Alert archive / Oklahoma / Special Weather Statements in 2021

Special Weather Statement, NWS Tulsa, OK

November 10, 2021Pushmataha County, Oklahoma

NWS Tulsa, OK issued this special weather statement at Nov 10, 2021, 9:22 PM CST for Pushmataha County, Oklahoma. It was in force for 23 min. No storm report in the archive falls inside the area while it was in force.

The area

The outline as issued.

The facts

Issued: Nov 10, 2021, 9:22 PM CST (03:22 UTC)
Expired: Nov 10, 2021, 9:45 PM CST
In force: 23 min
Issued by: NWS Tulsa, OK
Hail: 0.75 in
Wind: 40

County Pushmataha County, OK

The radar

The Western Arkansas radar (KSRX), 144 km from the middle of the area, began a volume at 03:25 UTC, the scan nearest the moment this went out.

Open the radar archive at this moment

The archived warnings, watches and discussions in force at that minute are drawn over the scan, this one among them.

The nearest sounding before it

Norman, OK (KOUN), launched 00:00Z, 3.4 hours before the alert went out and 171 km from the middle of its area. This is the routine balloon launch nearest before it, the air the forecaster had in hand, not a measurement taken for the alert.

Skew-T log-p

Temperature in red, dew point in green, the mixed-layer parcel dashed.

Hodograph

The wind turning with height, colored by layer: ground to 1 km, 1 to 3 km, 3 to 6 km, 6 to 10 km.

Mixed-layer CAPE: 964 J/kg
Mixed-layer CIN: -28 J/kg
Mixed-layer LCL: 884 m above ground
0-6 km bulk shear: 35 kt
0-1 km storm-relative helicity: 186 m²/s²
0-3 km storm-relative helicity: 206 m²/s²
Significant tornado parameter: 0.6
Supercell composite: 4.4

Open this sounding in Storm Lab

The text

As transmitted.

859 
WWUS84 KTSA 110322
SPSTSA

Special Weather Statement
National Weather Service Tulsa OK
922 PM CST Wed Nov 10 2021
 
OKZ049-073-075-110345-
Pittsburg OK-Latimer OK-Pushmataha OK-
922 PM CST Wed Nov 10 2021

...Strong thunderstorms will impact portions of northwestern
Pushmataha, southwestern Latimer and southeastern Pittsburg Counties
through 945 PM CST...

At 921 PM CST, Doppler radar indicated strong thunderstorms along a
line extending from 4 miles southwest of Higgins to 4 miles northwest
of Lane. Movement was east at 25 mph.

HAZARD...Winds in excess of 40 mph and penny size hail.

SOURCE...Radar indicated.

IMPACT...Gusty winds could knock down tree limbs and blow around 
         unsecured objects. Minor damage to outdoor objects is 
         possible.

Locations in or near the path include...
Hartshorne...                     Higgins...
Yanush...                         Haileyville...
Sardis...                         

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

If outdoors, consider seeking shelter inside a building. 

A Severe Thunderstorm Watch remains in effect until 1000 PM CST for
southeastern Oklahoma.

&&

LAT...LON 3450 9578 3451 9567 3459 9567 3459 9588
      3464 9588 3485 9558 3482 9518 3427 9578
TIME...MOT...LOC 0321Z 269DEG 23KT 3478 9551 3435 9605 

MAX HAIL SIZE...0.75 IN
MAX WIND GUST...40 MPH

$$

Lacy

What forecasters said that day

The local office's own words before this special weather statement went out, as it sent them, from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service text.

NWS Tulsa, OK wrote its last area forecast discussion before this special weather statement went out at Nov 10, 5:21 PM CST, 4 hours 1 minute earlier.

Area forecast discussion, Nov 10, 5:21 PM CST, 4 hours 1 minute before

Area Forecast Discussion
National Weather Service Tulsa OK
521 PM CST Wed Nov 10 2021

...New AVIATION...

.SHORT TERM...
(Through Tonight)
Issued at 139 PM CST Wed Nov 10 2021

Cap continues to slowly erode this afternoon in association with
stronger forcing/low level moisture transport ahead of approaching
upper trough. Extensive cloud cover, including scattered showers
have inhibited stronger surface heating but still expect SBCAPES
to climb into the 1000-1300 J/kg range by late afternoon.

Strong to severe storms are expected to develop in the 22-00Z time
frame west of Tulsa along frontal boundary with convective line
moving into the metro by early evening. Although deep layer shear
will be somewhat marginal, steep mid level lapse rates and low wet
bulb zero heights will support the potential for severe hail.
Further south, across southeast Oklahoma, a discrete thunderstorm or
two may develop ahead of main convective line. 0-1 km shear will
increase into the 35-40 knot range in association with low level
jet and at least a limited tornado threat with large hail/damaging
winds will persist through the evening hours. In addition, brief
heavy rainfall will be possible over much of the region as PWAT
values climb to around 1.25 inches, which is 2 standard deviations
from normal. With dormant vegetation over some of the area,
localized flooding will be possible with a few of the stronger
storms.

The overall severe threat will begin to slowly diminish as line of
storms move into northwest Arkansas late this evening with the
heavier precipitation shifting east of area around 3 am.

&&

.LONG TERM...
(Thursday through next Tuesday)
Issued at 139 PM CST Wed Nov 10 2021

Cooler conditions into Thursday behind front with high temperatures
in the lower 60s. A secondary mid level vort max will rotate
around backside of stronger upper low developing over the western
Great Lakes region late Thursday night into early Friday morning.
A few light rain showers will be possible during this time across
NE OK/NW AR with a secondary surge of cooler air into the day
Friday. 1026 MB surface high pressure progged to build over the
region by Saturday morning and with light winds/clear skies,
expect the potential for a more widespread freeze. Another weak
cold front will move through on Sunday but with limited moisture
to work with, any precipitation would be light a best. As zonal
flow aloft becomes established into the early part of next week,
warmer conditions are expected with increasing southerly winds.

&&

.AVIATION...
(00Z TAFS)
Issued at 505 PM CST Wed Nov 10 2021
Cluster of thunderstorms will likely impact the NE OK TAF sites
between the 00-04Z time period with LIFR visibilities in the
stronger storms. Similar brief/tempo conditions are expected at
MLC and NW AR TAF sites later this evening. Behind the main
convective line, a brief period of stratiform precip with higher
based VFR ceilings will be possible before skies clear from west
to east between 06-09Z. Also a period of gusty northwest winds
behind the front, especially at E OK TAF sites, before decreasing
Thursday morning.

&&

.PRELIMINARY POINT TEMPS/POPS...
TUL   45  63  42  55 /  80   0  20   0
FSM   49  64  42  59 / 100   0  10  20
MLC   46  63  42  58 / 100   0   0  10
BVO   42  61  40  53 /  80   0  20   0
FYV   43  60  37  54 / 100   0  10  20
BYV   45  58  40  51 / 100   0  10  10
MKO   45  61  42  54 /  90   0  10  10
MIO   43  59  40  51 /  90   0  20  10
F10   45  63  41  56 /  90   0  10  10
HHW   49  64  41  61 / 100   0   0  10

&&

.TSA WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES...
OK...None.
AR...None.
&&

SHORT TERM...12
LONG TERM....12
AVIATION...12

Hazardous weather outlook, Nov 10, 4:38 PM CST, 4 hours 44 minutes before

Hazardous Weather Outlook
National Weather Service Tulsa OK
438 PM CST Wed Nov 10 2021

ARZ001-002-010-011-019-020-029-OKZ049-053>076-111130-
Adair OK-Benton AR-Carroll AR-Cherokee OK-Choctaw OK-Craig OK-
Crawford AR-Creek OK-Delaware OK-Franklin AR-Haskell OK-Latimer OK-
Le Flore OK-Madison AR-Mayes OK-McIntosh OK-Muskogee OK-Nowata OK-
Okfuskee OK-Okmulgee OK-Osage OK-Ottawa OK-Pawnee OK-Pittsburg OK-
Pushmataha OK-Rogers OK-Sebastian AR-Sequoyah OK-Tulsa OK-Wagoner OK-
Washington OK-Washington AR-
438 PM CST Wed Nov 10 2021

This Outlook is for Northwest and West Central Arkansas as well as
much of Eastern Oklahoma.

.DAY ONE...Remainder of this Afternoon and Tonight.

TORNADO.
	RISK...Limited.
	AREA...Southeast Oklahoma.
	ONSET...After 6 PM.

SEVERE THUNDERSTORM.
	RISK...Elevated.
	AREA...Eastern Oklahoma.
	ONSET...Ongoing.

HEAVY RAIN AND FLASH FLOOD.
	RISK...Limited.
	AREA...Eastern Oklahoma.
	ONSET...Ongoing.

DISCUSSION...

Scattered strong thunderstorms have started to develop across
portions of eastern Oklahoma late this afternoon.  The thunderstorm
activity will likely continue to increase in coverage and intensity
into the evening hours. Some of these storms could be severe with
damaging winds and hail to the size of quarters the main concerns.
Although the overall tornado threat is limited, the potential for a
tornado or two will exist for a short time early this evening across
southeast Oklahoma. The overall severe weather potential will begin
to decrease as storms move into northwest Arkansas late this evening
although a few strong storms could persist. In addition to the
severe thunderstorm potential, localized heavy rainfall and flash
flooding are possible through the evening hours.  The heavier
precipitation will shift east of northwest Arkansas between Midnight
and 3 AM.

SPOTTER AND EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT ACTION STATEMENT...
Activation of the Regional Spotter Network Likely.

.DAYS TWO THROUGH SEVEN...Thursday through Tuesday.
THURSDAY...No Hazards.
FRIDAY...High Wind Potential.
SATURDAY THROUGH TUESDAY...No Hazards.

EXTENDED DISCUSSION...
A reinforcing cold front will pass Thursday night with gusty
northerly winds and cooler temperatures on Friday. Dry and cooler
weather continues through the weekend with warmer temperatures and
a return to southerly winds by early next week.

weather.gov/tulsa contains additional information.

In the hours before

Special weather statement, Nov 10, 8:51 PM CST, 31 minutes before

Special Weather Statement
National Weather Service Tulsa OK
851 PM CST Wed Nov 10 2021

OKZ066-070-071-110315-
Muskogee OK-Okmulgee OK-McIntosh OK-
851 PM CST Wed Nov 10 2021

...A strong thunderstorm will impact portions of northeastern
McIntosh, northwestern Muskogee and east central Okmulgee Counties
through 915 PM CST...

At 850 PM CST, Doppler radar indicated a strong thunderstorm 6 miles
southwest of Boynton, moving east at 45 mph.

HAZARD...Wind gusts up to 50 mph and penny size hail.

SOURCE...Radar indicated.

IMPACT...Gusty winds could knock down tree limbs and blow around
         unsecured objects. Minor damage to outdoor objects is
         possible.

Locations in or near the path include...
Muskogee...                       Oktaha...
Taft...                           Boynton...
Council Hill...                   Rentiesville...
Keefeton...                       Wainwright...
Summit...                         Hitchita...
Eram...

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

If outdoors, consider seeking shelter inside a building.

This storm may intensify, so be certain to monitor local radio
stations and available television stations for additional information
and possible warnings from the National Weather Service.

A Severe Thunderstorm Watch remains in effect until 1000 PM CST for
southeastern, northeastern and east central Oklahoma.

&&

LAT...LON 3547 9579 3565 9587 3582 9536 3557 9524
TIME...MOT...LOC 0250Z 247DEG 39KT 3560 9575

MAX HAIL SIZE...0.75 IN
MAX WIND GUST...50 MPH

Snider

Local storm report, Nov 10, 8:56 PM CST, 26 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE TULSA OK
856 PM CST WED NOV 10 2021

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0715 PM     TSTM WND DMG     1 W TULSA               36.13N 95.94W
11/10/2021                   TULSA              OK   BROADCAST MEDIA

            SOCIAL MEDIA REPORT WITH PICTURE OF LARGE
            TREES DAMAGED BY THUNDERSTORM WINDS.

&&

JDS

Special weather statement, Nov 10, 9:13 PM CST, 9 minutes before

Special Weather Statement
National Weather Service Tulsa OK
913 PM CST Wed Nov 10 2021

ARZ001-010-OKZ069-110400-
Benton AR-Washington AR-Adair OK-
913 PM CST Wed Nov 10 2021

...Strong thunderstorms will impact portions of Benton, central
Washington and east central Adair Counties through 1000 PM CST...

At 913 PM CST, Doppler radar indicated strong thunderstorms along a
line extending from 3 miles north of Springtown to 7 miles northeast
of Cincinnati to 4 miles east of Westville. Movement was east at 65
mph.

HAZARD...Wind gusts up to 50 mph.

SOURCE...Radar indicated.

IMPACT...Gusty winds could knock down tree limbs and blow around
         unsecured objects.

Locations in or near the path include...
Fayetteville...                   Springdale...
Rogers...                         Bentonville...
Siloam Springs...                 Bella Vista...
Lowell...                         Farmington...
Pea Ridge...                      Prairie Grove...
Gentry...                         Elkins...
Tontitown...                      Bethel Heights...
West Fork...                      Lincoln...
Cave Springs...                   Decatur...
Greenland...                      Highfill...

This includes Interstate 49 between mile markers 54 and 93.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

If outdoors, consider seeking shelter inside a building.

A Severe Thunderstorm Watch remains in effect until 1000 PM CST for
northwestern Arkansas...and northeastern Oklahoma.

&&

LAT...LON 3631 9387 3624 9387 3623 9389 3610 9394
      3598 9395 3588 9461 3609 9450 3635 9449
      3650 9409 3650 9387 3639 9387 3639 9388
      3638 9389 3637 9388 3637 9387 3634 9387
      3631 9382
TIME...MOT...LOC 0313Z 250DEG 58KT 3631 9441 3612 9442 3597 9450

MAX HAIL SIZE...0.00 IN
MAX WIND GUST...50 MPH

Lacy

Special weather statement, Nov 10, 9:17 PM CST, 5 minutes before

Special Weather Statement
National Weather Service Tulsa OK
917 PM CST Wed Nov 10 2021

OKZ068>072-074-076-110400-
Haskell OK-Adair OK-Muskogee OK-Sequoyah OK-Cherokee OK-Le Flore OK-
McIntosh OK-
917 PM CST Wed Nov 10 2021

...Strong thunderstorms will impact portions of Haskell, northeastern
McIntosh, Sequoyah, southern Adair, northern Le Flore, southeastern
Cherokee and eastern Muskogee Counties through 1000 PM CST...

At 917 PM CST, Doppler radar indicated strong thunderstorms along a
line extending from 5 miles north of Keefeton to 2 miles northwest of
Enterprise. Movement was east at 50 mph.

HAZARD...Wind gusts up to 50 mph.

SOURCE...Radar indicated.

IMPACT...Gusty winds could knock down tree limbs and blow around
         unsecured objects.

Locations in or near the path include...
Muskogee...                       Sallisaw...
Poteau...                         Stigler...
Muldrow...                        Roland...
Spiro...                          Warner...
Vian...                           Panama...
Gore...                           Porum...
Webbers Falls...                  Keota...
Mccurtain...                      Bokoshe...
Whitefield...                     Gans...
Cameron...                        Marble City...

This includes Interstate 40 in Oklahoma between mile markers 269 and
326.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

If outdoors, consider seeking shelter inside a building.

A Severe Thunderstorm Watch remains in effect until 1000 PM CST for
southeastern, northeastern and east central Oklahoma.

&&

LAT...LON 3497 9454 3519 9545 3530 9545 3529 9547
      3574 9541 3566 9448 3554 9446
TIME...MOT...LOC 0317Z 280DEG 47KT 3566 9535 3526 9541

MAX HAIL SIZE...0.00 IN
MAX WIND GUST...50 MPH

Lacy

Special weather statement, Nov 10, 9:19 PM CST, 3 minutes before

Special Weather Statement
National Weather Service Tulsa OK
919 PM CST Wed Nov 10 2021

OKZ053-110345-
Choctaw OK-
919 PM CST Wed Nov 10 2021

...A strong thunderstorm will impact portions of central Choctaw
County through 945 PM CST...

At 918 PM CST, Doppler radar indicated a strong thunderstorm 5 miles
southwest of Goodland, moving northeast at 30 mph.

HAZARD...Wind gusts of 50 to 55 mph and penny size hail.

SOURCE...Radar indicated.

IMPACT...Gusty winds could knock down tree limbs and blow around
         unsecured objects. Minor damage to outdoor objects is
         possible.

Locations in or near the path include...
Hugo...                           Fort Towson...
Sawyer...                         Soper...
Kent...                           Goodland...
Messer...                         Hugo Lake State Park...
Raymond Gary State Park...        Grant...
Ord...                            Fallon...
Frogville...                      Speer...
Huskey...                         Gay...

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

If outdoors, consider seeking shelter inside a building.

A Severe Thunderstorm Watch remains in effect until 1000 PM CST for
southeastern Oklahoma.

&&

LAT...LON 3387 9546 3389 9546 3387 9550 3389 9551
      3388 9554 3393 9556 3394 9560 3392 9561
      3391 9564 3391 9567 3389 9569 3390 9575
      3387 9577 3387 9583 3416 9561 3408 9521
      3387 9530 3389 9533 3387 9534
TIME...MOT...LOC 0318Z 222DEG 25KT 3392 9563

MAX HAIL SIZE...0.75 IN
MAX WIND GUST...55 MPH

Snider

Special weather statement, Nov 10, 9:22 PM CST, 0 minutes before

Special Weather Statement
National Weather Service Tulsa OK
922 PM CST Wed Nov 10 2021

OKZ049-073-075-110345-
Pittsburg OK-Latimer OK-Pushmataha OK-
922 PM CST Wed Nov 10 2021

...Strong thunderstorms will impact portions of northwestern
Pushmataha, southwestern Latimer and southeastern Pittsburg Counties
through 945 PM CST...

At 921 PM CST, Doppler radar indicated strong thunderstorms along a
line extending from 4 miles southwest of Higgins to 4 miles northwest
of Lane. Movement was east at 25 mph.

HAZARD...Winds in excess of 40 mph and penny size hail.

SOURCE...Radar indicated.

IMPACT...Gusty winds could knock down tree limbs and blow around
         unsecured objects. Minor damage to outdoor objects is
         possible.

Locations in or near the path include...
Hartshorne...                     Higgins...
Yanush...                         Haileyville...
Sardis...

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

If outdoors, consider seeking shelter inside a building.

A Severe Thunderstorm Watch remains in effect until 1000 PM CST for
southeastern Oklahoma.

&&

LAT...LON 3450 9578 3451 9567 3459 9567 3459 9588
      3464 9588 3485 9558 3482 9518 3427 9578
TIME...MOT...LOC 0321Z 269DEG 23KT 3478 9551 3435 9605

MAX HAIL SIZE...0.75 IN
MAX WIND GUST...40 MPH

Lacy

The office that day

Everything else NWS Tulsa, OK issued on the same UTC day.

Issued	Product	Office	Counties	Lasted
Nov 10, 6:00 PM CST	Special Weather Statement	TSA	Osage	15 min
Nov 10, 6:17 PM CST	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	TSA	Creek, Pawnee	43 min
Nov 10, 6:20 PM CST	Special Weather Statement	TSA	Washington	25 min
Nov 10, 6:26 PM CST	Special Weather Statement	TSA	Osage	34 min
Nov 10, 6:38 PM CST	Special Weather Statement	TSA	Tulsa	37 min
Nov 10, 6:43 PM CST	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	TSA	Creek, Osage, Pawnee, Tulsa	47 min
Nov 10, 6:47 PM CST	Special Weather Statement	TSA	Nowata, Washington	43 min
Nov 10, 6:54 PM CST	Special Weather Statement	TSA	Nowata	36 min
Nov 10, 7:00 PM CST	Special Weather Statement	TSA	Tulsa	30 min
Nov 10, 7:01 PM CST	Special Weather Statement	TSA	Creek	29 min
Nov 10, 7:07 PM CST	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	TSA	Creek, Rogers, Tulsa, Wagoner	38 min
Nov 10, 7:20 PM CST	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	TSA	Nowata	25 min
Nov 10, 7:20 PM CST	Tornado Warning	TSA	Rogers, Tulsa	10 min
Nov 10, 7:22 PM CST	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	TSA	Nowata, Rogers	23 min
Nov 10, 7:23 PM CST	Areal Flood Advisory	TSA	Creek, Okmulgee, Osage, Rogers, Tulsa, Wagoner	3 hr
Nov 10, 7:26 PM CST	Tornado Warning Tornado observed	TSA	Rogers, Tulsa, Wagoner	34 min
Nov 10, 7:29 PM CST	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	TSA	Cherokee, Mayes, Rogers, Tulsa, Wagoner	46 min
Nov 10, 7:41 PM CST	Special Weather Statement	TSA	Okmulgee	34 min
Nov 10, 7:48 PM CST	Special Weather Statement	TSA	Craig	27 min
Nov 10, 7:51 PM CST	Tornado Warning	TSA	Mayes, Rogers	39 min
Nov 10, 8:04 PM CST	Special Weather Statement	TSA	Pittsburg	26 min
Nov 10, 8:06 PM CST	Special Weather Statement	TSA	Choctaw	24 min
Nov 10, 8:14 PM CST	Special Weather Statement	TSA	Delaware, Ottawa	46 min
Nov 10, 8:15 PM CST	Tornado Warning	TSA	Delaware, Mayes	30 min
Nov 10, 8:18 PM CST	Special Weather Statement	TSA	Adair, Cherokee	57 min
Nov 10, 8:24 PM CST	Special Weather Statement	TSA	Muskogee	36 min
Nov 10, 8:33 PM CST	Special Weather Statement	TSA	Pittsburg	27 min
Nov 10, 8:42 PM CST	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	TSA	Delaware	33 min
Nov 10, 8:42 PM CST	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	TSA	Adair, Cherokee, Delaware	33 min
Nov 10, 8:50 PM CST	Special Weather Statement	TSA	Pushmataha	25 min
Nov 10, 8:51 PM CST	Special Weather Statement	TSA	Muskogee	24 min
Nov 10, 8:55 PM CST	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	TSA	Adair, Cherokee, Muskogee	35 min
Nov 10, 9:05 PM CST	Areal Flood Advisory	TSA	Cherokee, McIntosh, Mayes, Muskogee, Okmulgee, Wagoner	3 hr
Nov 10, 9:17 PM CST	Special Weather Statement	TSA	Haskell, Muskogee, Sequoyah	43 min
Nov 10, 9:19 PM CST	Special Weather Statement	TSA	Choctaw	26 min
Nov 10, 9:44 PM CST	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	TSA	Latimer, LeFlore, Pittsburg, Pushmataha	46 min
Nov 10, 9:52 PM CST	Special Weather Statement	TSA	Haskell, Sequoyah	38 min
Nov 10, 9:55 PM CST	Areal Flood Advisory	TSA	Adair, Cherokee, Haskell, LeFlore, McIntosh, Muskogee and 1 more	3 hr
Nov 10, 10:30 PM CST	Special Weather Statement	TSA	LeFlore	45 min
Nov 10, 10:49 PM CST	Areal Flood Advisory	TSA	Latimer, Pushmataha	3 hr
Nov 10, 11:17 PM CST	Special Weather Statement	TSA	LeFlore	28 min
Nov 10, 9:13 PM CST	Special Weather Statement	TSA	Benton, Washington	47 min
Nov 10, 10:08 PM CST	Special Weather Statement	TSA	Sebastian	37 min
Nov 10, 10:34 PM CST	Special Weather Statement	TSA	Franklin, Sebastian	41 min

Nearby

Special Weather Statements in Oklahoma, 2021 Every special weather statement in 2021

Sources

The product and its follow-ups from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service and Storm Prediction Center text; the sounding from the Mesonet's radiosonde archive; radar from the NEXRAD Level II archive.