force: a tornado for a tornado warning; hail of 1 inch or more, a gust of 58 mph or more or wind damage for a severe thunderstorm warning; a flash flood report for a flash flood warning.
The nearest sounding before it
Greensboro/Hi Pt, NC (KGSO), launched 00:00Z, 11.8 hours before the alert went out and 140 km from the middle of its area. This is the routine balloon launch nearest before it, the air the forecaster had in hand, not a measurement taken for the alert.
- Mixed-layer CAPE
- 387 J/kg
- Mixed-layer CIN
- -76 J/kg
- Mixed-layer LCL
- 899 m above ground
- 0-6 km bulk shear
- 9 kt
- 0-1 km storm-relative helicity
- 5 m²/s²
- 0-3 km storm-relative helicity
- 43 m²/s²
- Significant tornado parameter
- 0.0
- Supercell composite
- 0.0
The text
As transmitted, in the capitals the NWS used until 2016.
000
WGUS52 KGSP 311146
FFWGSP
NCC179-311745-
BULLETIN - EAS ACTIVATION REQUESTED
FLASH FLOOD WARNING
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GREENVILLE-SPARTANBURG SC
745 AM EDT THU AUG 31 2006
THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE IN GREENVILLE-SPARTANBURG HAS ISSUED A
* FLASH FLOOD WARNING FOR...
UNION COUNTY IN THE PIEDMONT OF NORTH CAROLINA
* UNTIL 145 PM EDT THURSDAY
* AT 745 AM EDT...LOCAL LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICIALS REPORTED FLASH
FLOODING FROM AN EARLIER THUNDERSTORM ALONG TWELVE MILE CREEK.
* LOCATIONS IN THE WARNING INCLUDE BUT ARE NOT LIMITED TO
MONROE...WINGATE...FAIRVIEW...STALLINGS...AND WAXHAW
SEVERAL INCHES OF RAIN HAS FALLEN ACROSS UNION COUNTY OVERNIGHT. A
NEW BAND OF MODERATE TO OCCASIONALLY HEAVY RAIN WILL MOVE ACROSS THE
COUNTY THROUGH THE MIDDLE TO LATE PART OF THE MORNING. THE RAIN WILL
RUN OFF QUICKLY INTO AREA STREAMS AND CREEKS...EVENTUALLY FORCING
THEM OUT OF THEIR BANKS. RICHARDSON CREEK AND TWELVE MILE CREEK...
AND THEIR TRIBUTARIES...ARE MOST LIKELY TO FLOOD.
EXCESSIVE RUNOFF FROM THIS STORM WILL CAUSE FLASH FLOODING OF SMALL
CREEKS AND STREAMS...HIGHWAYS AND UNDERPASSES. ADDITIONALLY...COUNTRY
ROADS AND FARMLANDS ALONG THE BANKS OF CREEKS AND STREAMS AND OTHER
LOW LYING AREAS ARE SUBJECT TO FLASH FLOODING.
DO NOT DRIVE YOUR VEHICLE INTO AREAS WHERE THE WATER COVERS THE
ROADWAY. THE WATER DEPTH MAY BE TOO GREAT TO ALLOW YOUR CAR TO CROSS
SAFELY. VEHICLES CAUGHT IN RISING WATER SHOULD BE ABANDONED QUICKLY.
MOVE TO HIGHER GROUND. EVEN MODERN SPORT UTILITY VEHICLES CANNOT BE
SAFELY DRIVEN THROUGH FLOOD WATERS.
LAT...LON 3482 8080 3483 8033 3518 8029 3520 8054
3500 8082 3494 8078
$$
MOORE1 follow-up statement
000
WGUS72 KGSP 311518
FFSGSP
FLASH FLOOD STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GREENVILLE-SPARTANBURG SC
1117 AM EDT THU AUG 31 2006
NCC179-311745-
UNION NC-
1117 AM EDT THU AUG 31 2006
...A FLASH FLOOD WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 145 PM EDT FOR UNION
COUNTY IN THE PIEDMONT OF NORTH CAROLINA...
AT 1115 AM EDT...NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE RADAR SHOWED BANDS
OF SHOWERS...AND EMBEDDED THUNDERSTORMS...MOVING NORTHWEST INTO
THE SOUTHERN PIEDMONT OF NORTH CAROLINA. RAINFALL RATES HAVE
SLOWLY DIMINISHED THROUGH LATE MORNING...WITH RAINFALL OF AN INCH OR
LESS IN THE WESTERN PART OF UNION COUNTY SINCE 8 AM...AND RAINFALL OF
AN INCH TO AN INCH AND A HALF FROM MARSHVILLE AND WINGATE...SOUTH
TO STURDIVANTS AND THE CHESTERFIELD AND ANSON COUNTY LINES.
THROUGH EARLY AFTERNOON...PERIODS OF MODERATE TO HEAVY RAIN WILL
CONTINUE...ALTHOUGH THERE MAY ALSO BE BRIEF BREAKS IN THE MORE
SIGNIFICANT RAINFALL.
STREAMS AND CREEKS REMAIN ELEVATED IN WESTERN UNION
COUNTY...ESPECIALLY ALONG TWELVE MILE...AND SIX MILE...CREEKS...AS
WELL AS ALONG MARVIN BRANCH. FLOODING PROMPTED THE CLOSURE OF NEW
TOWN ROAD AT ITS JUNCTION WITH TWELVE MILE CREEK. THIS PART OF
TWELVE MILE CREEK HAS BEEN CLOSED FOR MOST OF THE MORNING. WATER
LEVELS WILL BE SLOW TO RECEDE THROUGH EARLY AFTERNOON...AS ROUNDS OF
MODERATE RAIN MOVE INTO THE BASIN. EARLIER...BEULAH CHURCH ROAD WAS
ALSO FLOODED ALONG A STRETCH OF TWELVE MILE CREEK BUT DEPARTMENT OF
TRANSPORTATION OFFICIALS REPORTED A SLOW IMPROVEMENT OF THE FLOOD
WATERS IN THAT PARTICULAR STRETCH OF TWELVE MILE CREEK.
ELSEWHERE...OFFICIALS WERE CLEANING UP DEBRIS FROM APPARENT FLOODING
EARLIER ALONG MARVIN BRANCH AT JOE KERR ROAD...SOUTHWEST OF
WEDDINGTON...NEAR THE MECKLENBURG COUNTY LINE. MOTORISTS SHOULD
EXPECT DELAYS IN THAT AREA AS THE CLEANUP CONTINUES. MARVIN ROAD HAS
BEEN CLOSED IN EASTERN MECKLENBURG COUNTY NEAR ITS JUNCTION WITH SIX
MILE CREEK. WESTBOUND MOTORISTS ON MARVIN ROAD SHOULD EXPECT DELAYS
AND ARE URGED TO FIND ALTERNATE ROUTES TO AVOID THAT FLOODED AREA.
IN EASTERN UNION COUNTY...STREAMS AND CREEKS ARE ALSO ELEVATED IN
BUT NO FLOODING OR FLASH FLOODING HAS YET BEEN REPORTED.
HOWEVER...IT IS THE EASTERN PART OF UNION COUNTY THAT SEEMS THE MOST
SUSCEPTIBLE TO NEW FLOODING THROUGH EARLY AFTERNOON...SINCE THAT
AREA WILL SEE THE GREATEST...AND HEAVIEST...RAINFALL.
ADDITIONAL LOCATIONS IN THE WARNING INCLUDE BUT ARE NOT LIMITED TO
FAIRVIEW...STALLINGS...AND STURDIVANTS.
EXCESSIVE RUNOFF FROM HEAVY RAINFALL WILL CAUSE FLOODING OF SMALL
CREEKS AND STREAMS...URBAN AREAS...HIGHWAYS...STREETS AND UNDERPASSES
AS WELL AS OTHER DRAINAGE AREAS AND LOW LYING SPOTS. STREAMS AND CREEKS
IN UNION COUNTY WILL LIKELY REMAIN ELEVATED THROUGH EARLY AFTERNOON.
DO NOT DRIVE YOUR VEHICLE INTO AREAS WHERE THE WATER COVERS THE
ROADWAY. THE WATER DEPTH MAY BE TOO GREAT TO ALLOW YOUR CAR TO CROSS
SAFELY. MOVE TO HIGHER GROUND.
LAT...LON 3482 8080 3483 8033 3518 8029 3520 8054
3500 8082 3494 8078
$$
44What forecasters said that day
The local office's own words before this flash flood warning went out, as it sent them, from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service text.
NWS Greenville-Spartanburg, SC wrote its last area forecast discussion before this flash flood warning went out at Aug 31, 3:22 AM EDT, 4 hours 23 minutes earlier.
Area forecast discussion, Aug 31, 3:22 AM EDT, 4 hours 23 minutes before
AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GREENVILLE-SPARTANBURG SC
322 AM EDT THU AUG 31 2006
.SHORT TERM /TODAY THROUGH SATURDAY/...
KGSP STP RADAR PRODUCT INDICATES THAT A LARGE AREA ALONG AND EAST
OF I-77 RECEIVED HEAVY RAIN DURING THE PAST 24 HRS. RADAR
ESTIMATES AND AUTOMATED RAIN GAGES INDICATE THAT SEVERAL LOCATIONS
EAST OF I-85 AND 77 RECEIVED BETWEEN 2-3 INCHES WITH ISOLATED
SPOTS SEEING OVER 5 INCHES. CURRENTLY...AN AREA OF SHRA AND TSRA
IS MOVING NORTH ACROSS THE UPPER SAVANNAH RIVER VALLEY AND A
STRONG CLUSTER OF THUNDERSTORMS OVER UNION NC...EXPECTED TO RESULT
IN FLASH FLOODING.
THE GFS IS THE PREFERRED MODEL SOLUTION THROUGH THE FORECAST PERIOD.
JET DIVERGENCE AND UPSLOPE FLOW WILL INCREASE THIS MORNING ACROSS
THE SOUTHERN APPALACHIAN REGION AHEAD OF ERNESTO. NHC TRACK AND THE
GFS INDICATE THAT THE CENTER OF THE TROPICAL CIRCULATION MAY PASS A
LITTLE FURTHER EAST. HPC QPF GUIDANCE HAS ALSO SHIFTED THE AXIS OF
HEAVY RAINFALL FURTHER EAST OVER THE COASTAL PLAIN AND CENTRAL NC.
GIVEN THE NEW TRACK AND QPF GUIDANCE FROM HPC AND THE GFS IT APPEARS
THAT THE NC PIEDMONT WILL SEE THE GREATEST RAINFALL AMOUNTS IN THE
CWA. WE EXPECT THAT THE AREA ALONG AND EAST OF I-77 COULD SEE
WIDESPREAD AMOUNTS OF 2-3 INCHES WITH ISOLATED HIGHER VALUES. THE
ADDITIONAL RAINFALL MAY RESULT IN FLOODING...IN ADDITION TO THE
ONGOING EXPECTED FLOODING IN UNION NC. I WILL ISSUE A FLASH FLOOD
WATCH FOR THE I-77 CORRIDOR FOR TODAY AND TONIGHT.
ERNESTO PULLS NORTH OF THE FA TONIGHT AND RAINFALL WILL GRADUALLY
LESSEN FROM THE SW...ESPECIALLY AFTER 12Z FRI. COVERAGE OF THE SHRA
AND TSRA SHOULD GRADUALLY SHIFT TO THE WESTERN UPSLOPE REGIONS OF
THE NC MTNS DURING THE DAY FRI. SCT SHRA AND TSRA COULD EXIST EAST
OF THE MTNS INTO FRI NIGHT AND SAT AS A H5 TROF AXIS SHIFTS EAST.
&&
.LONG TERM /SATURDAY NIGHT THROUGH WEDNESDAY/...
LITTLE CHANGED DURING THE EXTENDED PERIOD.
&&
.AVIATION...
WEATHER SHOULD GET INCREASINGLY SLOPPY AT ALL TAF SITES DURING THE
EARLY MORNING HOURS WITH CEILINGS IN AND OUT OF IFR/LIFR TO GO ALONG
WITH MVFR VISIBILITY IN AND OUT OF CONVECTIVE PRECIP. ALL SIGNS
CONTINUE TO POINT TO A LONG DURATION OF MVFR/IFR CEILING/VIS FOR THE
BETTER PART OF THE DAY AS STRONG UPSLOPE FLOW AND ISENTROPIC UPGLIDE
DEVELOPS AHEAD OF THE CIRCULATION AROUND ERNESTO. FOLLOWING ALONG
WITH THE LATEST GFS...THE BEST FORCING FOR PRECIP SHOULD MOVE OUT
BETWEEN 00Z AND 06Z FRIDAY. ALTHO PRECIP MIGHT END THIS EVENING...
EXPECT LOW CEILINGS/VIS TO PERSIST THURSDAY NIGHT.
&&
.GSP WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES...
GA...NONE.
NC...FLASH FLOOD WATCH FOR NCZ036-037-057-071-072-082 FROM 8 AM
THURSDAY TO NOON FRIDAY.
SC...NONE.
&&
SHORT TERM...NED
LONG TERM...NED
AVIATION...PMHazardous weather outlook, Aug 31, 6:08 AM EDT, 1 hour 37 minutes before
HAZARDOUS WEATHER OUTLOOK NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GREENVILLE-SPARTANBURG SC 608 AM EDT THU AUG 31 2006 GAZ010-017-018-026-028-029-NCZ033-035>037-048>053-056>059-062>065- 068>072-082-501>510-SCZ001>014-019-011015- RABUN-HABERSHAM-STEPHENS-FRANKLIN-HART-ELBERT-AVERY-ALEXANDER- IREDELL-DAVIE-MADISON-YANCEY-MITCHELL-SWAIN-HAYWOOD-BUNCOMBE- CATAWBA-ROWAN-GRAHAM-NORTHERN JACKSON-MACON-SOUTHERN JACKSON- TRANSYLVANIA-HENDERSON-CLEVELAND-LINCOLN-GASTON-MECKLENBURG- CABARRUS-UNION NC-CALDWELL MOUNTAINS-GREATER CALDWELL- BURKE MOUNTAINS-GREATER BURKE-MCDOWELL MOUNTAINS-EASTERN MCDOWELL- RUTHERFORD MOUNTAINS-GREATER RUTHERFORD-POLK MOUNTAINS- EASTERN POLK-OCONEE MOUNTAINS-PICKENS MOUNTAINS- GREENVILLE MOUNTAINS-GREATER OCONEE-GREATER PICKENS- GREATER GREENVILLE-SPARTANBURG-CHEROKEE-YORK-ANDERSON-ABBEVILLE- LAURENS-UNION SC-CHESTER-GREENWOOD- 608 AM EDT THU AUG 31 2006 THIS HAZARDOUS WEATHER OUTLOOK IS FOR PORTIONS OF NORTHEAST GEORGIA...PIEDMONT NORTH CAROLINA...WESTERN NORTH CAROLINA AND UPSTATE SOUTH CAROLINA. .DAY ONE...TODAY AND TONIGHT PERIODS OF HEAVY RAIN WILL REMAIN OVER THE REGION TODAY AND TONIGHT. ADDITIONAL RAINFALL AMOUNTS MAY RANGE FROM FROM 2 TO 3 INCHES OVER THE NC PIEDMONT TO 1 TO 2 INCHES OVER THE NC MOUNTAINS AND FOOTHILLS. CLUSTERS OF THUNDERSTORMS ARE ANTICIPATED TO DEVELOP ALONG AND EAST OF INTERSTATE 77 TODAY AND POSSIBILITY INTO TONIGHT. THE THUNDERSTORMS WILL PRODUCE VERY HEAVY RAIN AND COULD TRIGGER FLOODING. A FLASH FLOOD WATCH (FFAGSP) IS IN EFFECT FOR THE AREA ALONG AND EAST OF INTERSTATE 77 THROUGH FRIDAY MORNING. ALSO...A SPECIAL WEATHER STATEMENT (SPSGSP) IS IN EFFECT FOR THE REMAINING PORTION OF THE PIEDMONT WEST TO THE EAST SLOPES OF THE MOUNTAINS. .DAYS TWO THROUGH SEVEN...FRIDAY THROUGH WEDNESDAY THUNDERSTORMS ARE POSSIBLE EACH DAY...ESPECIALLY OVER THE MOUNTAINS. THE HIGHEST CHANCE FOR THUNDERSTORMS WILL BE DURING THE AFTERNOON AND EVENING. .SPOTTER INFORMATION STATEMENT... SPOTTER REPORTS OF FLOODING WOULD BE APPRECIATE. ALSO...PLEASE REPORT ANY RAINFALL AMOUNTS GREATER THAN 3 INCHES.
In the hours before
Special weather statement, Aug 31, 5:55 AM EDT, 1 hour 50 minutes before
SPECIAL WEATHER STATEMENT NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GREENVILLE-SPARTANBURG SC 555 AM EDT THU AUG 31 2006 NCZ033-035-049-050-053-056-063>065-068>070-501>510-SCZ003-006>009- 012>014-311800- AVERY-ALEXANDER-YANCEY-MITCHELL-BUNCOMBE-CATAWBA-SOUTHERN JACKSON- TRANSYLVANIA-HENDERSON-CLEVELAND-LINCOLN-GASTON- CALDWELL MOUNTAINS-GREATER CALDWELL-BURKE MOUNTAINS-GREATER BURKE- MCDOWELL MOUNTAINS-EASTERN MCDOWELL-RUTHERFORD MOUNTAINS- GREATER RUTHERFORD-POLK MOUNTAINS-EASTERN POLK- GREENVILLE MOUNTAINS-GREATER GREENVILLE-SPARTANBURG-CHEROKEE-YORK- LAURENS-UNION SC-CHESTER- INCLUDING THE CITIES OF...NEWLAND...SPRUCE PINE...ASHEVILLE... HICKORY...BREVARD...HENDERSONVILLE...SHELBY...LINCOLNTON... GASTONIA...LENOIR...MORGANTON...MARION...LAKE LURE...RUTHERFORD... COLUMBUS...GREENVILLE...SPARTANBURG...GAFFNEY...ROCK HILL... LAURENS...UNION...CHESTER 555 AM EDT THU AUG 31 2006 ...PERIODS OF HEAVY RAIN EXPECTED THROUGH FRIDAY MORNING... BANDS OF MODERATE TO HEAVY RAIN WILL MOVE INTO THE WESTERN CAROLINAS TODAY AND TONIGHT. SHOWERS SHOULD INCREASE IN COVERAGE AS THE CENTER OF TROPICAL STORM ERNESTO APPROACHES THE CAROLINA COAST THIS EVENING. CLUSTERS OF EMBEDDED THUNDERSTORMS COULD ACCOMPANY THE BANDS AS THEY MOVE ACROSS THE PIEDMONT AND POSSIBLY THE FOOTHILLS OF THE CAROLINAS. THESE STORMS COULD PRODUCE PERIODS OF HEAVY RAIN...WITH RAINFALL RATES APPROACHING 2 INCHES AN HOUR. OVER THE PAST 24 HRS...RAIN HAS SATURATED THE SOIL AND HAS ELEVATED LEVELS ON STREAMS AND CREEKS. ADDITIONAL RAINFALL COULD LEAD TO FLOODING OF POOR DRAINAGE OR URBAN AREAS... ESPECIALLY NEAR SMALL CREEKS. A FLASH FLOOD WATCH IS IN EFFECT ALONG AND EAST OF INTERSTATE 77 THROUGH FRIDAY MORNING. NED
Special weather statement, Aug 31, 6:20 AM EDT, 1 hour 25 minutes before
SPECIAL WEATHER STATEMENT...CORRECTED NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GREENVILLE-SPARTANBURG SC 620 AM EDT THU AUG 31 2006 NCZ033-035-049-050-053-056-063>065-068>070-501>510-SCZ003-006>009- 012>014-311845- AVERY-ALEXANDER-YANCEY-MITCHELL-BUNCOMBE-CATAWBA-SOUTHERN JACKSON- TRANSYLVANIA-HENDERSON-CLEVELAND-LINCOLN-GASTON- CALDWELL MOUNTAINS-GREATER CALDWELL-BURKE MOUNTAINS-GREATER BURKE- MCDOWELL MOUNTAINS-EASTERN MCDOWELL-RUTHERFORD MOUNTAINS- GREATER RUTHERFORD-POLK MOUNTAINS-EASTERN POLK- GREENVILLE MOUNTAINS-GREATER GREENVILLE-SPARTANBURG-CHEROKEE-YORK- LAURENS-UNION SC-CHESTER- INCLUDING THE CITIES OF...NEWLAND...SPRUCE PINE...ASHEVILLE... HICKORY...BREVARD...HENDERSONVILLE...SHELBY...LINCOLNTON... GASTONIA...LENOIR...MORGANTON...MARION...LAKE LURE...RUTHERFORD... COLUMBUS...GREENVILLE...SPARTANBURG...GAFFNEY...ROCK HILL... LAURENS...UNION...CHESTER 620 AM EDT THU AUG 31 2006 ...PERIODS OF HEAVY RAIN EXPECTED THROUGH FRIDAY MORNING... BANDS OF MODERATE TO HEAVY RAIN WILL MOVE INTO THE WESTERN CAROLINAS TODAY AND TONIGHT. SHOWERS SHOULD INCREASE IN COVERAGE AS THE CENTER OF TROPICAL STORM ERNESTO APPROACHES THE CAROLINA COAST THIS EVENING. CLUSTERS OF EMBEDDED THUNDERSTORMS COULD ACCOMPANY THE BANDS AS THEY MOVE ACROSS THE PIEDMONT AND POSSIBLY THE FOOTHILLS OF THE CAROLINAS. THESE STORMS COULD PRODUCE PERIODS OF HEAVY RAIN...WITH RAINFALL RATES APPROACHING 2 INCHES AN HOUR. OVER THE PAST 24 HOURS...RAIN HAS SATURATED THE SOIL AND HAS ELEVATED LEVELS ON STREAMS AND CREEKS. ADDITIONAL RAINFALL COULD LEAD TO FLOODING OF POOR DRAINAGE OR URBAN AREAS... ESPECIALLY NEAR SMALL CREEKS. A FLASH FLOOD WATCH IS IN EFFECT ALONG AND EAST OF INTERSTATE 77 THROUGH FRIDAY MORNING. NED
The office that day
Everything else NWS Greenville-Spartanburg, SC issued on the same UTC day.
| Issued | Product | Office | Counties | Lasted |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aug 31, 2:34 AM EDT | Flash Flood Warning | GSP | Union | 3 hr |
| Aug 31, 4:06 AM EDT | Flash Flood Watch | GSP | Alexander, Avery, Buncombe, Burke, Cabarrus, Caldwell and 17 more | 26 hr |
| Aug 31, 8:57 AM EDT | Flash Flood Warning | GSP | Mecklenburg | 6 hr |
| Aug 31, 1:43 PM EDT | Flash Flood Warning | GSP | Yancey | 4 hr |
| Aug 31, 2:20 PM EDT | Flash Flood Warning | GSP | Madison | 4 hr |
Nearby
Flash Flood Warnings in North Carolina, 2006Every flash flood warning in 2006
Sources
The product and its follow-ups from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service and Storm Prediction Center text; the sounding from the Mesonet's radiosonde archive; radar from the NEXRAD Level II archive.