Alert archive / Alabama / Severe Thunderstorm Warnings in 2014

Severe Thunderstorm Warning 9, NWS Birmingham, AL

February 20, 2014Walker County, Alabama

NWS Birmingham, AL issued this severe thunderstorm warning at Feb 20, 2014, 10:07 PM CST for Walker County, Alabama. It was in force for 38 min. 5 reports came from inside the area while it was in force.

The area

The outline as issued, with what was reported inside it.

The facts

Issued: Feb 20, 2014, 10:07 PM CST (04:07 UTC)
Expired: Feb 20, 2014, 10:45 PM CST
In force: 38 min
Issued by: NWS Birmingham, AL
Area: Storm-based polygon

County Walker County, AL

The radar

The Birmingham radar (KBMX), 79 km from the middle of the area, began a volume at 04:09 UTC, the scan nearest the moment this went out.

Open the radar archive at this moment

The archived warnings, watches and discussions in force at that minute are drawn over the scan, this one among them.

What was reported inside it

Time	Report	Where	Remark
Feb 20, 10:15 PM CST	TSTM WND DMG	Nauvoo, AL	A FEW TREES WERE BLOWN DOWN NEAR HIGHWAY 5 IN NORTHWEST WALKER COUNTY.
Feb 20, 10:18 PM CST	TSTM WND DMG	Jasper, AL	SEVERAL TREES DOWN NEAR JASPER.
Feb 20, 10:30 PM CST	TSTM WND DMG	Boldo, AL	A FEW TREES WERE BLOWN DOWN NEAR HIGHWAY 78 AND EVANS ROAD.
Feb 20, 10:30 PM CST	TSTM WND DMG	Boldo, AL	A FEW TREES WERE BOWN DOWN NEAR HIGHWAY 78 AND EVANS ROAD.
Feb 20, 10:30 PM CST	TSTM WND DMG	Curry, AL	SEVERAL TREES DOWN AROUND CURRY.

Local storm reports filed while the alert was in force, from inside its polygon or its counties.

Did it verify

Verified. The Iowa Environmental Mesonet's Cow matched 5 storm reports to this severe thunderstorm warning; the first came 8 minutes after it went out.

Cow counts a report within 15 km of the polygon while the warning was in force: a tornado for a tornado warning; hail of 1 inch or more, a gust of 58 mph or more or wind damage for a severe thunderstorm warning; a flash flood report for a flash flood warning.

The watch it was issued in

The SPC watch in force over the same counties when this warning went out.

Issued	Product	Office	Lasted
Feb 20, 6:49 PM CST	Tornado Watch	SPC	6 hr

The nearest sounding before it

Birmingham, AL (KBMX), launched 00:00Z, 4.1 hours before the alert went out and 77 km from the middle of its area. This is the routine balloon launch nearest before it, the air the forecaster had in hand, not a measurement taken for the alert.

Skew-T log-p

Temperature in red, dew point in green, the mixed-layer parcel dashed.

Hodograph

The wind turning with height, colored by layer: ground to 1 km, 1 to 3 km, 3 to 6 km, 6 to 10 km.

Mixed-layer CAPE: 755 J/kg
Mixed-layer CIN: -6 J/kg
Mixed-layer LCL: 734 m above ground
0-6 km bulk shear: 47 kt
0-1 km storm-relative helicity: 181 m²/s²
0-3 km storm-relative helicity: 208 m²/s²
Significant tornado parameter: 0.8
Supercell composite: 3.7

Open this sounding in Storm Lab

The text

As transmitted, in the capitals the NWS used until 2016.

160 
WUUS54 KBMX 210407
SVRBMX
ALC127-210445-
/O.NEW.KBMX.SV.W.0009.140221T0407Z-140221T0445Z/

BULLETIN - IMMEDIATE BROADCAST REQUESTED
SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE BIRMINGHAM AL
1007 PM CST THU FEB 20 2014

THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE IN BIRMINGHAM HAS ISSUED A

* SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING FOR...
  WALKER COUNTY IN ALABAMA...

* UNTIL 1045 PM CST

* AT 1007 PM CST...THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE INDICATED A LINE OF
  SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS CAPABLE OF PRODUCING QUARTER SIZE HAIL...AND
  DAMAGING WINDS IN EXCESS OF 60 MPH.  THESE STORMS WERE LOCATED
  ALONG A LINE EXTENDING FROM KANSAS TO 6 MILES NORTHWEST OF OAKMAN
  TO BOLEY SPRINGS...AND MOVING EAST AT 45 MPH.

* LOCATIONS IMPACTED INCLUDE...
  CARBON HILL...JASPER...CORDOVA...DORA...SUMITON...OAKMAN...NAUVOO
  AND PARRISH.

THIS INCLUDES...
US 78 EXIT NUMBERS 39 THROUGH 78...

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

FOR YOUR PROTECTION...MOVE TO AN INTERIOR ROOM ON THE LOWEST FLOOR OF
YOUR HOME OR BUSINESS.

&&

A TORNADO WATCH REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 100 AM CST FRIDAY MORNING FOR
SOUTHWESTERN ALABAMA. A TORNADO WATCH ALSO REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL
300 AM CST FRIDAY MORNING FOR ALABAMA.

TO REPORT SEVERE WEATHER...
CALL 1-800-856-0758 OR TWEET YOUR REPORT USING HASHTAG ALWX

LAT...LON 3390 8708 3390 8701 3386 8696 3380 8696
      3377 8703 3369 8704 3363 8710 3362 8718
      3355 8719 3352 8725 3351 8731 3359 8732
      3361 8742 3369 8743 3370 8753 3386 8753
      3387 8764 3400 8764 3399 8720 3401 8717
TIME...MOT...LOC 0407Z 259DEG 50KT 3385 8754 3376 8746
          3361 8749

$$

73

1 follow-up statement

630 
WWUS54 KBMX 210423
SVSBMX

SEVERE WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE BIRMINGHAM AL
1023 PM CST THU FEB 20 2014

ALC127-210445-
/O.CON.KBMX.SV.W.0009.000000T0000Z-140221T0445Z/
WALKER AL-
1023 PM CST THU FEB 20 2014

...A SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT FOR WALKER COUNTY
UNTIL 1045 PM CST...

AT 1023 PM CST...NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DOPPLER RADAR INDICATED A
LINE OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS CAPABLE OF PRODUCING QUARTER SIZE
HAIL...AND DAMAGING WINDS IN EXCESS OF 60 MPH.  THESE STORMS WERE
LOCATED ALONG A LINE EXTENDING FROM 5 MILES WEST OF JASPER TO PARRISH
TO 5 MILES SOUTHWEST OF GORGAS...MOVING EAST AT 55 MPH.

LOCATIONS IMPACTED INCLUDE...
  DORA...SUMITON...GORGAS STEAM PLANT...LYNNS PARK...BELOIT...
  CURRY...ROCKY HOLLOW...SIPSEY...BURNWELL AND QUINTON.

THIS INCLUDES...
US 78 EXIT NUMBERS 52 THROUGH 78...

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

A TORNADO WATCH REMAINS IN EFFECT FOR THE WARNED AREA. TORNADOES CAN
DEVELOP QUICKLY FROM SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS. ALTHOUGH NOT IMMEDIATELY
LIKELY...IF A TORNADO IS SPOTTED ACT QUICKLY AND MOVE TO A PLACE OF
SAFETY INSIDE A STURDY STRUCTURE...SUCH AS A BASEMENT OR SMALL
INTERIOR ROOM.

&&

TO REPORT SEVERE WEATHER...CALL 1-800-856-0758.

LAT...LON 3390 8708 3390 8701 3386 8696 3380 8696
      3377 8703 3369 8704 3363 8710 3362 8718
      3359 8720 3355 8719 3352 8725 3353 8727
      3351 8731 3359 8732 3361 8740 3399 8749
      3399 8720 3401 8717
TIME...MOT...LOC 0423Z 259DEG 50KT 3389 8728 3380 8720
          3365 8723

$$

What forecasters said that day

The local office's own words before this severe thunderstorm warning went out, as it sent them, from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service text.

NWS Birmingham, AL wrote its last area forecast discussion before this severe thunderstorm warning went out at Feb 20, 5:30 PM CST, 4 hours 37 minutes earlier.

Area forecast discussion, Feb 20, 5:30 PM CST, 4 hours 37 minutes before

AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE BIRMINGHAM AL
530 PM CST THU FEB 20 2014

.UPDATE...MESOSCALE UPDATE.

&&

.DISCUSSION...

THIS EVENT WILL NEED TO BE WATCHED VERY CLOSELY.

RIGHT NOW...THE ATMOSPHERE IS REALLY WELL MIXED AS THE SUN CAME OUT
FOR A FEW HOURS ALLOWING TEMPERATURES TO SOAR INTO THE LOW 80S AT
SEVERAL SPOTS.  THIS WAS MAINLY FROM I65 WESTWARD.  AS SUCH THE
WINDS PICKED UP AND THE DRIER AIR ALOFT WAS ABLE TO MIX DOWN TO THE
SURFACE...HENCE THE LOWER DEWPOINTS ACROSS MOST OF WESTERN ALABAMA
AND NEARLY ALL OF MISSISSIPPI.  THIS DOES CHANGE THINGS SLIGHTLY FOR
THE LATE AFTERNOON AS THE LCL HEIGHTS INCREASED SUBSTANTIALLY. BUT
THIS SHOULD BEGIN TO TRANSITION LOWER AS THE LOWER BOUNDARY LAYER
MOISTENS AFTER SUNSET.  LOOKING AT THE LATEST SOUNDINGS...00Z...KJAN
HAS NOW ERODED THEIR CAP AT 650MB...BUT THEY DO REMAIN SOMEWHAT
MIXED AT THE SURFACE AND THE LCL HEIGHTS ARE AROUND 1500M.
AGAIN...THIS WILL CHANGE AS DEWPOINTS COME UP OVER THE NEXT 4 TO 5
HOURS AS WE TRANSITION TO THE NOCTURNAL BOUNDARY LAYER.

OTHERWISE...WILL BE WATCHING CLOSELY AS THE SURFACE WINDS BACK WITH
TIME AS THE SURFACE LOW CONTINUES TO STRENGTHEN OFF TO OUR NORTH AND
WEST.  STILL EXPECTING THAT A DECENT LOW LEVEL JET WILL INCREASE
AROUND 03Z OUT OF CENTRAL MS ACROSS WESTERN AL.  THIS WILL LIKELY
LEAD TO A MORE EXPLOSIVE SITUATION AS WE NEAR THE MIDNIGHT HOUR.
THIS WILL POSSIBLY OCCUR AS THE SQUALL LINE CROSSES INTO ALABAMA
COINCIDENT WITH THE PRESQUALL CELLS MERGE WITH THE LINE.  SPEAKING
OF WHICH...WILL HAVE TO CONTINUE TO WATCH THE DEVELOPMENT OUT AHEAD
OF THE LINE FOR SEVERE POTENTIAL.  RIGHT NOW THE CELLS ARE MOVING
INTO A LESS FAVORABLE ENVIRONMENT...WITH THE HIGHER LCL HEIGHTS...SO
THEY SHOULD BEHAVE...FOR NOW.  I WOULD EXPECT THIS TO CHANGE RAPIDLY
AFTER SUNSET.

AGAIN...THE MAIN THREAT WILL REMAIN DAMAGING STRAIGHT LINE WINDS
THROUGH MUCH OF THE LATER EVENING HOURS INTO THE OVERNIGHT.
HOWEVER...THERE IS NO WAY TO RULE OUT THE POTENTIAL FOR
TORNADOES...INCLUDING PERHAPS A STRONGER ONE WITH THE UPDRAFT
POTENTIAL AND HIGHER INSTABILITY VALUES FOR THIS TIME OF YEAR.  THIS
IS ESPECIALLY TRUE IF THE PRESQUALL CELLS STAY ORGANIZED AS THE
SURFACE WINDS BACK AND THE 0 - 1 KM SHEAR CONTINUES TO INCREASE
THROUGH THE EVENING AS PROGGED.  LAPSE RATES...DRY AIR ALOFT...AND
NOT AN OVERLY SHEARED TYPICAL WINTER TIME EVENT ALL SEEM EXTREMELY
THREATENING.

MAKE SURE YOU TAKE ALL WARNINGS SERIOUSLY...INCLUDING SEVERE
THUNDERSTORM WARNINGS.  THIS EVENT HAS THE POTENTIAL TO OVER ACHIEVE
SO DONT LET YOUR GUARD DOWN OVERNIGHT AND BE PREPARED TO TAKE ACTION
IF WARNINGS ARE ISSUED.  IT COULD SAVE YOUR LIFE!

17/KLAWS

&&

.AVIATION...
00Z TAF DISCUSSION.

SEEING SOME SCATTERED SHOWERS/STORMS DEVELOPING ACROSS CENTRAL
ALABAMA WELL AHEAD OF THE MAIN SQUALL LINE STILL BACK IN MS. SOME OF
THESE COULD MOVE ACROSS A FEW TERMINALS EARLY THIS
EVENING...BRINGING BRIEF MODERATE TO HEAVY RAIN WITH REDUCED VIS.
SOUTH WINDS WILL CONTINUE TO GUST UP TO 20-25 MPH. IT APPEARS THAT
CIGS WILL LOWER TO MVFR FROM SOUTH TO NORTH PRIOR TO THE SQUALL
LINE'S ARRIVAL. HAVE TRIED TO TIME OUT THE IMPACTS OF THE SQUALL
LINE AT EACH TERMINAL BASED ON THE CURRENT SPEED/MOTION. THESE TIMES
WILL MOST LIKELY NEED TO BE ADJUSTED LATER THIS EVENING ONCE THE
LINE ENTERS THE AREA. BIGGEST IMPACTS FROM THE LINE WILL BE STRONG
WINDS AND HEAVY RAINFALL. CONDITIONS WILL IMPROVE BEHIND THE LINE
WITH WINDS TURNING TO THE NW AND GUSTS SUBSIDING.

19

&&

.BMX WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES...
WIND ADVISORY UNTIL MIDNIGHT CST TONIGHT FOR ALL OF CENTRAL
ALABAMA.

&&

Hazardous weather outlook, Feb 20, 8:34 PM CST, 1 hour 33 minutes before

HAZARDOUS WEATHER OUTLOOK
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE BIRMINGHAM AL
834 PM CST THU FEB 20 2014

ALZ011>015-017>050-220245-
AUTAUGA-BARBOUR-BIBB-BLOUNT-BULLOCK-CALHOUN-CHAMBERS-CHEROKEE-
CHILTON-CLAY-CLEBURNE-COOSA-DALLAS-ELMORE-ETOWAH-FAYETTE-GREENE-HALE-
JEFFERSON-LAMAR-LEE-LOWNDES-MACON-MARENGO-MARION-MONTGOMERY-PERRY-
PICKENS-PIKE-RANDOLPH-RUSSELL-SHELBY-ST CLAIR-SUMTER-TALLADEGA-
TALLAPOOSA-TUSCALOOSA-WALKER-WINSTON-
834 PM CST THU FEB 20 2014

THIS HAZARDOUS WEATHER OUTLOOK IS FOR THE COUNTIES SERVED BY THE
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE OFFICE IN BIRMINGHAM.

.DAY ONE...TONIGHT.

THERE IS A SEVERE WEATHER RISK FOR ALL OF CENTRAL ALABAMA
OVERNIGHT. THE MIAN THREAT WILL BE DAMAGING STRAIGHT LINE
WINDS...ALTHOUGH ISOLATED TORNADOES AND LARGE HAIL ARE POSSIBLE. THE
AREA WITH THE GREATEST THREAT OF DAMAGING STRAIGHT LINE WINDS OR
AN ISOLATED TORNADO WILL GENERALLY BE NEAR AND WEST OF INTERSTATE 65.
THE TORNADO THREAT DECREASES TO THE EAST AND SOUTHEAST BUT SEVERE
WEATHER IS STILL POSSIBLE ACROSS ALL OF CENTRAL ALABAMA.

WINDY CONDITIONS WILL ALSO EXIST THROUGH THIS EVENING BEFORE THE
LINE OF STORMS ARRIVE. SUSTAINED WINDS OF 20 TO 25 MPH WITH GUSTS
OVER 40 MPH WILL BE POSSIBLE...THAT COULD BRING DOWN WEAKENED
TREES OR LIMBS.

.DAYS TWO THROUGH SEVEN...FRIDAY THROUGH WEDNESDAY.

DRIER CONDITIONS BEHIND THE COLD FRONT WILL LEAD TO HIGH FIRE
DANGER ON FRIDAY...ESPECIALLY FOR LOCATIONS NORTH OF INTERSTATE
85 AND EAST OF INTERSTATE 65.

.SPOTTER INFORMATION STATEMENT...

ACTIVATION OF STORM SPOTTERS AND EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT WILL BE NEEDED
THROUGH FRIDAY MORNING.

In the hours before

Special weather statement, Feb 20, 8:12 PM CST, 1 hour 55 minutes before

SPECIAL WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE BIRMINGHAM AL
812 PM CST THU FEB 20 2014

ALZ011-012-210300-
LAMAR AL-MARION AL-
812 PM CST THU FEB 20 2014

...SIGNIFICANT WEATHER ADVISORY FOR MARION AND NORTHERN LAMAR
COUNTIES UNTIL 900 PM CST...

AT 810 PM CST...THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE WAS TRACKING STRONG
THUNDERSTORMS ALONG A LINE EXTENDING FROM 7 MILES SOUTH OF RED BAY TO
TREMONT TO 7 MILES SOUTHEAST OF AMORY...AND MOVING EAST AT 45 MPH.

PEA SIZE HAIL AND WIND GUSTS UP TO 50 MPH ARE EXPECTED WITH THESE
STORMS.

LOCATIONS IN OR NEAR THE PATH OF THESE STORMS INCLUDE...
  HAMILTON...
  SULLIGENT...
  WINFIELD...
  DETROIT...
  WESTON...

&&

LAT...LON 3430 8819 3433 8817 3431 8764 3391 8764
      3392 8795 3380 8795 3380 8825
TIME...MOT...LOC 0212Z 273DEG 39KT 3434 8815 3419 8820
          3392 8838

Local storm report, Feb 20, 9:06 PM CST, 1 hour 1 minute before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE BIRMINGHAM AL
906 PM CST THU FEB 20 2014

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0819 PM     TSTM WND DMG     4 ENE SHOTTSVILLE       34.29N 88.06W
02/20/2014                   MARION             AL   FIRE DEPT/RESCUE

            LARGE PINE TREE DOWN ON STATE HWY 19 NORTH NEAR THE

            INTERSECTION OF COUNTY HWY 13. TIME ESTIMATED FROM RADAR.

&&

TGOGGINS

Local storm report, Feb 20, 9:11 PM CST, 56 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE BIRMINGHAM AL
911 PM CST THU FEB 20 2014

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0819 PM     TSTM WND DMG     5 S VINA                34.31N 88.04W
02/20/2014                   MARION             AL   EMERGENCY MNGR

            SEVERAL TREES REPORTED DOWN ALONG STATE HWY 19 NEAR THE
            FRANKLIN COUNTY LINE. TIME ESTIMATED FROM RADAR.

&&

TGOGGINS

Local storm report, Feb 20, 9:18 PM CST, 49 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE BIRMINGHAM AL
918 PM CST THU FEB 20 2014

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0835 PM     HAIL             4 W HAMILTON            34.14N 88.05W
02/20/2014  E0.50 INCH       MARION             AL   TRAINED SPOTTER

            DIME SIZE HAIL REPORTED WEST OF HAMILTON

&&

LINHARES

Local storm report, Feb 20, 9:55 PM CST, 12 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE BIRMINGHAM AL
955 PM CST THU FEB 20 2014

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0950 PM     HEAVY RAIN       HALEYVILLE              34.24N 87.62W
02/20/2014  E0.00 INCH       WINSTON            AL   LAW ENFORCEMENT

            WATER COVERING PORTIONS OF STATE HWY 13 DUE TO POOR
            DRAINAGE. ROAD IS STILL PASSABLE AT THIS TIME. DEPTH OF
            WATER UNKNOWN.

&&

TGOGGINS

The office that day

Everything else NWS Birmingham, AL issued on the same UTC day.

Issued	Product	Office	Counties	Lasted
Feb 20, 8:12 PM CST	Special Weather Statement	BMX	Marion	48 min
Feb 20, 8:16 PM CST	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	BMX	Marion	44 min
Feb 20, 8:49 PM CST	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	BMX	Lamar	56 min
Feb 20, 9:42 PM CST	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	BMX	Fayette	48 min
Feb 20, 9:54 PM CST	Areal Flood Advisory	BMX	Marion, Walker, Winston	2 hr
Feb 21, 12:43 AM CST	Special Weather Statement	BMX	Tuscaloosa	32 min
Feb 21, 12:49 AM CST	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	BMX	Tuscaloosa	26 min
Feb 21, 12:54 AM CST	Special Weather Statement	BMX	Bibb, Dallas, Perry	36 min
Feb 21, 12:58 AM CST	Special Weather Statement	BMX	Jefferson, Shelby	62 min
Feb 21, 1:01 AM CST	Areal Flood Advisory	BMX	Bibb, Blount, Fayette, Jefferson, Shelby, Tuscaloosa and 1 more	3 hr
Feb 21, 1:29 AM CST	Special Weather Statement	BMX	Autauga, Chilton, Coosa, Elmore, Lowndes	61 min
Feb 21, 1:44 AM CST	Special Weather Statement	BMX	St. Clair	46 min
Feb 21, 2:25 AM CST	Special Weather Statement	BMX	Chambers	50 min
Feb 21, 2:29 AM CST	Special Weather Statement	BMX	Bullock, Clay, Elmore, Macon, Montgomery, Randolph and 1 more	46 min
Feb 21, 2:45 AM CST	Areal Flood Advisory	BMX	Calhoun	3 hr
Feb 21, 2:55 AM CST	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	BMX	Elmore, Tallapoosa	35 min
Feb 21, 3:04 AM CST	Special Weather Statement	BMX	Russell	41 min
Feb 21, 3:20 AM CST	Special Weather Statement	BMX	Barbour, Bullock, Chambers, Lee, Macon, Pike and 1 more	40 min
Feb 21, 3:59 AM CST	Special Weather Statement	BMX	Barbour, Russell	46 min

Nearby

Severe Thunderstorm Warnings in Alabama, 2014 Every severe thunderstorm warning in 2014

Sources

The product and its follow-ups from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service and Storm Prediction Center text; local storm reports from the same archive; the sounding from the Mesonet's radiosonde archive; radar from the NEXRAD Level II archive.