Alert archive / North Carolina / Severe Thunderstorm Warnings in 2017
Severe Thunderstorm Warning 159, NWS Greenville-Spartanburg, SC
NWS Greenville-Spartanburg, SC issued this severe thunderstorm warning at Jul 6, 2017, 4:49 PM EDT for 4 counties in North Carolina. It was in force for 41 min. 8 reports came from inside the area while it was in force.
The area
The outline as issued, with what was reported inside it.
The facts
- Issued
- Jul 6, 2017, 4:49 PM EDT (20:49 UTC)
- Expired
- Jul 6, 2017, 5:30 PM EDT
- In force
- 41 min
- Issued by
- NWS Greenville-Spartanburg, SC
- Area
- Storm-based polygon
- Hail
- 1.0 in
- Wind
- 60.0 mph
Counties Cabarrus County, NC, Gaston County, NC, Lincoln County, NC, Mecklenburg County, NC
The radar
The Greer radar (KGSP), 125 km from the middle of the area, began a volume at 20:49 UTC, the scan nearest the moment this went out.
Open the radar archive at this moment
The archived warnings, watches and discussions in force at that minute are drawn over the scan, this one among them.
What was reported inside it
| Time | Report | Where | Remark |
|---|---|---|---|
| Jul 6, 5:15 PM EDT | TSTM WND DMG | 1 Sw Huntersville, NC | SOCIAL MEDIA REPORTED AREA OF ROOF TORN OFF A TOWN HOME OFF REESE BLVD WEST. TIME ESTIMATED FROM RADAR. |
| Jul 6, 5:16 PM EDT | TSTM WND DMG | 4 Nnw Uptown Charlotte, NC | FIRE DEPT/RESCUE REPORTED A TREE DOWN ON POWER LINES ON BEATTIES FORD RD. TIME ESTIMATED FROM RADAR. |
| Jul 6, 5:20 PM EDT | TSTM WND DMG | 1 Sw Huntersville, NC | AMATEUR RADIO REPORTED TREE DOWN ON REESE BLVD AT REESE BLVD WEST. |
| Jul 6, 5:20 PM EDT | TSTM WND DMG | 2 Nnw Croft, NC | TRAINED SPOTTER REPORTED A TREE DOWN ACROSS POWERLINES ON MT. HOLLY-HUNTERSVILLE RD AND HWY 115. TIME ESTIMATED FROM RADAR. |
| Jul 6, 5:20 PM EDT | TSTM WND DMG | 3 S Paw Creek, NC | FIRE DEPT/RESCUE REPORTED A TREE DOWN ON REED BLVD. TIME ESTIMATED FROM RADAR. |
| Jul 6, 5:20 PM EDT | TSTM WND DMG | 4 Ne Uptown Charlotte, NC | FIRE DEPT/RESCUE REPORTED A TREE DOWN ON NORTHCREST DR. TIME ESTIMATED FROM RADAR. |
| Jul 6, 5:30 PM EDT | TSTM WND DMG | 3 Ne Croft, NC | AMATEUR RADIO REPORTED A TREE DOWN ON LONG COMMON PARKWAY AT LEFERTS HOUSE PLACE. TIME ESTIMATED FROM RADAR. |
| Jul 6, 5:31 PM EDT | TSTM WND DMG | 4 Wsw Huntersville, NC | SOCIAL MEDIA REPORTED TREES DOWN ON BUD HENDERSON RD OFF OF BEATTIES FORD RD. TIME ESTIMATED FROM RADAR. |
Local storm reports filed while the alert was in force, from inside its polygon or its counties.
Did it verify
Verified. The Iowa Environmental Mesonet's Cow matched 7 storm reports to this severe thunderstorm warning; the first came 26 minutes after it went out.
Cow counts a report within 15 km of the polygon while the warning was in force: a tornado for a tornado warning; hail of 1 inch or more, a gust of 58 mph or more or wind damage for a severe thunderstorm warning; a flash flood report for a flash flood warning.
The nearest sounding before it
Greensboro/Hi Pt, NC (KGSO), launched 12:00Z, 8.8 hours before the alert went out and 125 km from the middle of its area. This is the routine balloon launch nearest before it, the air the forecaster had in hand, not a measurement taken for the alert.
- Mixed-layer CAPE
- 40 J/kg
- Mixed-layer CIN
- -158 J/kg
- Mixed-layer LCL
- 1230 m above ground
- 0-6 km bulk shear
- 19 kt
- 0-1 km storm-relative helicity
- 119 m²/s²
- 0-3 km storm-relative helicity
- 129 m²/s²
- Significant tornado parameter
- 0.0
- Supercell composite
- 0.0
The text
As transmitted.
492
WUUS52 KGSP 062049
SVRGSP
NCC025-071-109-119-062130-
/O.NEW.KGSP.SV.W.0159.170706T2049Z-170706T2130Z/
BULLETIN - IMMEDIATE BROADCAST REQUESTED
Severe Thunderstorm Warning
National Weather Service Greenville-Spartanburg SC
449 PM EDT THU JUL 6 2017
The National Weather Service in Greenville-Spartanburg has issued a
* Severe Thunderstorm Warning for...
Northwestern Cabarrus County in the Piedmont of North Carolina...
Southeastern Lincoln County in the Piedmont of North Carolina...
Northwestern Mecklenburg County in the Piedmont of North
Carolina...
Northeastern Gaston County in the Piedmont of North Carolina...
* Until 530 PM EDT
* At 449 PM EDT, a severe thunderstorm was located 9 miles north of
Gastonia, or near Stanley, moving east at 25 mph.
HAZARD...60 mph wind gusts and quarter size hail.
SOURCE...Radar indicated.
IMPACT...Minor hail damage to vehicles is expected. Expect wind
damage to trees and power lines.
* Locations impacted include...
Gastonia, Uptown Charlotte, Huntersville, Lincolnton, Northeast
Charlotte, Northwest Charlotte, Cornelius, Mt Holly, Davidson and
Belmont.
PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...
Scattered trees and power lines will be blown down in the warned
area. Seek shelter inside an interior room.
Please report damaging winds, hail, or flooding to the National
Weather Service Greenville-Spartanburg by calling toll free, 1, 800,
2 6 7, 8 1 0 1, or by posting on our Facebook page, or Tweet it using
hashtag nwsgsp. Your message should describe the event and the
specific location where it occurred.
&&
LAT...LON 3526 8127 3549 8126 3551 8096 3549 8094
3551 8092 3551 8070 3521 8069
TIME...MOT...LOC 2049Z 273DEG 22KT 3538 8112
HAIL...1.00IN
WIND...60MPH
$$
JPT1 follow-up statement
661
WWUS52 KGSP 062109
SVSGSP
Severe Weather Statement
National Weather Service Greenville-Spartanburg SC
509 PM EDT THU JUL 6 2017
NCC025-071-109-119-062130-
/O.CON.KGSP.SV.W.0159.000000T0000Z-170706T2130Z/
Cabarrus NC-Lincoln NC-Mecklenburg NC-Gaston NC-
509 PM EDT THU JUL 6 2017
...A SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 530 PM EDT
FOR NORTHWESTERN CABARRUS...SOUTHEASTERN LINCOLN...NORTHWESTERN
MECKLENBURG AND NORTHEASTERN GASTON COUNTIES...
At 508 PM EDT, a severe thunderstorm was located 7 miles west of
Huntersville, or 5 miles northeast of Mt Holly, moving east at 25
mph.
HAZARD...60 mph wind gusts and quarter size hail.
SOURCE...Radar indicated.
IMPACT...Minor hail damage to vehicles is expected. Expect wind
damage to trees and power lines.
Locations impacted include...
Huntersville, Northeast Charlotte, Northwest Charlotte, Cornelius, Mt
Holly, Davidson, Dallas, Stanley, Lowell and Ranlo.
PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...
Scattered trees and power lines will be blown down in the warned
area. Seek shelter inside an interior room.
Please report damaging winds, hail, or flooding to the National
Weather Service Greenville-Spartanburg by calling toll free, 1, 800,
2 6 7, 8 1 0 1, or by posting on our Facebook page, or Tweet it using
hashtag nwsgsp. Your message should describe the event and the
specific location where it occurred.
&&
LAT...LON 3527 8122 3544 8117 3551 8096 3549 8094
3551 8092 3551 8070 3522 8071
TIME...MOT...LOC 2108Z 273DEG 22KT 3537 8097
HAIL...1.00IN
WIND...60MPH
$$
JPTWhat forecasters said that day
The local office's own words before this severe thunderstorm warning went out, as it sent them, from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service text.
NWS Greenville-Spartanburg, SC wrote its last area forecast discussion before this severe thunderstorm warning went out at Jul 6, 4:48 PM EDT, 1 minute earlier.
Area forecast discussion, Jul 6, 4:48 PM EDT, 1 minute before
Area Forecast Discussion
National Weather Service Greenville-Spartanburg SC
448 PM EDT Thu Jul 6 2017
.SYNOPSIS...
Seasonable temperatures and mainly afternoon showers and
thunderstorms will continue through Saturday. A front will push
through the area Saturday night, bringing somewhat drier and cooler
air for Sunday and Monday. More humid and unsettled weather are
expected by Tuesday as that front creeps back into the area from
the south.
&&
.NEAR TERM /THROUGH FRIDAY/...
As of 440 pm: A broken line of convection along a series of outflow
boundaries currently extends from near Abbeville, SC to Spartanburg,
to Gastonia/Lincolnton. The air mass east of this activity is more
unstable, and LFCs slightly lower, so expect at least solid
scattered coverage of convection to persist as the outflows push
into the the SC Lakelands/eastern Piedmont and the Charlotte metro
area. Pops have been increased to 50 percent in these areas into the
early evening. Freezing levels are at around 15kft, so hail will be
difficult to come by, but microbursts will be possible in
association with the collapse of taller updrafts, and also with any
clusters that are able to organize and generate strong cold pools
within the modestly sheared boundary layer.
Otherwise...the pattern remains persistent, although slowly
progressive, so a refresher on what happened the last few nights
just to our west is instructive. Each night, nocturnal convection
has developed closer to the trof axis, and that seems reasonable
tonight, but with the activity shifted shifted eastward by a few
hundred miles and over the NC mtns. So, after the convective
activity wanes later this evening, have kept a chance of precip
across the NC zones through the overnight hours. On Monday, the trof
axis should move slowly east across the fcst area with the main
short wave moving overhead in the afternoon. The fcst reflects this
with a chance of precip shifting east during the morning and then to
the south in the afternoon. Severe weather chances not as good as
the last few days with better dCAPE kept to the south.
&&
.SHORT TERM /FRIDAY NIGHT THROUGH SUNDAY/...
As of 130 PM Thursday: a long wave trough axis will set up roughly
along the Appalachians for Saturday and Sunday. This should be far
enough east to allow a cold front to push completely thru the CWFA
and usher in some drier, more stable air into the area. The 12z
model consensus looks a bit drier overall than previous runs,
depicting a 1020 mb high building across the Ohio Valley. Saturday
should see at least some isolated showers and tstms as the front
pushes thru and dry air slowly works in from the NW, but moisture
convergence looks weak. By Sunday morning, conditions should be dry.
Temps will be near to slightly above normal Saturday and near to
slightly below normal (with noticeably less humidity) on Sunday.
&&
.LONG TERM /SUNDAY NIGHT THROUGH THURSDAY/...
As of 150 PM Thu: The stalled out front to our south will begin to
drift north Sunday night into Monday which will slowly increase
moisture over southern areas at first. Weak high pressure will
remain over much of western North Carolina through Monday. A
shortwave crossing the Great Lakes Monday night and Tuesday will
have an associated weak cold front moving southeast which may help
to initiate convection for areas north of I-40 by Tuesday evening.
This front to our north will become stationary or nearly so
remaining near the northern parts of WV and VA going into late week.
Upper support for the front moving south will be minimal We will be
in a typical summer pattern of diurnal chances of afternoon and
evening showers and storms.
After weekend Min Temps being near or a little below normal, all Mas
and Mins through the rest of the medium range should be near steady
state normal.
&&
.AVIATION /21Z THURSDAY THROUGH TUESDAY/...
At KCLT: VFR stratocu early this afternoon across the Piedmont
will eventually develop and give way to showers/storms developing
to the west. The situation is persistent, lending credence to
the idea that another round of TSRA will move across or at least
very near the air field later today, in spite of the
differences in the convection-allowing model guidance. Thus,
have opted for a TEMPO for TSRA in the 21Z-01Z time frame.
Environment is supportive of strong downbursts, so gusty winds
are expected near any storms. Showers should linger into the mid
evening, followed by convective debris cloudiness overnight.
The upper trof will be closer to our region Friday morning,
suggesting a better chance for precip on Friday morning as has
been seen off to the west the last few mornings. This
possibility will not be included in the fcst at this time,
instead have opted to bring the chance in at 15Z with morning
heating. Wind should stay SW when not influenced by thunderstorm
outflows.
Elsewhere: Again, a persistence forecast, and similar to KCLT. Will
attempt to get the timing for storms in the late afternoon/early
evening. Nocturnal convection a better possibility over the mtns,
but will keep the chances down in the 30 pct range. KAVL and KHKY
also have the best chance of seeing any restrictions overnight.
Outlook: Moist and unsettled weather will continue through Saturday.
Thunderstorms may become more numerous Friday as an upper wave
passes followed by a cold front. Nocturnal restrictions can be
expected in any locations receiving heavy rainfall, and also in
the mountain valleys. Some drying is indicated by Sunday into
early next week.
Confidence Table...
20-02Z 02-08Z 08-14Z 14-18Z
KCLT High 100% High 100% High 100% High 100%
KGSP High 100% High 100% High 100% High 100%
KAVL High 100% High 100% High 100% High 100%
KHKY High 100% High 100% High 100% High 100%
KGMU High 100% High 100% High 100% High 100%
KAND High 100% High 100% High 100% High 100%
The percentage reflects the number of guidance members agreeing
with the scheduled TAF issuance flight rule category. Complete hourly
experimental aviation forecast consistency tables and ensemble forecasts
are available at the following link:
www.weather.gov/gsp/aviation
&&
.GSP WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES...
GA...None.
NC...None.
SC...None.
&&
SYNOPSIS...DEO
NEAR TERM...JDL/PM
SHORT TERM...ARK
LONG TERM...DEO
AVIATION...PMHazardous weather outlook, Jul 6, 4:06 PM EDT, 43 minutes before
Hazardous Weather Outlook National Weather Service Greenville-Spartanburg SC 406 PM EDT Thu Jul 6 2017 GAZ010-017-018-026-028-029-NCZ033-035>037-048>053-056>059-062>065- 068>072-082-501>510-SCZ001>014-019-072015- Rabun-Habersham-Stephens-Franklin-Hart-Elbert-Avery-Alexander- Iredell-Davie-Madison-Yancey-Mitchell-Swain-Haywood-Buncombe-Catawba- Rowan-Graham-Northern Jackson-Macon-Southern Jackson-Transylvania- Henderson-Cleveland-Lincoln-Gaston-Mecklenburg-Cabarrus-Union- Caldwell Mountains-Greater Caldwell-Burke Mountains-Greater Burke- McDowell Mountains-Eastern McDowell-Rutherford Mountains- Greater Rutherford-Polk Mountains-Eastern Polk-Oconee Mountains- Pickens Mountains-Greenville Mountains-Greater Oconee- Greater Pickens-Greater Greenville-Spartanburg-Cherokee-York- Anderson-Abbeville-Laurens-Chester-Greenwood- 406 PM EDT Thu Jul 6 2017 This Hazardous Weather Outlook is for northeast Georgia, piedmont North Carolina, western North Carolina and upstate South Carolina. .DAY ONE...Tonight. Scattered thunderstorms will continue to develop across the region through the evening hours. Dangerous cloud-to-ground lightning is possible with any of these thunderstorms. A few of these storms are expected to produce damaging wind gusts. .DAYS TWO THROUGH SEVEN...Friday through Wednesday. ..Friday...No hazardous weather is expected at this time. ..Saturday...No hazardous weather is expected at this time. ..Sunday...No hazardous weather is expected at this time. ..Monday...No hazardous weather is expected at this time. ..Tuesday...No hazardous weather is expected at this time. ..Wednesday...No hazardous weather is expected at this time. .SPOTTER INFORMATION STATEMENT... Skywarn spotters are requested to forward any reports of damaging winds to our office. ARK
In the hours before
Special weather statement, Jul 6, 4:20 PM EDT, 29 minutes before
Special Weather Statement
National Weather Service Greenville-Spartanburg SC
420 PM EDT THU JUL 6 2017
GAZ028-029-SCZ010-011-019-062100-
Elbert GA-Hart GA-Anderson SC-Abbeville SC-Greenwood SC-
420 PM EDT THU JUL 6 2017
...A STRONG THUNDERSTORM WILL IMPACT NORTH CENTRAL ELBERT...
SOUTHEASTERN HART...SOUTHEASTERN ANDERSON...ABBEVILLE AND
NORTHWESTERN GREENWOOD COUNTIES UNTIL 500 PM EDT...
At 419 PM EDT, Doppler radar was tracking a strong thunderstorm 14
miles southeast of Hartwell, or near Iva, moving east at 30 mph.
Locations to be impacted include...
Abbeville, Honea Path, Ware Shoals, Due West, Iva, Lake Secession,
Donalds, Starr, Hodges and Lowndesville.
Wind gusts up to 40 mph and pea size hail will be possible over
these areas.
LAT...LON 3417 8287 3446 8280 3446 8230 3445 8228
3443 8228 3443 8226 3442 8226 3440 8224
3440 8223 3439 8223 3439 8222 3406 8224
TIME...MOT...LOC 2019Z 275DEG 28KT 3427 8270
JPTSpecial weather statement, Jul 6, 4:27 PM EDT, 22 minutes before
Special Weather Statement National Weather Service Greenville-Spartanburg SC 427 PM EDT THU JUL 6 2017 NCZ068-070-SCZ008-009-062115- Gaston NC-Cleveland NC-York SC-Cherokee SC- 427 PM EDT THU JUL 6 2017 ...A STRONG THUNDERSTORM WILL IMPACT SOUTHEASTERN CLEVELAND...SOUTH CENTRAL GASTON...NORTHWESTERN YORK AND NORTHEASTERN CHEROKEE COUNTIES UNTIL 515 PM EDT... At 427 PM EDT, Doppler radar was tracking a strong thunderstorm 10 miles east of Gaffney, or near Blacksburg, moving east at 20 mph. Locations to be impacted include... York, Gastonia, South Gastonia, Clover, Blacksburg, Grover, Patterson Springs, Earl, Smyrna and Kings Mountain State Park. Wind gusts up to 45 mph and half inch hail will be possible over these areas. PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS... This storm may intensify, so be certain to monitor local radio and tv stations, as well as local cable tv outlets for additional information and possible warnings from the National Weather Service. && LAT...LON 3493 8111 3501 8158 3525 8156 3523 8109 TIME...MOT...LOC 2027Z 275DEG 18KT 3510 8148 JPT
Local storm report, Jul 6, 4:31 PM EDT, 18 minutes before
PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GREENVILLE-SPARTANBURG SC
431 PM EDT THU JUL 6 2017
..TIME... ...EVENT... ...CITY LOCATION... ...LAT.LON...
..DATE... ....MAG.... ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
..REMARKS..
0344 PM TSTM WND DMG 1 WNW POWDERSVILLE 34.80N 82.51W
07/06/2017 ANDERSON SC 911 CALL CENTER
911 CALL CENTER REPORTED NUMEROUS TREES DOWN IN THE
TOWN OF POWDERSVILLE.
&&
LECSpecial weather statement, Jul 6, 4:31 PM EDT, 18 minutes before
Special Weather Statement
National Weather Service Greenville-Spartanburg SC
431 PM EDT THU JUL 6 2017
NCZ065-507>510-062115-
Greater Rutherford NC-Henderson NC-Polk Mountains NC-
Rutherford Mountains NC-Eastern Polk NC-
431 PM EDT THU JUL 6 2017
...A STRONG THUNDERSTORM WILL IMPACT CENTRAL RUTHERFORD...
NORTHEASTERN HENDERSON AND CENTRAL POLK COUNTIES UNTIL 515 PM EDT...
At 431 PM EDT, Doppler radar was tracking a strong thunderstorm 11
miles north of Columbus, or near Chimney Rock State Park, moving east
at 15 mph.
Locations to be impacted include...
Rutherfordton, Chimney Rock State Park, Bat Cave, Spindale, Shingle
Hollow, Green Hill, Mill Spring, Edneyville, Lake Adger and Union
Mills.
Wind gusts up to 45 mph and half inch hail will be possible over
these areas.
LAT...LON 3524 8194 3531 8235 3549 8233 3549 8231
3546 8225 3550 8223 3551 8191
TIME...MOT...LOC 2031Z 274DEG 13KT 3540 8226
JPTLocal storm report, Jul 6, 4:35 PM EDT, 14 minutes before
PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GREENVILLE-SPARTANBURG SC
435 PM EDT THU JUL 6 2017
..TIME... ...EVENT... ...CITY LOCATION... ...LAT.LON...
..DATE... ....MAG.... ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
..REMARKS..
0340 PM TSTM WND DMG 3 WSW POWDERSVILLE 34.78N 82.54W
07/06/2017 ANDERSON SC 911 CALL CENTER
911 CALL CENTER REPORTED NUMEROUS TREES DOWN IN
SOUTHERN EASLEY.
&&
LECSpecial weather statement, Jul 6, 4:43 PM EDT, 6 minutes before
Special Weather Statement
National Weather Service Greenville-Spartanburg SC
443 PM EDT THU JUL 6 2017
NCZ068-504>506-508-062130-
Greater Rutherford NC-McDowell Mountains NC-Cleveland NC-
Greater Burke NC-Eastern McDowell NC-
443 PM EDT THU JUL 6 2017
...A STRONG THUNDERSTORM WILL IMPACT SOUTHEASTERN MCDOWELL...
NORTHEASTERN RUTHERFORD...NORTHWESTERN CLEVELAND AND SOUTHWESTERN
BURKE COUNTIES UNTIL 530 PM EDT...
At 443 PM EDT, Doppler radar was tracking a strong thunderstorm 7
miles southwest of Marion, or 4 miles east of Old Fort, moving east
at 30 mph.
Locations to be impacted include...
Morganton, Marion, Drexel, Glen Alpine, Casar, Lake James State Park,
South Mountains State Park, Lake James, Valdese and Lake Rhodhiss.
Wind gusts up to 45 mph and pea size hail will be possible over
these areas.
LAT...LON 3578 8156 3544 8155 3553 8206 3553 8214
3574 8212 3580 8158
TIME...MOT...LOC 2043Z 275DEG 25KT 3561 8211
JPTThe office that day
Everything else NWS Greenville-Spartanburg, SC issued on the same UTC day.
| Issued | Product | Office | Counties | Lasted |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jul 6, 1:12 PM EDT | Special Weather Statement | GSP | Burke | 33 min |
| Jul 6, 2:10 PM EDT | Severe Thunderstorm Warning | GSP | Henderson, Polk | 50 min |
| Jul 6, 2:58 PM EDT | Special Weather Statement | GSP | Rutherford | 47 min |
| Jul 6, 3:24 PM EDT | Special Weather Statement | GSP | Cleveland, Rutherford | 51 min |
| Jul 6, 3:49 PM EDT | Special Weather Statement | GSP | Buncombe | 41 min |
| Jul 6, 4:05 PM EDT | Special Weather Statement | GSP | Lincoln | 40 min |
| Jul 6, 4:31 PM EDT | Special Weather Statement | GSP | Polk | 44 min |
| Jul 6, 4:43 PM EDT | Special Weather Statement | GSP | Burke, McDowell | 47 min |
| Jul 6, 5:28 PM EDT | Severe Thunderstorm Warning | GSP | Cabarrus, Iredell, Mecklenburg, Rowan | 45 min |
| Jul 6, 5:48 PM EDT | Special Weather Statement | GSP | Catawba | 42 min |
Nearby
Severe Thunderstorm Warnings in North Carolina, 2017Every severe thunderstorm warning in 2017
Sources
The product and its follow-ups from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service and Storm Prediction Center text; local storm reports from the same archive; the sounding from the Mesonet's radiosonde archive; radar from the NEXRAD Level II archive.