North Carolina, 2013

Damaging Wind in North Carolina, July 6, 2013

July 6, 2013 · NWS GSP · 1 event in 1 county or zone

Another round of thunderstorms affected western North Carolina. One of the storms caused a little wind damage over the southern foothills.

Where it happened

Every event with a place to put it. Tap one for its entry below.

  • Tornadoes
  • Tropical storms and surge
  • Floods
  • Wind
  • Hail
  • Winter weather
  • Heat and drought
  • Cold
  • Fire, smoke and dust
  • Marine and coastal
  • Other

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The toll

Deaths
0
Injuries
0
Property damage
None recorded
Crop damage
None recorded
Events
1

Deaths and injuries are direct and indirect together, as the offices filed them. Damage is property and crops in the dollars of the year, not adjusted for inflation, and only where an office estimated it.

What happened

The episode as NWS GSP wrote it up.

Another round of thunderstorms affected western North Carolina. One of the storms caused a little wind damage over the southern foothills.

What forecasters said that day

The local office's own words before the first event, as it sent them, from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service text.

NWS Greenville-Spartanburg, SC wrote its last area forecast discussion before the first event at Jul 6, 3:41 PM EST, 1 hour 59 minutes earlier.

Area forecast discussion, Jul 6, 3:41 PM EST, 1 hour 59 minutes before
AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GREENVILLE-SPARTANBURG SC
441 PM EDT SAT JUL 6 2013

.SYNOPSIS...
AN UPPER LEVEL TROUGH OF LOW PRESSURE WILL APPROACH FROM THE WEST
THROUGH SUNDAY...INTERACTING WITH ABUNDANT TROPICAL MOISTURE OVER
THE AREA TO INCREASE THE THREAT OF WIDESPREAD HEAVY RAINFALL. THE
UPPER DISTURBANCE WILL CROSS THE REGION SUNDAY NIGHT THROUGH
MONDAY...WITH WEAK HIGH PRESSURE THEN SETTLING OVERHEAD TUESDAY
THROUGH WEDNESDAY. A COLD FRONT WILL APPROACH FROM THE NORTHWEST
THURSDAY AND MOVE THROUGH THE REGION FRIDAY...BEFORE SETTLING JUST
SOUTHEAST OF THE AREA SATURDAY.

&&

.NEAR TERM /THROUGH SUNDAY/...
AS OF 430 PM...FCST ON TRACK WITH THIS UPDATE. LIKELY TO CATEGORICAL
POPS STILL LOOKS GOOD...AS RADAR IMAGERY SHOWS CONVECTION INCREASING
IN COVERAGE ACRS THE CWFA. FORTUNATELY...SEVERE AND FLASH FLOOD
THREAT STILL LOOKS LOW IN THE VERY NEAR TERM GIVEN TRENDS.

AS OF 245 PM EDT...THE BULK OF THE MOISTURE AXIS THAT HAS PLAGUED
NORTHEAST GEORGIA AND THE HIGH TERRAINS OF THE CAROLINAS FOR THE
LAST 4 DAYS HAS SHIFTED WESTWARD PROVIDING SOME RELIEF TO THE HEAVY
RAINFALL.  HOWEVER...UPPER LOW THAT HAS ROTATED OVER THE CENTRAL
PLAINS IS FINALLY ON THE MOVE AND IS CURRENTLY MAKING ITS WAY INTO
THE LOWER OHIO VALLEY.  IN THE NEAR TERM...MESOANALYSIS INDICATES
UPWARDS OF 2500J/KG OF SBCAPE ACROSS THE REGION.  THUNDERSTORMS ARE
ALREADY UNDERWAY ACROSS THE MIDLANDS OF SC...AND SHOULD BE ENTERING
THE UPSTATE WITHIN THE NEXT TWO HOURS.  SOME OF THESE THUNDERSTORMS
COULD BE STRONG TO SEVERE WITH DAMAGING WINDS AND BRIEF HEAVY
RAINFALL BEING THE MAIN THREATS.  OVERNIGHT LOWS ON SUNDAY MORNING
WILL BE SLIGHTLY ABOVE NORMAL AS LOW LEVEL CLOUDS ARE EXPECTED TO
RETURN AND PERSIST THROUGH MORNING.

MEANWHILE...THE ABOVE MENTIONED UPPER LOW WILL HAVE LIFTED TO THE
NORTHEAST OVER THE CENTRAL OHIO VALLEY.  ENHANCED SOUTHERLY FLOW
THAT HAS BEEN RESPONSIBLE FOR THE DEEP FETCH OF TROPICAL MOISTURE
ADVECTION INTO THE REGION WILL RETURN ON SUNDAY MORNING.  THIS WILL
PROMOTE UPSLOPE FLOW ALONG THE FOOTHILLS OF NORTHEAST GA AND
SC...AND THE MOUNTAINS OF NC.  THUS...KEPT FLOOD WATCH IN EFFECT
THROUGH 00Z MONDAY AS THIS MOISTURE AXIS REPOSITIONS.  AS THIS
BOUNDARY MOVES THROUGH THE AREA ON SUNDAY AFTERNOON...UPPER LEVEL
FORCING WILL COMBINE WITH A MODERATELY UNSTABLE AIRMASS THUS
PROMOTING THUNDERSTORM DEVELOPMENT.  THE AREA OF GREATEST
INSTABILITY WILL LIE ACROSS THE NC/SC PIEDMONT.  SOME OF THESE
THUNDERSTORMS COULD BE SEVERE WITH DAMAGING WINDS AND HEAVY RAINFALL
BEING THE MAIN THREATS.  LOOK FOR DAYTIME HIGHS ON SUNDAY TO BE
ANYWHERE FOR 6 TO 8 DEGREES BELOW NORMAL AS MORNING SKY COVER WILL
PERSIST AFTER SUNRISE AND SHOWER ACTIVITY IN THE MORNING/AFTERNOON
HOURS WILL LIMIT RADIATIVE HEATING SOMEWHAT.

&&

.SHORT TERM /SUNDAY NIGHT THROUGH WEDNESDAY/...
AS OF 215 PM SATURDAY...THE LIFTING AND PHASING UPPER WAVE WILL
CROSS THE APPALACHIANS SUN NIGHT THROUGH MON MORNING AND MOVE EAST
OF THE REGION BY MONDAY EVENING. LOW LEVEL FLOW WILL VEER FAIRLY
QUICKLY WITH THE PASSING WAVE ON MONDAY...HELPING TO CURB THE
UPSLOPE PRECIPITATION IN THE SATURATED SRN MTNS.
HOWEVER...INSTABILITY...UPPER FORCING AND ABUNDANT LOW LEVEL
MOISTURE MAY STILL LEAD TO CONSIDERABLE COVERAGE EAST OF THE MTNS
THROUGH MON AFTN...ESPECIALLY IN THE PIEDMONT.

A FLAT UPPER RIDGE OR COL REGION WILL DEVELOP OVER THE AREA BETWEEN
SW U.S. HIGH PRES AND BERMUDA HIGH PRES OFFSHORE...AND A NRN STREAM
GREAT LAKES SYSTEM AND A TROPICAL WAVE CROSSING SRN FL TUE THROUGH
WED. ONLY WEAK DRYING IS EXPECTED UNDER THE SHALLOW RIDGE THROUGH
MID WEEK...WHILE LOW LEVELS WILL REMAIN VERY MOIST WITH A RETURNING
SW UPSLOPE FLOW IN THE SRN MTNS. THIS WILL LEAD TO A MOSTLY DIURNAL
PATTERN OF SCATTERED STRONG CONVECTION TUE AND WED AFTN/EVENING.
ISOLD HYDRO PROBLEMS WILL LIKELY LINGER THROUGH THE PERIOD...BUT
WITH A MORE OF A LOCALIZED FLASH FLOOD THREAT GIVEN THE SLOW MOVING
HEAVY RAIN PRODUCING THUNDERSTORMS THAT COULD FORM. MAX TEMPS WILL
REBOUND A LITTLE THROUGH THE PERIOD...BUT LIKELY STILL A BIT BELOW
CLIMO MOST AREAS.

&&

.LONG TERM /WEDNESDAY NIGHT THROUGH SATURDAY/...
AS OF 230 PM SATURDAY...THE NRN STREAM TROUGH WILL AMPLIFY OVER THE
EAST THU THROUGH FRI...PUSHING A COLD FRONT INTO THE REGION FROM THE
NW. DEEP MOISTURE WILL INCREASE THU THROUGH THU NIGHT ALONG AND
AHEAD OF THE FRONT...WITH ENOUGH INSTABILITY AND IMPROVED SHEAR
DURING PEAK HEATING LATE THU TO PROVIDE A MARGINAL SEVERE TSTM
THREAT. HYDRO PROBLEMS MAY REDEVELOP DEPENDING ON THE LOCATION AND
ANY TRAINING OF TSTMS THAT DEVELOP THROUGH THU EVENING.

SHORTWAVE ENERGY MAY DIVE INTO THE TROUGH AXIS TOWARD NEXT WEEKEND
TO FURTHER AMPLIFY THE WESTERN RIDGE/ERN TROUGH PATTERN.
HOWEVER...MOISTURE PROFILES FEATURE HIGH UNCERTAINTY AT THIS
POINT...WITH THE SFC BOUNDARY LIKELY SETTLING JUST SE OF THE
FORECAST AREA BY SAT...AND WEAK DRYING ALOFT IF THE AMPLIFYING
TROUGH AXIS SETS UP JUST EAST OF THE AREA. WILL KEEP TOKEN SCHC NW
TO CHC SE POPS FOR SAT GIVEN THE UNCERTAINTY. MAX TEMPS WILL REMAIN
BELOW NORMAL.

&&

.AVIATION /21Z SATURDAY THROUGH THURSDAY/...
AT KCLT...VFR CONDITIONS WILL PREVAIL FOR THE MAJORITY OF THE FIRST
HALF OF THE TAF PERIOD.  LIGHT SHOWER ACTIVITY ACROSS THE NC
PIEDMONT REGION WILL CONTINUE TO SLOWLY MIGRATE NORTHWARD.  STILL
EXPECTING THUNDERSTORM DEVELOPMENT TO OCCUR THIS AFTERNOON AS
INSTABILITY BUILDS.  THUS...KEPT TEMPO GROUP WITH MVFR CIGS AND VISB
THROUGH 00Z.  BEYOND THAT...LOOKS AS IF CIGS WILL RAISE FOR A FEW
HOURS BEFORE LOWERING YET AGAIN AS STRATUS BUILDS INTO MOIST SETTLED
BOUNDARY LAYER.  THERE IS A POSSIBILITY FOR CIGS TO LOWER TO IFR
LEVELS BY MID/LATE MORNING ACCORDING TO TIMEHEIGHTS AND FORECAST
SOUNDINGS.  HANDLED THIS WITH ANOTHER TEMPO FROM 09 TO 12Z.
CONDITIONS WILL IMPROVE TO VFR LEVELS QUICKLY THEREAFTER AND REMAIN
THAT WAY THROUGH THE REMAINDER OF THE PERIOD.  WINDS WILL REMAIN
GENERALLY LIGHT AND SOUTHERLY...EXCEPT ADJACENT TO ANY
THUNDERSTORMS.

ELSEWHERE...SHOWERS MOVING INTO THE UPSTATE OF SC FROM THE MIDLANDS
WILL PROMPT PREVAILING VCSH THROUGH THE AFTERNOON WITH TEMPO GROUPS
FOR MVFR LEVEL TSRA FROM 20-24Z AT ALL SC SITES WITH THE NC SITES
SEEING MUCH OF THE SAME.  LOOKS AS IF MVFR CONDITIONS WILL PREVAIL
THROUGH MOST OF THE EVENING/MORNING HOURS ACROSS ALL SITES EXCEPT
KCLT...WITH POSSIBLE IFR CONDITIONS AROUND MID/LATE MORNING.  ADDED
SOME IFR FOG AT KHKY AND KAVL AROUND THE 09-13Z TIMEFRAME.
OTHERWISE...A MIXTURE OF MVFR/VFR CONDITIONS WILL HEADLINE THE LATER
PART OF THE TAF PERIOD AS SHOWERS MOVE IN FROM THE WEST.

OUTLOOK...MOIST LOW LEVEL CONDITIONS COMBINED WITH LIGHT WINDS WILL
FAVOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF LOW CLOUDS AND FOG EACH MORNING THROUGH THE
REMAINDER OF THE WEEKEND AND INTO THE START OF NEXT
WEEK...ESPECIALLY IN THE MOUNTAINS. CONDITIONS WILL GRADUALLY DRY BY
TUESDAY...RESULTING IN A DECREASE RISK OF WIDESPREAD MORNING STRATUS.

CONFIDENCE TABLE...

            20-02Z        02-08Z        08-14Z        14-20Z
KCLT       HIGH  95%     HIGH  85%     MED   63%     HIGH  87%
KGSP       HIGH  88%     MED   74%     MED   79%     HIGH  93%
KAVL       HIGH  89%     HIGH  91%     HIGH  96%     HIGH  90%
KHKY       HIGH  88%     HIGH  88%     HIGH  89%     MED   78%
KGMU       HIGH  85%     HIGH  84%     HIGH  85%     HIGH  87%
KAND       HIGH  95%     HIGH  83%     HIGH  87%     HIGH  87%

THE PERCENTAGE REFLECTS THE NUMBER OF GUIDANCE MEMBERS AGREEING
WITH THE SCHEDULED TAF ISSUANCE FLIGHT RULE CATEGORY. COMPLETE
HOURLY EXPERIMENTAL AVIATION FORECAST CONSISTENCY TABLES AND ENSEMBLE
FORECASTS ARE AVAILABLE AT THE FOLLOWING LINK: (MUST BE LOWER CASE)

WWW.WEATHER.GOV/GSP/AVIATION_TABLES

&&

.GSP WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES...
GA...FLASH FLOOD WATCH THROUGH SUNDAY EVENING FOR GAZ010-017-018-
     026-028-029.
NC...FLASH FLOOD WATCH THROUGH SUNDAY EVENING FOR NCZ033-035-
     048>053-056-058-059-062>065-068>070-501>510.
SC...FLASH FLOOD WATCH THROUGH SUNDAY EVENING FOR SCZ001>014-019.

&&

SYNOPSIS...HG
NEAR TERM...ARK/CDG
SHORT TERM...HG
LONG TERM...HG
AVIATION...CDG
Hazardous weather outlook, Jul 6, 1:59 PM EST, 3 hours 41 minutes before
HAZARDOUS WEATHER OUTLOOK
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GREENVILLE-SPARTANBURG SC
259 PM EDT SAT JUL 6 2013

GAZ010-017-018-026-028-029-NCZ033-035-048>053-056-058-059-062>065-
068>070-501>510-SCZ001>014-019-071900-
RABUN-HABERSHAM-STEPHENS-FRANKLIN-HART-ELBERT-AVERY-ALEXANDER-
MADISON-YANCEY-MITCHELL-SWAIN-HAYWOOD-BUNCOMBE-CATAWBA-GRAHAM-
NORTHERN JACKSON-MACON-SOUTHERN JACKSON-TRANSYLVANIA-HENDERSON-
CLEVELAND-LINCOLN-GASTON-CALDWELL MOUNTAINS-GREATER CALDWELL-
BURKE MOUNTAINS-GREATER BURKE-MCDOWELL MOUNTAINS-EASTERN MCDOWELL-
RUTHERFORD MOUNTAINS-GREATER RUTHERFORD-POLK MOUNTAINS-EASTERN POLK-
OCONEE MOUNTAINS-PICKENS MOUNTAINS-GREENVILLE MOUNTAINS-
GREATER OCONEE-GREATER PICKENS-GREATER GREENVILLE-SPARTANBURG-
CHEROKEE-YORK-ANDERSON-ABBEVILLE-LAURENS-UNION SC-CHESTER-GREENWOOD-
259 PM EDT SAT JUL 6 2013

...FLASH FLOOD WATCH IN EFFECT THROUGH SUNDAY EVENING...

THIS HAZARDOUS WEATHER OUTLOOK IS FOR NORTHEAST GEORGIA...PIEDMONT
NORTH CAROLINA...WESTERN NORTH CAROLINA AND UPSTATE SOUTH CAROLINA.

.DAY ONE...THIS AFTERNOON AND TONIGHT.

PLEASE LISTEN TO NOAA WEATHER RADIO OR GO TO WEATHER.GOV ON THE
INTERNET FOR MORE INFORMATION ABOUT THE FOLLOWING HAZARDS.

   FLASH FLOOD WATCH.

IN ADDITION TO THE FLOODING THREAT...SCATTERED TO NUMEROUS
THUNDERSTORMS WILL BE CAPABLE OF PRODUCING FREQUENT CLOUD TO
GROUND LIGHTNING AND GUSTY WINDS...MAINLY LATE THIS AFTERNOON AND
THIS EVENING. ONE OR TWO THUNDERSTORMS COULD BECOME
SEVERE...ESPECIALLY OVER THE PIEDMONT. WITH THE SOIL BEING
EXTREMELY WET...EVEN NON-SEVERE WIND GUSTS WILL BE CAPABLE OF
BLOWING DOWN TREES AND POWER LINES.

.DAYS TWO THROUGH SEVEN...SUNDAY THROUGH FRIDAY.

PLEASE LISTEN TO NOAA WEATHER RADIO OR GO TO WEATHER.GOV ON THE
INTERNET FOR MORE INFORMATION ABOUT THE FOLLOWING HAZARDS.

   FLASH FLOOD WATCH.

.SPOTTER INFORMATION STATEMENT...

SKYWARN SPOTTERS ARE REQUESTED TO FORWARD ANY REPORTS OF LARGE
HAIL...DAMAGING WINDS...TORNADOES OR FLASH FLOODING TO OUR OFFICE.

NCZ036-037-057-071-072-082-071900-
IREDELL-DAVIE-ROWAN-MECKLENBURG-CABARRUS-UNION NC-
259 PM EDT SAT JUL 6 2013

THIS HAZARDOUS WEATHER OUTLOOK IS FOR PIEDMONT NORTH CAROLINA.

.DAY ONE...THIS AFTERNOON AND TONIGHT.

SCATTERED THUNDERSTORMS WILL DEVELOP ACROSS THE PIEDMONT LATE THIS
AFTERNOON AND THIS EVENING. HEAVY RAINFALL AND LOCALIZED FLASH
FLOODING...ALONG WITH FREQUENT CLOUD TO GROUND LIGHTNING...WILL
BE THE PRIMARY THREATS. HOWEVER...ONE OR TWO SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS
MAY DEVELOP AND PRODUCE DAMAGING WINDS.

.DAYS TWO THROUGH SEVEN...SUNDAY THROUGH FRIDAY.

THE THREAT FOR LOCALIZED FLASH FLOODING WILL CONTINUE INTO EARLY
NEXT WEEK.

.SPOTTER INFORMATION STATEMENT...

SKYWARN SPOTTERS ARE REQUESTED TO FORWARD ANY REPORTS OF LARGE
HAIL...DAMAGING WINDS...TORNADOES OR FLASH FLOODING TO OUR OFFICE.

HG

In the hours before

Special weather statement, Jul 6, 5:11 PM EST, 29 minutes before
SPECIAL WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GREENVILLE-SPARTANBURG SC
611 PM EDT SAT JUL 6 2013

NCZ036-037-057-062300-
DAVIE-IREDELL-ROWAN-
611 PM EDT SAT JUL 6 2013

...A STRONG THUNDERSTORM WILL AFFECT DAVIE...NORTHEASTERN IREDELL AND
NORTHWESTERN ROWAN COUNTIES THROUGH 700 PM EDT...

AT 608 PM EDT...NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DOPPLER RADAR INDICATED A
STRONG THUNDERSTORM NEAR COOLEEMEE...OR 6 MILES SOUTH OF
MOCKSVILLE...MOVING NORTH AT 25 MPH.

PEOPLE IN DAVIE...NORTHEASTERN IREDELL AND NORTHWESTERN ROWAN
COUNTIES...INCLUDING THE FOLLOWING LOCATIONS...

COOLEEMEE AND MOCKSVILLE...

SHOULD MONITOR THE WEATHER SITUATION CLOSELY. LISTEN FOR POSSIBLE
WARNINGS AND BE PREPARED TO TAKE APPROPRIATE ACTION SHOULD SEVERE
WEATHER THREATEN.

SMALL HAIL...AND WIND GUSTS UP TO 40 MPH ARE EXPECTED WITH THIS
STORM.

THE COMBINATION OF GUSTY WINDS AND WET SOIL CONDITIONS WILL CAUSE
SCATTERED TREES AND POWER LINES TO FALL. SEEK SHELTER INSIDER AN
INTERIOR ROOM.

LAT...LON 3588 8041 3585 8038 3582 8047 3576 8045
      3571 8069 3606 8083 3605 8049 3607 8046
      3601 8041 3599 8041 3596 8037 3593 8036
      3589 8036

MOORE
Special weather statement, Jul 6, 5:17 PM EST, 23 minutes before
SPECIAL WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GREENVILLE-SPARTANBURG SC
617 PM EDT SAT JUL 6 2013

NCZ053-065-505>510-062300-
BUNCOMBE-EASTERN MCDOWELL-EASTERN POLK-GREATER
RUTHERFORD-HENDERSON-MCDOWELL MOUNTAINS-POLK MOUNTAINS-RUTHERFORD
MOUNTAINS-
617 PM EDT SAT JUL 6 2013

...A STRONG THUNDERSTORM WILL AFFECT NORTHEASTERN HENDERSON...
NORTHERN POLK...SOUTHEASTERN BUNCOMBE...SOUTHERN MCDOWELL AND WESTERN
RUTHERFORD COUNTIES THROUGH 700 PM EDT...

AT 612 PM EDT...NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DOPPLER RADAR INDICATED A
STRONG THUNDERSTORM NEAR MILL SPRING...OR 4 MILES NORTHEAST OF
COLUMBUS...MOVING NORTH AT 25 MPH.

PEOPLE IN NORTHEASTERN HENDERSON...NORTHERN POLK...SOUTHEASTERN
BUNCOMBE...SOUTHERN MCDOWELL AND WESTERN RUTHERFORD COUNTIES...
INCLUDING THE FOLLOWING LOCATIONS...

LAKE ADGER...LAKE LURE...CHIMNEY ROCK AND OLD FORT...

SHOULD MONITOR THE WEATHER SITUATION CLOSELY. LISTEN FOR POSSIBLE
WARNINGS AND BE PREPARED TO TAKE APPROPRIATE ACTION SHOULD SEVERE
WEATHER THREATEN.

SMALL HAIL...WIND GUSTS OF 40 TO 50 MPH AND TORRENTIAL RAIN ARE
EXPECTED WITH THIS STORM.

THE COMBINATION OF GUSTY WINDS AND WET SOIL CONDITIONS WILL CAUSE
SCATTERED TREES AND POWER LINES TO FALL. SEEK SHELTER INSIDER AN
INTERIOR ROOM.

LAKE ADGER AND LAKE LURE ARE IN THE PATH OF THIS STORM. CLOUD TO
GROUND LIGHTNING AND GUSTY WINDS WILL CREATE DANGEROUS BOATING
CONDITIONS. MOVE TO SHORE IMMEDIATELY.

LAT...LON 3567 8237 3571 8195 3524 8187 3524 8228

MOORE

The radar

The Greer radar (KGSP), 59 km away, was scanning. The volume nearest the first event began at 22:38 UTC.

Open the radar archive at this moment

Event by event

1 thunderstorm wind. Local standard time, as filed.

Thunderstorm Wind, Rutherford

When
July 6, 5:40 PM EST
Where
Rutherford County, 1 mi SE of Lake Lure
Measured
50 kt (58 mph) estimated gust
Reported by
Fire Department/Rescue
Coordinates
35.410, -82.187

A couple trees were blown down on highway 64 near Lake Lure.

What these are

Thunderstorm Wind
Winds from a thunderstorm of 50 knots (58 mph) or more, or lower winds that caused damage or casualties. Measured gusts are marked MG, estimated EG.

After NWS Directive 10-1605, the rules offices file Storm Data by.

The same day elsewhere

More

Every storm in North Carolina in 2013Every state in 2013This day in weather historyWarnings in North Carolina, July 2013

Sources

NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, Storm Events Database, compiled from the National Weather Service’s monthly Storm Data. Complete through 2026-06; NCEI adds each month about 75 days after it ends and revises past years a few times a year. Rebuilt 2026-09-24. Each event’s entry at NCEI: 470428.