Alert archive / Texas / Severe Thunderstorm Warnings in 2016

Severe Thunderstorm Warning 241, NWS Midland/Odessa, TX

September 17, 2016Glasscock County, Howard County, Mitchell County, Texas

NWS Midland/Odessa, TX issued this severe thunderstorm warning at Sep 17, 2016, 6:30 PM CDT for Glasscock County, Howard County, Mitchell County, Texas. It was in force for 60 min. 1 report came from inside the area while it was in force.

The area

The outline as issued, with what was reported inside it.

The facts

Issued: Sep 17, 2016, 6:30 PM CDT (23:30 UTC)
Expired: Sep 17, 2016, 7:30 PM CDT
In force: 60 min
Issued by: NWS Midland/Odessa, TX
Area: Storm-based polygon
Hail: 1.75 in
Wind: 70.0 mph

Counties Glasscock County, TX, Howard County, TX, Mitchell County, TX

The radar

The Midland/Odessa radar (KMAF), 99 km from the middle of the area, began a volume at 23:31 UTC, the scan nearest the moment this went out.

Open the radar archive at this moment

The archived warnings, watches and discussions in force at that minute are drawn over the scan, this one among them.

What was reported inside it

Time	Report	Where	Remark
Sep 17, 6:42 PM CDT	HAIL 1.75	5 S Big Spring, TX	GOLF BALL HAIL REPORTED AT THE INTERSECTION OF RANCH ROAD 33 AND HIGHWAY 87 SOUTH OF BIG SPRING.

Local storm reports filed while the alert was in force, from inside its polygon or its counties.

Did it verify

Verified. The Iowa Environmental Mesonet's Cow matched one storm report to this severe thunderstorm warning; the first came 12 minutes after it went out.

Cow counts a report within 15 km of the polygon while the warning was in force: a tornado for a tornado warning; hail of 1 inch or more, a gust of 58 mph or more or wind damage for a severe thunderstorm warning; a flash flood report for a flash flood warning.

The nearest sounding before it

Midland Regional, TX (KMAF), launched 12:00Z, 11.5 hours before the alert went out and 100 km from the middle of its area. This is the routine balloon launch nearest before it, the air the forecaster had in hand, not a measurement taken for the alert.

Skew-T log-p

Temperature in red, dew point in green, the mixed-layer parcel dashed.

Hodograph

The wind turning with height, colored by layer: ground to 1 km, 1 to 3 km, 3 to 6 km, 6 to 10 km.

Mixed-layer CAPE: 1130 J/kg
Mixed-layer CIN: -141 J/kg
Mixed-layer LCL: 957 m above ground
0-6 km bulk shear: 45 kt
0-1 km storm-relative helicity: 142 m²/s²
0-3 km storm-relative helicity: 146 m²/s²
Significant tornado parameter: 0.0
Supercell composite: 2.1

Open this sounding in Storm Lab

The text

As transmitted.

572 
WUUS54 KMAF 172330
SVRMAF
TXC173-227-335-180030-
/O.NEW.KMAF.SV.W.0241.160917T2330Z-160918T0030Z/

BULLETIN - IMMEDIATE BROADCAST REQUESTED
SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE MIDLAND/ODESSA TX
630 PM CDT SAT SEP 17 2016

THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE IN MIDLAND HAS ISSUED A

* SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING FOR...
  SOUTHEASTERN HOWARD COUNTY IN WESTERN TEXAS...
  SOUTHWESTERN MITCHELL COUNTY IN WESTERN TEXAS...
  NORTHEASTERN GLASSCOCK COUNTY IN WESTERN TEXAS...

* UNTIL 730 PM CDT

* AT 629 PM CDT...A SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WAS LOCATED NEAR FORSAN...OR
  12 MILES SOUTH OF BIG SPRING...MOVING NORTHEAST AT 25 MPH.

  HAZARD...GOLF BALL SIZE HAIL AND 70 MPH WIND GUSTS. 

  SOURCE...RADAR INDICATED. 

  IMPACT...PEOPLE AND ANIMALS OUTDOORS WILL BE INJURED. EXPECT HAIL 
           DAMAGE TO ROOFS...SIDING...WINDOWS...AND VEHICLES. EXPECT 
           CONSIDERABLE TREE DAMAGE. WIND DAMAGE IS ALSO LIKELY TO 
           MOBILE HOMES...ROOFS...AND OUTBUILDINGS. 

* LOCATIONS IMPACTED INCLUDE...
  COAHOMA...FORSAN...SOUTH HAVEN...SAND SPRINGS...LEES...ELBOW...
  MIDWAY AND BIG SPRING COUNTRY CLUB.

THIS INCLUDES INTERSTATE 20 BETWEEN MILE MARKERS 184 AND 204.
 
PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

FOR YOUR PROTECTION MOVE TO AN INTERIOR ROOM ON THE LOWEST FLOOR OF A
BUILDING.

&&

LAT...LON 3212 10083 3208 10093 3209 10126 3196 10127
      3191 10141 3213 10156 3245 10117
TIME...MOT...LOC 2329Z 228DEG 22KT 3207 10141 

HAIL...1.75IN
WIND...70MPH
 
$$

80

1 follow-up statement

238 
WWUS54 KMAF 172352
SVSMAF

SEVERE WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE MIDLAND/ODESSA TX
652 PM CDT SAT SEP 17 2016

TXC173-227-335-180030-
/O.CON.KMAF.SV.W.0241.000000T0000Z-160918T0030Z/
HOWARD TX-MITCHELL TX-GLASSCOCK TX-
652 PM CDT SAT SEP 17 2016

...A SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 730 PM CDT
FOR SOUTHEASTERN HOWARD...SOUTHWESTERN MITCHELL AND NORTHEASTERN
GLASSCOCK COUNTIES...

AT 651 PM CDT...A SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WAS LOCATED NEAR FORSAN...OR 8
MILES SOUTHEAST OF BIG SPRING...MOVING NORTHEAST AT 25 MPH. AT 642
PM CDT...GOLFBALL SIZED HAIL WAS REPORTED 5 MILES SOUTH OF BIG
SPRING.

HAZARD...GOLF BALL SIZE HAIL AND 70 MPH WIND GUSTS. 

SOURCE...RADAR INDICATED. 

IMPACT...PEOPLE AND ANIMALS OUTDOORS WILL BE INJURED. EXPECT HAIL 
         DAMAGE TO ROOFS...SIDING...WINDOWS...AND VEHICLES. EXPECT 
         CONSIDERABLE TREE DAMAGE. WIND DAMAGE IS ALSO LIKELY TO 
         MOBILE HOMES...ROOFS...AND OUTBUILDINGS. 

LOCATIONS IMPACTED INCLUDE...
COAHOMA...FORSAN...SOUTH HAVEN...SAND SPRINGS...LEES...ELBOW...
MIDWAY AND BIG SPRING COUNTRY CLUB.

THIS INCLUDES INTERSTATE 20 BETWEEN MILE MARKERS 184 AND 204.
 
PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

FOR YOUR PROTECTION MOVE TO AN INTERIOR ROOM ON THE LOWEST FLOOR OF A
BUILDING.

&&

LAT...LON 3212 10083 3208 10093 3209 10126 3196 10127
      3191 10141 3213 10156 3245 10117
TIME...MOT...LOC 2351Z 219DEG 22KT 3219 10134 

HAIL...1.75IN
WIND...70MPH
 
$$

80

What forecasters said that day

The local office's own words before this severe thunderstorm warning went out, as it sent them, from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service text.

NWS Midland/Odessa, TX wrote its last area forecast discussion before this severe thunderstorm warning went out at Sep 17, 5:59 PM CDT, 31 minutes earlier.

Area forecast discussion, Sep 17, 5:59 PM CDT, 31 minutes before

Area Forecast Discussion
National Weather Service Midland/Odessa TX
559 PM CDT SAT SEP 17 2016

.DISCUSSION...

See 00z aviation discussion below.

&&

.AVIATION...

Severe thunderstorms with gusty winds and large hail are possible
across all terminals through this evening. Possible MVFR ceilings
and visibilities for HOB; otherwise, VFR conditions. Winds will be
light out of a generally southerly direction.

&&

.PREV DISCUSSION... /issued 307 PM CDT SAT SEP 17 2016/

UPDATE...

Update to include Severe Thunderstorm Watch number 480 for
southeast New Mexico and much of west Texas until 1000 pm CDT.

PREV DISCUSSION... /issued 207 PM CDT SAT SEP 17 2016/

One more punch from the passing 3h jet today is expected to
result/aid in the development of tstms, some severe with heavy rain.
Today tstm initiation is favored to be in SE NM and the Trans Pecos
Mtns/Wrn PB in closer proximity to said jet/where mid level lapse
rates are steepest and where there are less clouds/more insolation,
respectively. A surface boundary is still around too and looks to
have lifted back n of I-20 (winds are back to the SE at MAF). Meanwhile
a second boundary assocd with tstms to the N-NE of CWFA earlier
was moving SW and may merge with said boundary. Finally a
3rd boundary is moving w into the SE PB. 12Z MAF sounding reveals
deep mstr and plenty of available energy. A 21Z forecast of the
MAF sounding does reveal ML CAPE of 2800 J/KG and 45kts of 0-6km
bulk shear with no CINH (89/66) supportive of at least a few
severe storms. As storms develop in the said favored areas around
21Z they are likely to track E, possibly SE (in the eventual form
an MCS?) into the low level moist axis within a region of upper
divergence (RRQ of 3h 70-80kt jet). Forecast has chance/scattered
PoPs across most of the area and seems reasonable. Based on latest
high resolution model data will opt to increase PoPs from INVOF
Davis Mtns into at least the wrn PB and expand the mention of
severe wording too. Some of the data (GFS) holds precip after 06Z,
but we tend to prefer scenario of lower PoPs after 06Z like that
of the NAM12. Mid level ridge starts to build in Sunday, but while
doing so mid level flow will briefly become NW and there could be
an isold pocket of convection across the PB late Sunday PM as SB
instability may focus within a small area of high theta-e air at
the surface. Isold-sct tstms INVOF Davis Mtns is more likely. All
of the MOS guidance is eager to increase high temps starting
Sunday thru Monday, especially from I-20 swd with highs back into
the M90s. The ridge will be strongest Monday/Tuesday but models
still show a SE mid level wind advecting in cooler mid level
temps, so Sunday/Monday will probably be the hottest days, but
Tuesday will still be above normal with the possibility of a cold
front next weekend. Otherwise forecast will be mostly dry.

&&

.PRELIMINARY POINT TEMPS/POPS...
Big Spring                     70  93  71  95 /  40  10  10   0
Carlsbad                       65  91  64  93 /  30  10   0   0
Dryden                         72  95  72  96 /  10  10   0   0
Fort Stockton                  70  94  71  95 /  30  10   0   0
Guadalupe Pass                 64  85  66  87 /  30  10  10   0
Hobbs                          64  88  64  90 /  40  10   0   0
Marfa                          62  87  62  87 /  30  20  10  10
Midland Intl Airport           69  94  70  96 /  40  10  10   0
Odessa                         69  94  70  95 /  40  10  10   0
Wink                           69  95  69  97 /  40  10   0   0

&&

.MAF Watches/Warnings/Advisories...
NM...None.
TX...None.
&&

99/99/

Hazardous weather outlook, Sep 17, 1:44 PM CDT, 4 hours 46 minutes before

HAZARDOUS WEATHER OUTLOOK
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE MIDLAND/ODESSA TX
144 PM CDT SAT SEP 17 2016

NMZ027>029-033-034-TXZ045>048-050>053-057>063-067>070-074-075-
079>082-258-181845-
GUADALUPE MOUNTAINS OF EDDY COUNTY-EDDY COUNTY PLAINS-
NORTHERN LEA COUNTY-CENTRAL LEA COUNTY-SOUTHERN LEA COUNTY-GAINES-
DAWSON-BORDEN-SCURRY-ANDREWS-MARTIN-HOWARD-MITCHELL-
VAN HORN AND HIGHWAY 54 CORRIDOR-REEVES COUNTY AND UPPER TRANS PECOS-
LOVING-WINKLER-ECTOR-MIDLAND-GLASSCOCK-WARD-CRANE-UPTON-REAGAN-
DAVIS/APACHE MOUNTAINS AREA-PECOS-PRESIDIO VALLEY-MARFA PLATEAU-
BIG BEND AREA-TERRELL-GUADALUPE MOUNTAINS-
144 PM CDT SAT SEP 17 2016 /1244 PM MDT SAT SEP 17 2016/

THIS HAZARDOUS WEATHER OUTLOOK IS FOR PORTIONS OF SOUTHEAST NEW
MEXICO...SOUTHWEST TEXAS AND WESTERN TEXAS.

.DAY ONE...THIS AFTERNOON AND TONIGHT

SCATTERED THUNDERSTORMS ARE EXPECTED TO DEVELOP OVER THE HIGHER
TERRAIN THIS AFTERNOON, THEN SPREAD NORTH AND EAST ACROSS THE REST
OF THE AREA TONIGHT.  SOME OF THE STORMS COULD BE SEVERE WITH STRONG
WINDS, LARGE HAIL, DAMAGING WINDS AND HEAVY RAINFALL THE MAIN
THREATS.  LOCALIZED FLASH FLOODING WILL ALSO BE POSSIBLE, INCLUDING
ALONG THE RIO GRANDE RIVER.

.DAYS TWO THROUGH SEVEN...SUNDAY THROUGH FRIDAY

THE PROBABILITY FOR WIDESPREAD HAZARDOUS WEATHER IS LOW.

.SPOTTER INFORMATION STATEMENT...

SPOTTER ACTIVATION MAY BE NEEDED LATE THIS AFTERNOON INTO TONIGHT
ACROSS SOUTHEASTERN NEW MEXICO AND THE PERMIAN BASIN.

THIS PRODUCT...ALONG WITH OTHER WATCHES...WARNINGS...ADVISORIES...
AND STATEMENTS ISSUED BY THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE OFFICE IN
MIDLAND CAN BE FOUND ON THE INTERNET AT /LOWER CASE/
HTTP://WEATHER.GOV/MIDLAND

In the hours before

Local storm report, Sep 17, 5:26 PM CDT, 1 hour 4 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE MIDLAND/ODESSA TX
526 PM CDT SAT SEP 17 2016

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0521 PM     HAIL             1 W ARTESIA             32.85N 104.45W
09/17/2016  E2.75 INCH       EDDY               NM   PUBLIC

            BROKEN WINDSHIELD ON CAR AND BROKEN WINDOW IN HOUSE.

&&

MSCHULDT

Special weather statement, Sep 17, 5:32 PM CDT, 58 minutes before

SPECIAL WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE MIDLAND/ODESSA TX
532 PM CDT SAT SEP 17 2016

TXZ063-172315-
GLASSCOCK TX-
532 PM CDT SAT SEP 17 2016

...SIGNIFICANT WEATHER ADVISORY FOR GLASSCOCK COUNTY UNTIL 615 PM
CDT...

AT 532 PM CDT...DOPPLER RADAR WAS TRACKING A STRONG THUNDERSTORM NEAR
GARDEN CITY...MOVING EAST AT 20 MPH.

NICKEL SIZE HAIL AND WIND GUSTS OF 50 TO 55 MPH WILL BE POSSIBLE WITH
THIS STORM.

LOCATIONS IMPACTED INCLUDE...
GARDEN CITY.

LAT...LON 3174 10177 3200 10177 3208 10126 3169 10127
TIME...MOT...LOC 2232Z 270DEG 16KT 3191 10151

80

Local storm report, Sep 17, 6:05 PM CDT, 25 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE MIDLAND/ODESSA TX
605 PM CDT SAT SEP 17 2016

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0559 PM     HAIL             5 W MIDLAND             32.00N 102.17W
09/17/2016  E1.00 INCH       MIDLAND            TX   NWS EMPLOYEE

            QUARTER SIZE HAIL AND 60 MPH WIND GUSTS.

&&

CMR

Local storm report, Sep 17, 6:07 PM CDT, 23 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE MIDLAND/ODESSA TX
607 PM CDT SAT SEP 17 2016

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

&&

CMR

Local storm report, Sep 17, 6:08 PM CDT, 22 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE MIDLAND/ODESSA TX
608 PM CDT SAT SEP 17 2016

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0600 PM     HAIL             13 SW MIDLAND           31.87N 102.24W
09/17/2016  E1.00 INCH       MIDLAND            TX   NWS EMPLOYEE

            70-80 MPH WINDS FROM DOWNBURST.

&&

CMR

Special weather statement, Sep 17, 6:18 PM CDT, 12 minutes before

SPECIAL WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE MIDLAND/ODESSA TX
618 PM CDT SAT SEP 17 2016

TXZ057-180015-
VAN HORN AND HIGHWAY 54 CORRIDOR TX-
618 PM CDT SAT SEP 17 2016

...SIGNIFICANT WEATHER ADVISORY FOR SOUTHWESTERN CULBERSON COUNTY
UNTIL 715 PM CDT...

AT 618 PM CDT...DOPPLER RADAR WAS TRACKING A STRONG THUNDERSTORM NEAR
LOBO...OR 12 MILES SOUTH OF VAN HORN...MOVING EAST AT 15 MPH.

WIND GUSTS UP TO 50 MPH WILL BE POSSIBLE WITH THIS STORM.

LOCATIONS IMPACTED INCLUDE...
LOBO.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

TORRENTIAL RAINFALL IS ALSO OCCURRING WITH THIS STORM...AND MAY LEAD
TO LOCALIZED FLOODING. DO NOT DRIVE YOUR VEHICLE THROUGH FLOODED
ROADWAYS.

FREQUENT CLOUD TO GROUND LIGHTNING IS OCCURRING WITH THIS STORM.
LIGHTNING CAN STRIKE 10 MILES AWAY FROM A THUNDERSTORM. SEEK A SAFE
SHELTER INSIDE A BUILDING OR VEHICLE.

&&

A SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WATCH REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 1000 PM CDT FOR
SOUTHWESTERN TEXAS.

LAT...LON 3084 10491 3099 10490 3092 10446 3075 10478
      3081 10492 3083 10492
TIME...MOT...LOC 2318Z 281DEG 11KT 3086 10485

67

The office that day

Everything else NWS Midland/Odessa, TX issued on the same UTC day.

Issued	Product	Office	Counties	Lasted
Sep 16, 7:01 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	MAF	Midland	44 min
Sep 16, 7:05 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	MAF	Ward	40 min
Sep 16, 7:07 PM CDT	Areal Flood Advisory	MAF	Ector, Midland	3 hr
Sep 16, 7:09 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	MAF	Brewster, Pecos	66 min
Sep 16, 7:11 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	MAF	Ector	49 min
Sep 16, 7:41 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	MAF	Brewster	49 min
Sep 16, 7:54 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	MAF	Brewster	66 min
Sep 16, 7:57 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	MAF	Jeff Davis	48 min
Sep 16, 8:03 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	MAF	Reeves	57 min
Sep 16, 8:09 PM CDT	Areal Flood Advisory	MAF	Brewster	3 hr
Sep 16, 8:35 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	MAF	Brewster	40 min
Sep 16, 8:37 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	MAF	Andrews, Dawson, Gaines, Martin	38 min
Sep 16, 8:50 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	MAF	Brewster	55 min
Sep 16, 9:01 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	MAF	Glasscock	59 min
Sep 16, 9:12 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	MAF	Glasscock	48 min
Sep 16, 9:13 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	MAF	Dawson	47 min
Sep 16, 9:40 PM CDT	Areal Flood Advisory	MAF	Borden, Dawson, Scurry	3 hr
Sep 16, 10:05 PM CDT	Areal Flood Advisory	MAF	Borden, Howard, Mitchell, Scurry	3 hr
Sep 16, 10:16 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	MAF	Presidio	44 min
Sep 16, 11:10 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	MAF	Presidio	50 min
Sep 17, 12:49 AM CDT	Special Weather Statement	MAF	Jeff Davis	41 min
Sep 17, 7:25 AM CDT	River Flood Warning	MAF	Presidio	20 hr
Sep 17, 3:54 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	MAF	Reeves	51 min
Sep 17, 4:28 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	MAF	Jeff Davis, Reeves	47 min
Sep 17, 5:11 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	MAF	Jeff Davis, Reeves	64 min
Sep 17, 5:32 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	MAF	Glasscock	43 min
Sep 17, 5:36 PM CDT	Areal Flood Advisory	MAF	Jeff Davis, Reeves	3 hr
Sep 17, 5:38 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	MAF	Glasscock	67 min
Sep 17, 5:42 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	MAF	Andrews, Gaines	33 min
Sep 17, 6:00 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	MAF	Andrews, Ector, Martin, Midland	60 min
Sep 17, 6:11 PM CDT	Areal Flood Advisory	MAF	Andrews, Gaines	3 hr
Sep 17, 6:11 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	MAF	Andrews	64 min
Sep 17, 6:11 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	MAF	Gaines	64 min
Sep 17, 6:18 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	MAF	Jeff Davis	57 min
Sep 17, 6:22 PM CDT	Areal Flood Advisory	MAF	Jeff Davis, Pecos, Reeves	3 hr
Sep 17, 6:25 PM CDT	Areal Flood Advisory	MAF	Midland	3 hr
Sep 17, 6:31 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	MAF	Culberson	59 min
Sep 17, 6:38 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	MAF	Glasscock	52 min
Sep 17, 6:41 PM CDT	Tornado Warning	MAF	Andrews, Winkler	34 min
Sep 17, 6:55 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	MAF	Borden, Howard, Mitchell	65 min

Nearby

Severe Thunderstorm Warnings in Texas, 2016 Every severe thunderstorm warning in 2016

Sources

The product and its follow-ups from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service and Storm Prediction Center text; local storm reports from the same archive; the sounding from the Mesonet's radiosonde archive; radar from the NEXRAD Level II archive.