California, 2011

Winter Storm and Avalanche in California, February 25 to 28, 2011

February 25 to 28, 2011 · NWS HNX · 14 events in 8 counties and zones

Weak ridging returned to the area by the 20th, with dry, but relatively cool, conditions throughout the central California interior during the next few days. However, by February 24th, the next storm was approaching the California coast and weakening the ridge.

Where it happened

Every event with a place to put it. Tap one for its entry below.

  • Tornadoes
  • Tropical storms and surge
  • Floods
  • Wind
  • Hail
  • Winter weather
  • Heat and drought
  • Cold
  • Fire, smoke and dust
  • Marine and coastal
  • Other

Open the live radar over this ground

The toll

Deaths
0
Injuries
0
Property damage
$63,000
Crop damage
$440,000
Events
14

Deaths and injuries are direct and indirect together, as the offices filed them. Damage is property and crops in the dollars of the year, not adjusted for inflation, and only where an office estimated it.

What happened

The episode as NWS HNX wrote it up.

Weak ridging returned to the area by the 20th, with dry, but relatively cool, conditions throughout the central California interior during the next few days. However, by February 24th, the next storm was approaching the California coast and weakening the ridge. Precipitation associated with this storm reached the region late on the 25th, with rain continuing into the 26th. Heavy rain caused some flooding in the south end iof the San Joaquin Valley, with road flooding reported as far north as the Lamont area. This was a cold storm system, bringing measurable snowfall to the foothills along the Southern Sierra Nevada and the mountains along the west side of the San Joaquin Valley. A half inch of snow fell at Granite Station in the foothills of the Kern County Sierra Nevada, at an elevation of 2600 feet. The higher elevations of the Southern Sierra Nevada received up to 3 feet with this storm. During the daytime of the 26th, trace amounts of snow were even observed in some areas of the San Joaquin Valley, including Delano, Taft, Coalinga, Arvin, and some locations near Bakersfield.|The end of the month remained cooler than average, with low temperatures falling to freezing or below due to the residual cold air behind the previous system. On the 27th, some locations, mainly north of Kern County, had minimum temperatures as low as the mid to upper 20s. Lows the next morning were a couple of degrees warmer, but were 32 degrees or colder in several locations.|In summary, February began dry and cool, followed by periods of mild temperatures throughout the central California interior. Until the middle of the month, there was no rain reported in Fresno and Bakersfield, and significant rain and snow did not occur throughout the region until the latter half of the month. Temperatures were cooler than average during this part of the month due to repeated influxes of cold air. Frosty to freezing conditions occurred at times throughout the central and southern San Joaquin Valley, especially during the last two days of the month.

What forecasters said that day

The local office's own words before the first event, as it sent them, from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service text.

NWS Hanford, CA wrote its last area forecast discussion before the first event at Feb 25, 2:40 AM PST, 1 hour 50 minutes earlier.

Area forecast discussion, Feb 25, 2:40 AM PST, 1 hour 50 minutes before
AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY - HANFORD CA
240 AM PST FRI FEB 25 2011

.SYNOPSIS...
UNSETTLED WEATHER CAN BE EXPECTED OVER THE WEEKEND AS LOW PRESSURE
DIGS SOUTHWARD BRINGING VALLEY RAIN, MOUNTAIN SNOW AND LOWER SNOW
LEVELS. SNOW COULD FALL IN THE FOOTHILLS BY FRIDAY NIGHT AS THE LOW
BRINGS COLDER AIR INTO THE REGION. THERE MAY EVEN BE A FEW FLURRIES
IN THE VALLEY DURING THE EARLY MORNING HOURS SATURDAY.

&&

.DISCUSSION...
TEMPERATURES ACROSS THE CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY
THURSDAY WERE SEVERAL DEGREES COOLER THAN WEDNESDAY...AND WERE IN
THE LOWER TO MID 50S. THURSDAY/S HIGHS RANGED FROM 52 AT THE MERCED
REGIONAL AIRPORT TO 57 DEGREES AT BAKERSFIELD AND COALINGA. THE
CHINA LAKE N.W.T.C. WAS THE WARM SPOT IN THE HANFORD WARNING/
FORECAST AREA WITH A HIGH OF 62 DEGREES.

THE ANTICIPATED CHANGE IN THE WEATHER PATTERN BEGAN THURSDAY NIGHT
AS LIGHT...WARM-FRONTAL RAIN BEGAN SPREADING SOUTH ACROSS THE
HANFORD WARNING/FORECAST AREA. RAINFALL AMOUNTS SO FAR HAVE RANGED
FROM A TRACE TO A FEW HUNDREDTHS OF AN INCH...BUT RADAR SHOWS THAT
HEAVIER RAINS ARE CURRENTLY OVER THE CALIFORNIA COAST NORTH OF
MONTEREY BAY.

MESO-WEST OBSERVATIONS PLACE THE FREEZING LEVEL AT AROUND 4000 FEET
THIS MORNING. THE SNOW LEVEL WILL FALL THROUGH THE DAY AS AN
UNSEASONABLY COLD AIRMASS MOVES INTO THE CENTRAL CALIFORNIA INTERIOR.
THE 06Z GFS FORECASTS THE 925-MB -1 C ISOTHERM TO PUSH INTO FAR
NORTHERN KERN COUNTY BY 12Z SATURDAY...WITH THE -2 C ISOTHERM DOWN
TO BAKERSFIELD BY 18Z SATURDAY...AND THE -4 C ISOTHERM OVER MEADOWS
FIELD BY 00Z SUNDAY. THE 06Z NAM-12 IS A COUPLE OF DEGREES WARMER...
BUT HAS THE -2 C ISOTHERM AT 925-MB OVER BAKERSFIELD AT 00Z SUNDAY.
THE SNOW LEVEL IS EXPECTED TO FALL BELOW 1000 FEET TONIGHT...AND
WINTER HEADLINES ARE IN PLACE FOR THE SOUTHERN SIERRA NEVADA...THE
TEHACHAPI MOUNTAINS...THE TEMBLORS AND DIABLO RANGE ABOVE 1500
FEET...THE SIERRA FOOTHILLS ABOVE 1500 FEET AND THE KERN COUNTY
DESERTS.

WITH THIS VERY COLD AIRMASS OVER THE CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN SAN JOAQUIN
VALLEY TONIGHT THROUGH SATURDAY...IT IS QUITE LIKELY THAT A FEW
FLURRIES WILL BE MIXED WITH THE RAIN AND COULD REACH THE GROUND. DO
NOT EXPECT ACCUMULATING SNOW ON THE SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY FLOOR...
ALTHOUGH ISOLATED SPOTS COULD SEE THE GROUND COVERED.

IN TERMS OF THE CONVECTIVE THREAT...THE NAM-12 DOES HAVE A SURFACE-
COMPUTED CAPE OF 280 J/KG OVER WESTERN FRESNO COUNTY AT 18Z SATURDAY
WITH A SURFACE COMPUTED LIFTED INDEX OF -1.4 AND A 500-MB TEMPERATURE
OF -37 C. HOWEVER...925-MB TEMPERATURES OVER WESTERN FRESNO COUNTY
AT 18Z SATURDAY ARE -1 TO -2 C AND THE AIRMASS MAY BE TOO COLD
THROUGHOUT THE COLUMN FOR ANY STRONG LAPSE RATES. AT THIS TIME DO
NOT EXPECT ANY THUNDERSTORM ACTIVITY.

THE NEXT CONCERN IS TEMPERATURES SATURDAY NIGHT. MUCH WILL DEPEND ON
THE AMOUNT OF CLOUD COVER REMAINING OVER THE SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY AS
THE STORM MOVES EAST OF THE REGION. THE FORECAST HAS CENTRAL AND
SOUTHERN SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY LOWS SUNDAY MORNING IN THE UPPER 20S TO
LOWER 30S WITH THE COLDEST...WIND-SHELTERED AREAS POSSIBLY FALLING
BELOW 28 DEGREES FOR A FEW HOURS. PEOPLE WITH TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE
PLANTS AND ANIMALS SHOULD BE ALERT FOR THE POTENTIAL FOR FREEZING
TEMPERATURES SATURDAY NIGHT AND POSSIBLE FROST OR FREEZE PRODUCTS.

THE WEATHER WILL BE DRY SUNDAY THROUGH TUESDAY MORNING...THEN THE
NEXT STORM WILL REACH THE HANFORD WARNING/FORECAST AREA BEGINNING
TUESDAY AFTERNOON AND CONTINUING THROUGH THURSDAY. AT THIS TIME...
THIS APPEARS TO BE A WARMER STORM.

DATES OF LATEST SNOWS AT BAKERSFIELD AND FRESNO...

BAKERSFIELD                         FRESNO

MARCH 8 1974.......1.5 INCH         FEBRUARY 5 1976....TRACE
MARCH 14 1944......TRACE            FEBRUARY 26 1911...TRACE
MARCH 17 1922......2.5 INCHES       FEBRUARY 28 1911...TRACE
MARCH 18 1922......TRACE            MARCH 23 1916......0.1 INCH
MARCH 29 1998......TRACE            MARCH 23 1929......0.2 INCH

DATES OF MOST RECENT SNOWS AT BAKERSFIELD AND FRESNO...

BAKERSFIELD                         FRESNO

DECEMBER 12 2003...TRACE            DECEMBER 11 2005...TRACE

&&

.AVIATION...
VFR INITIALLY ACROSS THE CENTRAL CA INTERIOR WITH AREAS OF MTN
OBSCURING IFR IN CLOUDS/PRECIP SPREADING SOUTH ALONG THE SIERRA
NEVADA THIS MORNING. AREAS OF MVFR -RA SPREADING SOUTH ACROSS THE
SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY AFTER 12Z FRIDAY AND CONTINUING THROUGH 12Z
SATURDAY. DESERT AREAS WILL REMAIN AT VFR/MVFR THROUGH 12Z
SATURDAY.

&&

.AIR QUALITY ISSUES...
NONE.

&&

.HNX WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES...
WINTER STORM WARNING UNTIL 10 AM PST SATURDAY FOR THE SOUTHERN
SIERRA NEVADA FROM YOSEMITE NATIONAL PARK TO THE KERN COUNTY LINE
/CAZ096-097/.

WINTER STORM WARNING FROM 1 PM THIS AFTERNOON TO 10 AM PST
SATURDAY ABOVE 1500 FEET FOR THE SOUTHERN SIERRA NEVADA FOOTHILLS
AND THE KERN COUNTY MOUNTAINS /CAZ093>095/.

WINTER WEATHER ADVISORY FROM 1 PM THIS AFTERNOON TO 10 AM PST
SATURDAY ABOVE 1500 FEET FOR THE WESTERN FOOTHILLS OF THE SAN
JOAQUIN VALLEY /CAZ089-091/.

WINTER WEATHER ADVISORY FROM MIDNIGHT TONIGHT TO 4 PM PST
SATURDAY FOR THE KERN COUNTY DESERTS /CAZ098-099/.

&&

PUBLIC...SANGER
AVN/FW...MOLINA
SYNOPSIS...PJ

WEATHER.GOV/HANFORD
Hazardous weather outlook, Feb 25, 4:00 AM PST, 30 minutes before
HAZARDOUS WEATHER OUTLOOK
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY - HANFORD CA
400 AM PST FRI FEB 25 2011

CAZ096-097-261200-
SIERRA NEVADA FROM YOSEMITE TO KINGS CANYON-
TULARE COUNTY MOUNTAINS-
400 AM PST FRI FEB 25 2011

...WINTER STORM TO AFFECT THE SOUTHERN SIERRA NEVADA TODAY THROUGH
SATURDAY MORNING...

THIS HAZARDOUS WEATHER OUTLOOK IS FOR THE HIGHER ELEVATIONS OF
THE SOUTHERN SIERRA NEVADA.

.DAY ONE...TODAY AND TONIGHT

A WINTER STORM WARNING IN EFFECT FROM TODAY THROUGH 10 AM PST
SATURDAY MORNING. FOR MORE INFORMATION...PLEASE REFER TO
SFOWSWHNX...OR WMO HEADER WWUS46 KHNX.

.DAYS TWO THROUGH SEVEN...SATURDAY THROUGH THURSDAY

A WINTER STORM WARNING WILL REMAIN IN EFFECT UNTIL 10 AM PST
SATURDAY MORNING. FOR MORE INFORMATION...PLEASE REFER TO
SFOWSWHNX...OR WMO HEADER WWUS46 KHNX.

.SPOTTER INFORMATION STATEMENT...

SKYWARN SPOTTER ACTIVATION WILL NOT BE NEEDED.

WEATHER SPOTTERS ARE ENCOURAGED TO REPORT ANY SIGNIFICANT OR
UNUSUAL CONDITIONS TO THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE.

CAZ095-261200-
KERN COUNTY MOUNTAINS-
400 AM PST FRI FEB 25 2011

...WINTER STORM TO AFFECT THE KERN COUNTY MOUNTAINS THIS AFTERNOON
THROUGH SATURDAY MORNING...

THIS HAZARDOUS WEATHER OUTLOOK IS FOR THE KERN COUNTY MOUNTAINS.

.DAY ONE...TODAY AND TONIGHT

WINTER STORM WARNING IN EFFECT FROM 1 PM THIS AFTERNOON TO 10 AM
PST SATURDAY ABOVE 1500 FEET. FOR MORE INFORMATION...PLEASE REFER
TO SFOWSWHNX...OR WMO HEADER WWUS46 KHNX.

.DAYS TWO THROUGH SEVEN...SATURDAY THROUGH THURSDAY

WINTER STORM WARNING WILL REMAIN IN EFFECT UNTIL 10 AM PST
SATURDAY ABOVE 1500 FEET. FOR MORE INFORMATION...PLEASE REFER TO
SFOWSWHNX...OR WMO HEADER WWUS46 KHNX.

.SPOTTER INFORMATION STATEMENT...

SKYWARN SPOTTER ACTIVATION WILL NOT BE NEEDED.

WEATHER SPOTTERS ARE ENCOURAGED TO REPORT ANY SIGNIFICANT OR
UNUSUAL CONDITIONS TO THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE.

CAZ093-094-261200-
MARIPOSA MADERA AND FRESNO COUNTY FOOTHILLS-
TULARE COUNTY FOOTHILLS-
400 AM PST FRI FEB 25 2011

...SNOW LIKELY IN THE FOOTHILLS THIS AFTERNOON THROUGH SATURDAY
MORNING...

THIS HAZARDOUS WEATHER OUTLOOK IS FOR THE FOOTHILLS OF THE
SOUTHERN SIERRA NEVADA.

.DAY ONE...TODAY AND TONIGHT

WINTER STORM WARNING IN EFFECT FROM 1 PM THIS AFTERNOON TO 10 AM
PST SATURDAY ABOVE 1500 FEET. FOR MORE INFORMATION...PLEASE REFER
TO SFOWSWHNX...OR WMO HEADER WWUS46 KHNX.

.DAYS TWO THROUGH SEVEN...SATURDAY THROUGH THURSDAY

WINTER STORM WARNING WILL REMAIN IN EFFECT UNTIL 10 AM PST
SATURDAY ABOVE 1500 FEET. FOR MORE INFORMATION...PLEASE REFER TO
SFOWSWHNX...OR WMO HEADER WWUS46 KHNX.

.SPOTTER INFORMATION STATEMENT...

SKYWARN SPOTTER ACTIVATION WILL NOT BE NEEDED.

WEATHER SPOTTERS ARE ENCOURAGED TO REPORT ANY SIGNIFICANT OR
UNUSUAL CONDITIONS TO THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE.

CAZ090-092-261200-
EAST CENTRAL SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY-SOUTHEASTERN SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY-
400 AM PST FRI FEB 25 2011

...COLD STORM APPROACHING...

THIS HAZARDOUS WEATHER OUTLOOK IS FOR THE EAST SIDE OF THE SAN
JOAQUIN VALLEY.

.DAY ONE...TODAY AND TONIGHT

SHOWERS MAY BE MIXED WITH SNOW LATE TONIGHT AND ON SATURDAY...BUT
THE SNOW IS NOT EXPECTED TO STICK.

.DAYS TWO THROUGH SEVEN...SATURDAY THROUGH THURSDAY

SHOWERS MAY BE MIXED WITH SNOW ON SATURDAY...BUT SNOW IS NOT
EXPECTED TO STICK. LOWS SUNDAY MORNING COULD FALL INTO THE MID TO
UPPER 20S IN THE COLDEST LOCATIONS IF SKIES CLEAR.

.SPOTTER INFORMATION STATEMENT...

SKYWARN SPOTTER ACTIVATION WILL NOT BE NEEDED.

WEATHER SPOTTERS ARE ENCOURAGED TO REPORT ANY SIGNIFICANT OR
UNUSUAL CONDITIONS TO THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE.

CAZ089-091-261200-
WEST CENTRAL SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY-SOUTHWESTERN SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY-
400 AM PST FRI FEB 25 2011

...SNOW LIKELY IN THE WESTERN FOOTHILLS...

THIS HAZARDOUS WEATHER OUTLOOK IS FOR THE WEST SIDE OF THE SAN
JOAQUIN VALLEY.

.DAY ONE...TODAY AND TONIGHT

WINTER WEATHER ADVISORY IN EFFECT FROM 1 PM THIS AFTERNOON TO 10
AM PST SATURDAY ABOVE 1500 FEET. FOR MORE INFORMATION...PLEASE
REFER TO SFOWSWHNX...OR WMO HEADER WWUS46 KHNX.

.DAYS TWO THROUGH SEVEN...SATURDAY THROUGH THURSDAY

WINTER WEATHER ADVISORY IN EFFECT UNTIL 10 AM PST SATURDAY ABOVE
1500 FEET. FOR MORE INFORMATION...PLEASE REFER TO SFOWSWHNX...OR
WMO HEADER WWUS46 KHNX. LOWS SUNDAY MORNING COULD FALL INTO THE MID TO
UPPER 20S IN THE COLDEST LOCATIONS IF SKIES CLEAR.

.SPOTTER INFORMATION STATEMENT...

SKYWARN SPOTTER ACTIVATION WILL NOT BE NEEDED.

WEATHER SPOTTERS ARE ENCOURAGED TO REPORT ANY SIGNIFICANT OR
UNUSUAL CONDITIONS TO THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE.

CAZ098-099-261200-
INDIAN WELLS VALLEY-SOUTHEASTERN KERN COUNTY DESERT-
400 AM PST FRI FEB 25 2011

...COLD STORM APPROACHING...

THIS HAZARDOUS WEATHER OUTLOOK IS FOR THE KERN COUNTY DESERTS.

.DAY ONE...TODAY AND TONIGHT

WINTER WEATHER ADVISORY IN EFFECT FROM MIDNIGHT TONIGHT TO 4 PM
PST SATURDAY ABOVE 1500 FEET. FOR MORE INFORMATION...PLEASE REFER
TO SFOWSWHNX...OR WMO HEADER WWUS46 KHNX.

.DAYS TWO THROUGH SEVEN...SATURDAY THROUGH THURSDAY

WINTER WEATHER ADVISORY WILL REMAIN IN EFFECT UNTIL 4 PM PST
SATURDAY ABOVE 1500 FEET. FOR MORE INFORMATION...PLEASE REFER TO
SFOWSWHNX...OR WMO HEADER WWUS46 KHNX.

.SPOTTER INFORMATION STATEMENT...

SKYWARN SPOTTER ACTIVATION WILL NOT BE NEEDED.

WEATHER SPOTTERS ARE ENCOURAGED TO REPORT ANY SIGNIFICANT OR
UNUSUAL CONDITIONS TO THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE.

SANGER

WEATHER.GOV/HANFORD

The radar

The national radar mosaic for the moment the first event began.

Open the radar archive at this moment

Event by event

8 frost/freeze, 3 winter storm, 2 flood, 1 avalanche. Local standard time, as filed.

Winter Storm, S Sierra Mtns

When
February 25, 4:30 AM PST to February 26, 10:00 AM PST
Where
S Sierra Mtns forecast zone
Reported by
Park/Forest Service

Winter Storm, Tulare Cty Mtns

When
February 25, 4:30 AM PST to February 26, 10:00 AM PST
Where
Tulare Cty Mtns forecast zone
Reported by
Park/Forest Service

Winter Storm, Kern Cty Mtns

When
February 25, 10:30 PM PST to February 26, 9:00 AM PST
Where
Kern Cty Mtns forecast zone
Reported by
Trained Spotter

Avalanche, Tulare Cty Mtns

When
February 26, 12:00 AM PST to 10:00 AM PST
Where
Tulare Cty Mtns forecast zone
Property damage
$55,000
Reported by
Park/Forest Service

Flood, Kern

When
February 26, 2:14 AM PST to 4:14 AM PST
Where
Kern County, 3.57 mi SE of Lakeview to 5.92 mi ENE of Lakeview
Cause
Heavy Rain
Property damage
$3,000
Reported by
Law Enforcement
Coordinates
35.060, -119.080

The highway patrol reported flooding on Highway 166 near Old River Road.

Flood, Kern

When
February 26, 2:43 AM PST to 5:43 AM PST
Where
Kern County, 1.49 mi SSW of Magunden to 1.83 mi SSE of Edison
Cause
Heavy Rain
Property damage
$5,000
Reported by
Law Enforcement
Coordinates
35.350, -118.910

The highway patrol reported flooding on northbound State Road 184 near Hermosa Road.

Frost/Freeze, W Central S.J. Valley

When
February 26, 9:00 PM PST to February 27, 9:00 AM PST
Where
W Central S.J. Valley forecast zone
Crop damage
$100,000
Reported by
Mesonet

Frost/Freeze, E Central S.J. Valley

When
February 26, 9:00 PM PST to February 27, 9:00 AM PST
Where
E Central S.J. Valley forecast zone
Crop damage
$100,000
Reported by
Mesonet

Frost/Freeze, Sw S.J. Valley

When
February 26, 9:00 PM PST to February 27, 9:00 AM PST
Where
Sw S.J. Valley forecast zone
Crop damage
$100,000
Reported by
Mesonet

Frost/Freeze, Se S.J. Valley

When
February 26, 9:00 PM PST to February 27, 9:00 AM PST
Where
Se S.J. Valley forecast zone
Crop damage
$100,000
Reported by
Mesonet

Frost/Freeze, W Central S.J. Valley

When
February 27, 11:00 PM PST to February 28, 8:00 AM PST
Where
W Central S.J. Valley forecast zone
Crop damage
$10,000
Reported by
Mesonet

Frost/Freeze, E Central S.J. Valley

When
February 27, 11:00 PM PST to February 28, 8:00 AM PST
Where
E Central S.J. Valley forecast zone
Crop damage
$10,000
Reported by
Mesonet

Frost/Freeze, Sw S.J. Valley

When
February 27, 11:00 PM PST to February 28, 8:00 AM PST
Where
Sw S.J. Valley forecast zone
Crop damage
$10,000
Reported by
Mesonet

Frost/Freeze, Se S.J. Valley

When
February 27, 11:00 PM PST to February 28, 8:00 AM PST
Where
Se S.J. Valley forecast zone
Crop damage
$10,000
Reported by
Mesonet

What these are

Winter Storm
A storm that brought snow, sleet or freezing rain at warning levels, usually over several hours or days.
Avalanche
A mass of snow sliding down a mountainside that caused a death, an injury or damage.
Flood
Flooding that develops more slowly than a flash flood: rivers leaving their banks, or water standing over land for an extended time.
Frost/Freeze
Frost or temperatures at or below freezing during the growing season, usually filed for crop damage.

After NWS Directive 10-1605, the rules offices file Storm Data by.

The same day elsewhere

More

Every storm in California in 2011Every state in 2011This day in weather historyWarnings in California, February 2011

Sources

NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, Storm Events Database, compiled from the National Weather Service’s monthly Storm Data. Complete through 2026-06; NCEI adds each month about 75 days after it ends and revises past years a few times a year. Rebuilt 2026-09-24. Each event’s entry at NCEI: 287785, 287786, 287787, 287788, 287790, 287789, 287791, 287792, 287793, 287794, 287795, 287796, 287797, 287798.