Alert archive / Michigan / Severe Thunderstorm Warnings in 2026

Severe Thunderstorm Warning 48, NWS Gaylord, MI

June 16, 2026Grand Traverse County, Kalkaska County, Michigan

NWS Gaylord, MI issued this severe thunderstorm warning at Jun 16, 2026, 7:12 PM EDT for Grand Traverse County, Kalkaska County, Michigan. It was in force for 48 min. No storm report in the archive falls inside the area while it was in force.

The area

The outline as issued.

The facts

Issued
Jun 16, 2026, 7:12 PM EDT (23:12 UTC)
Expired
Jun 16, 2026, 8:00 PM EDT
In force
48 min
Issued by
NWS Gaylord, MI
Area
Storm-based polygon
Hail
1.0 in
Wind
60.0 mph

Counties Grand Traverse County, MI, Kalkaska County, MI

The radar

The NCL Michigan radar (KAPX), 53 km from the middle of the area, began a volume at 23:13 UTC, the scan nearest the moment this went out.

Open the radar archive at this moment

The archived warnings, watches and discussions in force at that minute are drawn over the scan, this one among them.

Did it verify

Not verified. The Iowa Environmental Mesonet's Cow found no qualifying storm report inside this severe thunderstorm warning while it was in force. That is not proof nothing happened: reports are thin where few people live.

Cow counts a report within 15 km of the polygon while the warning was in force: a tornado for a tornado warning; hail of 1 inch or more, a gust of 58 mph or more or wind damage for a severe thunderstorm warning; a flash flood report for a flash flood warning.

The nearest sounding before it

Alpena, MI (KAPX), launched 12:00Z, 11.2 hours before the alert went out and 236 km from the middle of its area. This is the routine balloon launch nearest before it, the air the forecaster had in hand, not a measurement taken for the alert.

Skew-T log-pSkew-T log-p diagram, Alpena, MI at 12:00Z on 2026-06-16Temperature and dew point through the depth of the atmosphere, with the mixed-layer parcel. CAPE 26 joules per kilogram.LCLLFCEL10008507005003002001001 km2 km3 km6 km9 km12 km15 km-30°-20°-10°0°10°20°30°40°
Temperature in red, dew point in green, the mixed-layer parcel dashed.
HodographHodograph, Alpena, MI at 12:00Z on 2026-06-16The wind through the lowest 10 kilometers. Zero to 1 km storm-relative helicity -24 square meters per square second.1939Sfc1 km3 km6 km9 kmRMLM
The wind turning with height, colored by layer: ground to 1 km, 1 to 3 km, 3 to 6 km, 6 to 10 km.
Mixed-layer CAPE
26 J/kg
Mixed-layer CIN
-55 J/kg
Mixed-layer LCL
1805 m above ground
0-6 km bulk shear
7 kt
0-1 km storm-relative helicity
-24 m²/s²
0-3 km storm-relative helicity
-14 m²/s²
Significant tornado parameter
0.0
Supercell composite
0.0

Open this sounding in Storm Lab

The text

As transmitted.

997 
WUUS53 KAPX 162312
SVRAPX
MIC055-079-170000-
/O.NEW.KAPX.SV.W.0048.260616T2312Z-260617T0000Z/

BULLETIN - IMMEDIATE BROADCAST REQUESTED
Severe Thunderstorm Warning
National Weather Service Gaylord MI
712 PM EDT Tue Jun 16 2026

The National Weather Service in Gaylord has issued a

* Severe Thunderstorm Warning for...
  Southeastern Grand Traverse County in northern Michigan...
  West central Kalkaska County in northern Michigan...

* Until 800 PM EDT.

* At 711 PM EDT, a cluster of severe thunderstorms was located over 
  Spider Lake, or 10 miles southeast of Traverse City, moving 
  northeast at 25 mph.

  HAZARD...60 mph wind gusts and quarter size hail.

  SOURCE...Radar indicated.

  IMPACT...Hail damage to vehicles is expected. Expect wind damage 
           to roofs, siding, and trees.

* This severe thunderstorm will be near...
  Williamsburg and Barker Creek around 715 PM EDT.
  Kalkaska around 725 PM EDT.
  Elk Rapids around 735 PM EDT.

Other locations impacted by this severe thunderstorm include Bates.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

For your protection move to an interior room on the lowest floor of a
building.

&&

LAT...LON 4489 8544 4488 8538 4483 8538 4483 8535
      4481 8533 4482 8532 4484 8532 4465 8510
      4457 8543 4464 8559
TIME...MOT...LOC 2311Z 209DEG 20KT 4467 8542 

HAIL THREAT...RADAR INDICATED
MAX HAIL SIZE...1.00 IN
WIND THREAT...RADAR INDICATED
MAX WIND GUST...60 MPH

$$

FEF
3 follow-up statements
388 
WWUS53 KAPX 162327
SVSAPX

Severe Weather Statement
National Weather Service Gaylord MI
727 PM EDT Tue Jun 16 2026

MIC055-079-170000-
/O.CON.KAPX.SV.W.0048.000000T0000Z-260617T0000Z/
Grand Traverse MI-Kalkaska MI-
727 PM EDT Tue Jun 16 2026

...A SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 800 PM EDT
FOR SOUTHEASTERN GRAND TRAVERSE AND WEST CENTRAL KALKASKA COUNTIES...

At 726 PM EDT, a severe thunderstorm was located near Williamsburg,
or 9 miles west of Kalkaska, moving northeast at 20 mph.

HAZARD...60 mph wind gusts and quarter size hail.

SOURCE...Radar indicated.

IMPACT...Hail damage to vehicles is expected. Expect wind damage to 
         roofs, siding, and trees.

This severe storm will be near...
  Kalkaska, Williamsburg, and Barker Creek around 730 PM EDT.
  Elk Rapids around 740 PM EDT.

Other locations impacted by this severe thunderstorm include Bates.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

For your protection move to an interior room on the lowest floor of a
building.

&&

LAT...LON 4489 8544 4488 8538 4483 8538 4483 8535
      4481 8533 4482 8532 4484 8532 4465 8510
      4457 8543 4467 8548
TIME...MOT...LOC 2326Z 205DEG 16KT 4473 8537 

HAIL THREAT...RADAR INDICATED
MAX HAIL SIZE...1.00 IN
WIND THREAT...RADAR INDICATED
MAX WIND GUST...60 MPH

$$

FEF
207 
WWUS53 KAPX 162341
SVSAPX

Severe Weather Statement
National Weather Service Gaylord MI
741 PM EDT Tue Jun 16 2026

MIC055-079-170000-
/O.CON.KAPX.SV.W.0048.000000T0000Z-260617T0000Z/
Grand Traverse MI-Kalkaska MI-
741 PM EDT Tue Jun 16 2026

...A SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 800 PM EDT
FOR EAST CENTRAL GRAND TRAVERSE AND WEST CENTRAL KALKASKA COUNTIES...

At 740 PM EDT, a severe thunderstorm was located near South Boardman,
or 7 miles southwest of Kalkaska, moving northeast at 20 mph.

HAZARD...60 mph wind gusts and quarter size hail.

SOURCE...Radar indicated.

IMPACT...Hail damage to vehicles is expected. Expect wind damage to 
         roofs, siding, and trees.

This severe storm will be near...
  Kalkaska, Williamsburg, and Barker Creek around 745 PM EDT.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

For your protection move to an interior room on the lowest floor of a
building.

&&

LAT...LON 4488 8538 4483 8538 4483 8535 4481 8533
      4482 8532 4484 8532 4465 8510 4459 8539
      4489 8544
TIME...MOT...LOC 2340Z 214DEG 19KT 4469 8532 

HAIL THREAT...RADAR INDICATED
MAX HAIL SIZE...1.00 IN
WIND THREAT...RADAR INDICATED
MAX WIND GUST...60 MPH

$$

FEF
136 
WWUS53 KAPX 162359
SVSAPX

Severe Weather Statement
National Weather Service Gaylord MI
759 PM EDT Tue Jun 16 2026

MIC055-079-170009-
/O.EXP.KAPX.SV.W.0048.000000T0000Z-260617T0000Z/
Grand Traverse MI-Kalkaska MI-
759 PM EDT Tue Jun 16 2026

...THE SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING FOR EAST CENTRAL GRAND TRAVERSE
AND WEST CENTRAL KALKASKA COUNTIES WILL EXPIRE AT 800 PM EDT...

The storm which prompted the warning has weakened below severe 
limits and is moving out of the warned area, and no longer poses an 
immediate threat to life or property. Therefore, the warning will be 
allowed to expire.

&&

LAT...LON 4488 8538 4483 8538 4483 8535 4481 8533
      4482 8532 4484 8532 4465 8510 4459 8539
      4489 8544
TIME...MOT...LOC 2359Z 209DEG 20KT 4478 8525 

$$

FEF

What forecasters said that day

The local office's own words before this severe thunderstorm warning went out, as it sent them, from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service text.

NWS Gaylord, MI wrote its last area forecast discussion before this severe thunderstorm warning went out at Jun 16, 4:01 PM EDT, 3 hours 11 minutes earlier. Its key messages:

  • Scattered to numerous showers and storms continue into this evening.
  • Strong storm system with potential for locally heavy rain Wednesday night into early Thursday.
  • Below normal temperatures likely to persist through at least the weekend into early next week.
Area forecast discussion, Jun 16, 4:01 PM EDT, 3 hours 11 minutes before
Area Forecast Discussion
National Weather Service Gaylord MI
401 PM EDT Tue Jun 16 2026

.KEY MESSAGES...

- Scattered to numerous showers and storms continue into this
evening.

- Strong storm system with potential for locally heavy rain
Wednesday night into early Thursday.

- Below normal temperatures likely to persist through at least the
weekend into early next week.

&&

.DISCUSSION...
Issued at 401 PM EDT Tue Jun 16 2026

Pattern Synopsis/Forecast: Closed upper-level low pressure continues
to spin near/just south of Hudson Bay this afternoon -- likely to
remain in a similar position for much of the week ahead. Longwave
troughing evident across the eastern half of NOAM with an embedded
shortwave digging into the western Great Lakes this afternoon. This
will aid in support relatively weak pressure falls along a slow-
moving cold front set to cross the area this afternoon/evening.

Low amplitude shortwave ridging briefly slides overhead during the
day Wednesday in advance of an impressive mid-June system expected
to cross the Great Lakes later Wednesday into Thursday. As has been
alluded to sufficiently by the previous several shifts, the strength
of this system is noteworthy for mid-June. Sub-700mb heights and
MSLP progged to be lower/deeper than any comparison from the 1979-
2009 Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR) climatology for a
several week period centered on June 18th. Vast majority of ensemble
members continue to prog a ~990mb low, yielding fairly high
confidence, as has been the case for the last couple of days.

Beyond Thursday, broad troughing likely to persist across the Great
Lakes through at least the upcoming weekend with at least slightly
below normal temperatures expected to continue.

Forecast Details: Scattered showers and storms are underway across
parts of northern MI as of early this afternoon, most numerously
exiting east off into Lake Huron as of 20z. Lots of large hail
producers in the strongest storms so far this afternoon. Some strong
to severe threat continues through early evening, propelled by
continued 500+ J/kg MLCAPE across parts of northern lower MI. That
said, the areal coverage of any strong to severe storms should be
far less than  earlier this afternoon. Otherwise, locally heavy
downpours expected to continue under any more robust cells with
localized additional rain amounts in excess of 1.50" possible.

Relatively tranquil conditions expected to return for the second
half of tonight through much of the day on Wednesday. However, focus
quickly transitions to the late Wednesday afternoon/evening time
frame for additional, more widespread, rain to arrive from the west-
southwest. While higher end severe/heavy rain impacts will focus to
our south, at least low potential still exists locally for periods
of steady rain to add up to 1"+ over a 12+ hour period across
parts of the forecast area. PWs ranging from 1-1.5" help to support
that thought, but do have some concern that convection to our south
late Wednesday/Wednesday evening may "rob" some of our moisture and
prevent a truly steady shield of rain from materializing this far
north.

Winds turn out of the north-northwest Thursday morning through the
remainder of the day with a rather cool/fall-like day anticipated.
High temperatures may struggle to reach much above the low-mid 60s
for much of the forecast area under lots of clouds and occasional
continued showery conditions. A gradual drying trend anticipated
thereafter for late in the work week into the weekend with more
sunshine and daytime temperatures slowly moderating a handful of
degrees for the weekend.

&&

.AVIATION /18Z TAFS THROUGH 18Z WEDNESDAY/...
Issued at 109 PM EDT Tue Jun 16 2026

Clouds will continue to increase through the day as
shower/storm chances increase, though VFR is expected to prevail
through at least 02z. The potential for storms exists for all
northern Lower sites this afternoon into the evening, with the
possibility of brief lowered visibilities from heavier rain as
well as some gustier winds if a storm passes over a terminal...
With storms already currently popping up on radar. Lingering
low-level moisture will lead to an increase in low clouds
through the overnight hours, eventually turning conditions MVFR
to possibly even IFR ~10z with decreasing winds. Condtions look
to temporarily improve from west to east through Wednesday
morning back to VFR with increasing winds.

&&

.APX WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES...
MI...None.
MARINE...Small Craft Advisory until 8 PM EDT this evening for LHZ349.
     Small Craft Advisory until 8 PM EDT this evening for LMZ345-
     346.

&&

DISCUSSION...MJG
AVIATION...NSC

In the hours before

Local storm report, Jun 16, 4:13 PM EDT, 2 hours 59 minutes before
Preliminary Local Storm Report
National Weather Service Gaylord MI
413 PM EDT Tue Jun 16 2026

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0354 PM     Hail             Mikado                  44.57N 83.42W
06/16/2026  M0.70 Inch       Alcona             MI   Public

&&
Special weather statement, Jun 16, 4:35 PM EDT, 2 hours 37 minutes before
Special Weather Statement
National Weather Service Gaylord MI
435 PM EDT Tue Jun 16 2026

MIZ021-099-162115-
Antrim MI-Charlevoix MI-
435 PM EDT Tue Jun 16 2026

...A STRONG THUNDERSTORM WILL IMPACT NORTHEASTERN ANTRIM AND
SOUTHEASTERN CHARLEVOIX COUNTIES THROUGH 515 PM EDT...

At 434 PM EDT, Doppler radar was tracking a strong thunderstorm near
Jordan Township, or near East Jordan, moving northeast at 30 mph.

HAZARD...Wind gusts up to 40 mph and penny size hail.

SOURCE...Radar indicated.

IMPACT...Gusty winds could knock down tree limbs and blow around
         unsecured objects. Minor hail damage to vegetation is
         possible.

This strong thunderstorm will be near...
  Boyne City, East Jordan, Warner Township, and Jordan Township
  around 440 PM EDT.
  Boyne Falls and Young State Park around 445 PM EDT.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

If outdoors, consider seeking shelter inside a building.

&&

LAT...LON 4529 8506 4522 8474 4499 8505 4505 8522
TIME...MOT...LOC 2034Z 210DEG 24KT 4507 8512

MAX HAIL SIZE...0.75 IN
MAX WIND GUST...40 MPH

NSC
Local storm report, Jun 16, 4:59 PM EDT, 2 hours 13 minutes before
Preliminary Local Storm Report...Summary
National Weather Service Gaylord MI
459 PM EDT Tue Jun 16 2026

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

1240 PM     Marine Tstm Wind 6 S Cathro              45.07N 83.57W
06/16/2026  M40 MPH          Alpena             MI   ASOS

            ASOS station KAPN Alpena - Phelps Collins
            Field.

1250 PM     Marine Tstm Wind 1 SE Alpena             45.06N 83.42W
06/16/2026  M39 MPH          LHZ348             MI   Mesonet

            Mesonet station APNM4 1 SE Alpena.

0100 PM     Hail             2 SW Alpena             45.05N 83.48W
06/16/2026  M0.25 Inch       Alpena             MI   Public

0115 PM     Hail             9 N Saint Helen         44.49N 84.41W
06/16/2026  E1.00 Inch       Roscommon          MI   Law Enforcement

            Time estimated by radar.

0150 PM     Hail             3 SSE Luzerne           44.58N 84.25W
06/16/2026  M1.00 Inch       Oscoda             MI   Public

            Time estimated by radar.

0158 PM     Hail             Clear Lake              44.42N 84.25W
06/16/2026  E1.00 Inch       Ogemaw             MI   Law Enforcement

            Time estimated by radar.

0158 PM     Hail             2 NE Luzerne            44.64N 84.24W
06/16/2026  M0.50 Inch       Oscoda             MI   Trained Spotter

0201 PM     Hail             2 NNE Twin Lakes Area   44.26N 84.43W
06/16/2026  E1.00 Inch       Roscommon          MI   Public

            Time estimates by radar.

0201 PM     Hail             Comins                  44.80N 84.05W
06/16/2026  M1.00 Inch       Oscoda             MI   Trained Spotter

            Caller reports quarter size hail covering
            the ground.

0211 PM     Hail             6 W Gladwin             43.99N 84.61W
06/16/2026  M0.75 Inch       Gladwin            MI   Trained Spotter

0220 PM     Hail             2 S Comins              44.77N 84.05W
06/16/2026  M1.00 Inch       Oscoda             MI   Trained Spotter

0225 PM     Hail             4 NW Hockaday           44.13N 84.47W
06/16/2026  E1.00 Inch       Gladwin            MI   Law Enforcement

            Time estimated by radar.

0229 PM     Hail             2 E Atlanta             45.00N 84.11W
06/16/2026  M0.70 Inch       Montmorency        MI   Trained Spotter

0230 PM     Hail             4 SW Glennie            44.52N 83.78W
06/16/2026  E1.00 Inch       Alcona             MI   Law Enforcement

            Time estimated by radar.

0237 PM     Hail             Gladwin                 43.98N 84.49W
06/16/2026  M0.50 Inch       Gladwin            MI   Emergency Mngr

0245 PM     Hail             West Branch             44.27N 84.24W
06/16/2026  E0.50 Inch       Ogemaw             MI   Public

            Report from mPING: Half-inch (0.50 in.).

0251 PM     Hail             2 E Atlanta             45.00N 84.11W
06/16/2026  M1.25 Inch       Montmorency        MI   Trained Spotter

0258 PM     Hail             3 S Rose City           44.39N 84.12W
06/16/2026  M1.00 Inch       Ogemaw             MI   Trained Spotter

0323 PM     Hail             6 SW Hawks              45.27N 83.93W
06/16/2026  E1.50 Inch       Presque Isle       MI   Trained Spotter

0354 PM     Hail             Mikado                  44.57N 83.42W
06/16/2026  M0.70 Inch       Alcona             MI   Public

&&
Special weather statement, Jun 16, 5:42 PM EDT, 1 hour 30 minutes before
Special Weather Statement
National Weather Service Gaylord MI
542 PM EDT Tue Jun 16 2026

MIZ041-162230-
Gladwin MI-
542 PM EDT Tue Jun 16 2026

...STRONG THUNDERSTORMS WILL IMPACT GLADWIN COUNTY THROUGH 630 PM
EDT...

At 541 PM EDT, Doppler radar was tracking a cluster of strong
thunderstorms from near Clare to west of Gladwin, moving northeast
at 25 mph.

HAZARD...Wind gusts up to 40 mph and penny size hail.

SOURCE...Radar indicated.

IMPACT...Gusty winds could knock down tree limbs and blow around
         unsecured objects. Minor hail damage to vegetation is
         possible.

Locations impacted include...
Gladwin, Beaverton, Wooden Shoe Village, Skeels, Hockaday, and
Winegars.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

If outdoors, consider seeking shelter inside a building.

&&

LAT...LON 4382 8460 4412 8460 4416 8454 4416 8449
      4401 8424 4381 8437
TIME...MOT...LOC 2141Z 220DEG 21KT 4385 8467

MAX HAIL SIZE...0.75 IN
MAX WIND GUST...40 MPH
Local storm report, Jun 16, 5:54 PM EDT, 1 hour 18 minutes before
Preliminary Local Storm Report
National Weather Service Gaylord MI
554 PM EDT Tue Jun 16 2026

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0325 PM     Tstm Wnd Gst     1 W Ossineke            44.91N 83.45W
06/16/2026  M39 MPH          Alpena             MI   Trained Spotter

            Time estimated by radar.

&&

JZ
Local storm report, Jun 16, 6:10 PM EDT, 1 hour 2 minutes before
Preliminary Local Storm Report
National Weather Service Gaylord MI
610 PM EDT Tue Jun 16 2026

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0558 PM     Rain             2 SW Alpena             45.05N 83.47W
06/16/2026  M0.98 Inch       Alpena             MI   Mesonet

            Mesonet station GW0478 Alpena. 12 hour
            total.

&&

JZ

The office that day

Everything else NWS Gaylord, MI issued on the same UTC day.

IssuedProductOfficeCountiesLasted
Jun 16, 3:29 AM EDTSmall Craft AdvisoryAPX17 hr
Jun 16, 11:44 AM EDTSpecial Weather StatementAPXAlpena46 min
Jun 16, 12:02 PM EDTSevere Thunderstorm WarningAPXAlcona, Alpena43 min
Jun 16, 12:14 PM EDTSpecial Marine WarningAPX72 min
Jun 16, 12:42 PM EDTSpecial Weather StatementAPXAlpena63 min
Jun 16, 12:48 PM EDTSpecial Marine WarningAPX57 min
Jun 16, 1:09 PM EDTSevere Thunderstorm WarningAPXCrawford, Ogemaw, Oscoda, Roscommon51 min
Jun 16, 1:19 PM EDTSevere Thunderstorm WarningAPXOgemaw, Oscoda41 min
Jun 16, 1:41 PM EDTSevere Thunderstorm WarningAPXMontmorency, Oscoda64 min
Jun 16, 1:49 PM EDTSevere Thunderstorm WarningAPXGladwin, Ogemaw, Roscommon26 min
Jun 16, 1:58 PM EDTSevere Thunderstorm WarningAPXOgemaw, Oscoda47 min
Jun 16, 2:16 PM EDTSevere Thunderstorm WarningAPXArenac, Gladwin, Ogemaw, Roscommon44 min
Jun 16, 2:25 PM EDTSevere Thunderstorm WarningAPXAlcona, Alpena, Iosco80 min
Jun 16, 2:45 PM EDTSevere Thunderstorm WarningAPXMontmorency49 min
Jun 16, 2:54 PM EDTSevere Thunderstorm WarningAPXIosco, Ogemaw, Oscoda36 min
Jun 16, 3:17 PM EDTSevere Thunderstorm WarningAPXMontmorency, Presque Isle58 min
Jun 16, 3:21 PM EDTSevere Thunderstorm WarningAPXAlcona54 min
Jun 16, 3:23 PM EDTSpecial Marine WarningAPX112 min
Jun 16, 4:03 PM EDTSpecial Weather StatementAPXKalkaska42 min
Jun 16, 4:35 PM EDTSpecial Weather StatementAPXAntrim40 min
Jun 16, 5:42 PM EDTSpecial Weather StatementAPXGladwin48 min
Jun 16, 6:58 PM EDTSevere Thunderstorm WarningAPXArenac, Iosco, Ogemaw22 min
Jun 16, 7:13 PM EDTSpecial Marine WarningAPX63 min

Nearby

Severe Thunderstorm Warnings in Michigan, 2026Every severe thunderstorm warning in 2026

Sources

The product and its follow-ups from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service and Storm Prediction Center text; the sounding from the Mesonet's radiosonde archive; radar from the NEXRAD Level II archive.