Alert archive / Tennessee / Tornado Warnings in 2013

Tornado Warning 38, NWS Memphis, TN

December 21, 2013Henry County, Tennessee

NWS Memphis, TN issued this tornado warning at Dec 21, 2013, 7:19 PM CST for Henry County, Tennessee. It was in force for 41 min. 2 reports came from inside the area while it was in force.

The area

The outline as issued, with what was reported inside it.

The facts

Issued: Dec 21, 2013, 7:19 PM CST (01:19 UTC)
Expired: Dec 21, 2013, 8:00 PM CST
In force: 41 min
Issued by: NWS Memphis, TN
Area: Storm-based polygon

County Henry County, TN

The radar

The Paducah radar (KPAH), 90 km from the middle of the area, began a volume at 01:20 UTC, the scan nearest the moment this went out.

Open the radar archive at this moment

The archived warnings, watches and discussions in force at that minute are drawn over the scan, this one among them.

What was reported inside it

Time	Report	Where	Remark
Dec 21, 7:30 PM CST	TSTM WND DMG	Paris, TN	POWER LINES AND TREES DOWN ON THE NORTH SIDE OF TOWN.
Dec 21, 7:30 PM CST	TSTM WND DMG	Paris, TN	SIDING DAMAGED AND GUTTERS RIPPED OFF HOME ALONG HWY 54.

Local storm reports filed while the alert was in force, from inside its polygon or its counties.

Did it verify

Not verified. The Iowa Environmental Mesonet's Cow found no qualifying storm report inside this tornado warning while it was in force. That is not proof nothing happened: reports are thin where few people live.

Cow counts a report within 15 km of the polygon while the warning was in force: a tornado for a tornado warning; hail of 1 inch or more, a gust of 58 mph or more or wind damage for a severe thunderstorm warning; a flash flood report for a flash flood warning.

The watch it was issued in

The SPC watch in force over the same counties when this warning went out.

Issued	Product	Office	Lasted
Dec 21, 12:01 PM CST	Tornado Watch	SPC	8 hr
Dec 21, 5:46 PM CST	Tornado Watch	SPC	6 hr

The nearest sounding before it

Nashville Metro, TN (KBNA), launched 00:00Z, 1.3 hours before the alert went out and 149 km from the middle of its area. This is the routine balloon launch nearest before it, the air the forecaster had in hand, not a measurement taken for the alert.

Skew-T log-p

Temperature in red, dew point in green, the mixed-layer parcel dashed.

Hodograph

The wind turning with height, colored by layer: ground to 1 km, 1 to 3 km, 3 to 6 km, 6 to 10 km.

Mixed-layer CAPE: 417 J/kg
Mixed-layer CIN: -13 J/kg
Mixed-layer LCL: 603 m above ground
0-6 km bulk shear: 78 kt
0-1 km storm-relative helicity: 587 m²/s²
0-3 km storm-relative helicity: 694 m²/s²
Significant tornado parameter: 0.0
Supercell composite: 6.9

Open this sounding in Storm Lab

The text

As transmitted, in the capitals the NWS used until 2016.

630 
WFUS54 KMEG 220119
TORMEG
TNC079-220200-
/O.NEW.KMEG.TO.W.0038.131222T0119Z-131222T0200Z/

BULLETIN - EAS ACTIVATION REQUESTED
TORNADO WARNING
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE MEMPHIS TN
719 PM CST SAT DEC 21 2013

THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE IN MEMPHIS HAS ISSUED A

* TORNADO WARNING FOR...
  HENRY COUNTY IN NORTHWEST TENNESSEE...

* UNTIL 800 PM CST

* AT 720 PM CST...NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DOPPLER RADAR INDICATED A
  SEVERE THUNDERSTORM PRODUCING A TORNADO 8 MILES SOUTH OF COTTAGE
  GROVE...OR 8 MILES NORTH OF MCKENZIE...MOVING NORTHEAST AT 60 MPH.

* LOCATIONS IN THE WARNING INCLUDE BUT ARE NOT LIMITED TO PARIS AND
  PARIS LANDING STATE PARK.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

.THE SAFEST PLACE TO BE DURING A TORNADO IS IN A STORM SHELTER. IF NO
STORM SHELTER IS AVAILABLE...SEEK SHELTER ON THE LOWEST FLOOR OF THE
BUILDING IN AN INTERIOR HALLWAY OR ROOM SUCH AS A CLOSET. USE
BLANKETS OR PILLOWS TO COVER YOUR BODY AND ALWAYS STAY AWAY FROM
WINDOWS.

IF IN MOBILE HOMES OR VEHICLES...EVACUATE THEM AND GET INSIDE A
SUBSTANTIAL SHELTER. IF NO SHELTER IS AVAILABLE...LIE FLAT IN THE
NEAREST DITCH OR OTHER LOW SPOT AND COVER YOUR HEAD WITH YOUR HANDS.

.TORNADOES ARE DIFFICULT TO SEE AND CONFIRM AT NIGHT. TAKE COVER NOW.

&&

LAT...LON 3620 8853 3635 8852 3651 8834 3650 8805
      3647 8804 3644 8805 3642 8803 3638 8803
TIME...MOT...LOC 0120Z 231DEG 52KT 3631 8845

$$

1 follow-up statement

114 
WWUS54 KMEG 220155
SVSMEG

SEVERE WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE MEMPHIS TN
755 PM CST SAT DEC 21 2013

TNC079-220205-
/O.EXP.KMEG.TO.W.0038.000000T0000Z-131222T0200Z/
HENRY TN-
755 PM CST SAT DEC 21 2013

...THE TORNADO WARNING FOR HENRY COUNTY WILL EXPIRE AT 800 PM CST...

AT 755 PM CST...WEATHER SERVICE DOPPLER RADAR INDICATED THAT THE
THUNDERSTORMS WHICH PROMPTED THE WARNING HAVE MOVED OUT OF THE AREA
AND WEAKENED. THEREFORE...THE TORNADO WARNING WILL BE ALLOWED TO
EXPIRE.

LAT...LON 3620 8853 3635 8852 3651 8834 3650 8805
      3647 8804 3644 8805 3642 8803 3638 8803
TIME...MOT...LOC 0155Z 231DEG 52KT 3663 8796

$$

What forecasters said that day

The local office's own words before this tornado warning went out, as it sent them, from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service text.

NWS Memphis, TN wrote its last area forecast discussion before this tornado warning went out at Dec 21, 6:19 PM CST, 1 hour earlier.

Area forecast discussion, Dec 21, 6:19 PM CST, 1 hour before

AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE MEMPHIS TN
619 PM CST SAT DEC 21 2013

.UPDATE...

UPDATED FOR 00Z AVIATION DISCUSSION.

&&

.PREV DISCUSSION... /ISSUED 449 PM CST SAT DEC 21 2013/

UPDATE...UPDATED TO EXPAND FLASH FLOOD WATCH.

&&

.PREV DISCUSSION... /ISSUED 206 PM CST SAT DEC 21 2013/

CURRENTLY STORMS ARE GETTING THEIR ACT TOGETHER JUST TO THE
SOUTHWEST OF THE CWA..SO NOT MUCH TIME TO DISCUSS. LEADING
EDGE OF THE UPPER LEVEL SUPPORT IS SURGING INTO EAST TEXAS AND A
1000MB SURFACE LOW WAS JUST NOW ARKANSAS. TORNADO WATCH IN PLACE
FOR MOST OF THE MIDSOUTH COUNTIES ALONG AND EAST OF THE MS
RIVER...WITH STRONG BACKED WINDS CURRENTLY IN THE DELTA. SEEMS
VERY PROBABLE FOR A STRONG/SIGNIFICANT TORNADO TO DEVELOP LATE
THIS AFTERNOON AND INTO THE EVENING...AS MUCAPES MAY EXCEED 1500
J/KG. A WIND ADVISORY IS ALSO IN EFFECT TILL MIDNIGHT FOR THE AREA.

FURTHER WEST AND NORTH RAIN HAS BEEN HEAVY ON THE COLD SIDE OF THE
STALLED FRONT. LATEST RAIN AMOUNTS SHOW 4 TO 5 INCHES HAS ALREADY
FALLEN...WITH AN ADDITIONAL 2 TO 4 INCHES STILL POSSIBLE THROUGH
MIDNIGHT WHEN THE FLASHFLOOD WATCH EXPIRES. SOME REPORTS OF
FLOODING HAVE ALSO BEEN SENT TO THE OFFICE VIA SOCIAL MEDIA.

STORM IS EXPECTED TO LIFT OUT LATE TONIGHT WITH MID/UPPER LEVEL
DRY PUNCH MOVING INTO THE WESTERN COUNTIES. SOUTH WINDS WILL SHIFT
MORE SOUTHWEST TO WEST AND REMAIN BREEZY AS THE SURFACE LOW TRACKS
INTO THE MIDWEST. WINDS SHOULD DIMINISH BY MORNING HOWEVER. FOR
SUNDAY EXPECT MOSTLY CLOUDY CONDITIONS A CHANCE FOR SPRINKLES IN
THE EAST AND SOUTH AND TEMPERATURES REMAINING IN THE 40S AND 50S.
SURFACE HIGH PRESSURE WILL BUILD INTO THE REGION SUNDAY NIGHT
WITH PARTLY CLOUDY SKIES AND TEMPERATURES FALLING TO FREEZING FOR
POINTS NORTH OF INTERSTATE FORTY.

HOLIDAY WEEK...LOOKS TO BE BELOW NORMAL AND DRY THROUGH THE
PERIOD...WITH THE COLDEST DAY EXPECTED ON CHRISTMAS EVE...WHERE THE
NORTHERN COUNTIES WILL STRUGGLE TO REACH FREEZING. CONDITIONS
WILL REMAIN COLD CHRISTMAS EVE NIGHT WITH A BRIEF WARM UP ON
CHRISTMAS DAY AND ON THURSDAY. A REINFORCING COLD FRONT IS
ANTICIPATED LATE THURSDAY WITH SLIGHTLY COOLER HIGHS FOR THE LAST
WEEKEND OF 2013.

JAB

&&

.AVIATION...
00Z TAF CYCLE

A COLD FRONT WILL CONTINUE TO MOVE ACROSS THE MID-SOUTH THROUGH
THE BEGINNING TO MIDDLE PART OF THE TAF PERIOD. A SEVERE TSTORM
THREAT WITH POSSIBLE TORNADIC ACTIVITY WILL AFFECT MEM AND MKL
THROUGH AT LEAST 22/04Z...WITH THE THREAT SHIFTING EAST BY 22/05Z
AND AFFECTING TUP THROUGH 09Z. A MIX OF CIGS AND VSBYS RANGING
FROM VFR/MVFR/IFR AT TIMES DUE TO TSTORMS. CONDS SHOULD IMPROVE
FROM WEST TO EAST ACROSS THE AREA SOMETIME AFTER 12Z AT
MEM...MKL..AND JBR...WITH TUP FOLLOWING SOMETIME AFTER 18Z
TOMORROW.

AC3

&&

.PRELIMINARY POINT TEMPS/POPS...
MEM  51  56  32  40 / 100  10  10   0
MKL  52  57  31  39 / 100  10  10   0
JBR  42  48  28  37 /  80  10  10   0
TUP  58  67  36  45 / 100  20  10   0

&&

.MEG WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES...
AR...FLASH FLOOD WATCH UNTIL MIDNIGHT CST TONIGHT FOR CLAY-CRAIGHEAD-
     CRITTENDEN-CROSS-GREENE-LAWRENCE-LEE AR-MISSISSIPPI-
     PHILLIPS-POINSETT-RANDOLPH-ST. FRANCIS.

     WIND ADVISORY UNTIL MIDNIGHT CST TONIGHT FOR CRITTENDEN-LEE AR-
     MISSISSIPPI-PHILLIPS-ST. FRANCIS.

MO...FLASH FLOOD WATCH UNTIL MIDNIGHT CST TONIGHT FOR DUNKLIN-
     PEMISCOT.

     WIND ADVISORY UNTIL MIDNIGHT CST TONIGHT FOR PEMISCOT.

MS...FLASH FLOOD WATCH UNTIL MIDNIGHT CST TONIGHT FOR COAHOMA-DESOTO-
     PANOLA-QUITMAN-TALLAHATCHIE-TATE-TUNICA.

     WIND ADVISORY UNTIL MIDNIGHT CST TONIGHT FOR ALCORN-BENTON MS-
     CALHOUN-CHICKASAW-COAHOMA-DESOTO-ITAWAMBA-LAFAYETTE-LEE MS-
     MARSHALL-MONROE-PANOLA-PONTOTOC-PRENTISS-QUITMAN-
     TALLAHATCHIE-TATE-TIPPAH-TISHOMINGO-TUNICA-UNION-YALOBUSHA.

TN...FLASH FLOOD WATCH UNTIL MIDNIGHT CST TONIGHT FOR CROCKETT-DYER-
     GIBSON-HAYWOOD-HENRY-LAKE-LAUDERDALE-OBION-SHELBY-TIPTON-
     WEAKLEY.

     WIND ADVISORY UNTIL MIDNIGHT CST TONIGHT FOR CARROLL-CHESTER-
     CROCKETT-DECATUR-DYER-FAYETTE-GIBSON-HARDEMAN-HARDIN-
     HAYWOOD-HENDERSON-HENRY-LAKE-LAUDERDALE-MADISON-MCNAIRY-
     OBION-SHELBY-TIPTON-WEAKLEY.

&&

Hazardous weather outlook, Dec 21, 5:02 PM CST, 2 hours 17 minutes before

HAZARDOUS WEATHER OUTLOOK
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE MEMPHIS TN
502 PM CST SAT DEC 21 2013

ARZ008-009-017-018-026>028-035-036-048-049-058-MOZ113-115-
MSZ001>017-020>024-TNZ001>004-019>021-048>055-088>092-230115-
ALCORN-BENTON MS-CALHOUN-CARROLL-CHESTER-CHICKASAW-CLAY-COAHOMA-
CRAIGHEAD-CRITTENDEN-CROCKETT-CROSS-DESOTO-DECATUR-DUNKLIN-DYER-
FAYETTE-GIBSON-GREENE-HARDEMAN-HARDIN-HAYWOOD-HENDERSON-HENRY-
ITAWAMBA-LAFAYETTE-LAKE-LAUDERDALE-LAWRENCE-LEE AR-LEE MS-MADISON-
MARSHALL-MCNAIRY-MISSISSIPPI-MONROE-OBION-PANOLA-PEMISCOT-
PHILLIPS-POINSETT-PONTOTOC-PRENTISS-QUITMAN-RANDOLPH-SHELBY-
ST. FRANCIS-TALLAHATCHIE-TATE-TIPPAH-TIPTON-TISHOMINGO-TUNICA-
UNION-WEAKLEY-YALOBUSHA-
502 PM CST SAT DEC 21 2013

THIS HAZARDOUS WEATHER OUTLOOK IS FOR PORTIONS OF EAST ARKANSAS...
THE MISSOURI BOOTHEEL...NORTH MISSISSIPPI...AND WEST TENNESSEE.

.DAY ONE...TONIGHT

THERE IS A MODERATE RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS SOUTHEAST OF A
TIPTONVILLE TENNESSEE TO A FORREST CITY ARKANSAS LINE. THIS AREA
INCLUDES THE MAJORITY OF THE MIDSOUTH. PRIMARY THREATS INCLUDE
TORNADOES... A FEW OF WHICH COULD BE STRONG...AND DAMAGING WINDS.
LARGE HAIL WILL BE A SECONDARY THREAT.

AREAS WITH THE GREATEST RISK OF TORNADOES INCLUDE SOUTHWEST
TENNESSEE...INCLUDING THE MEMPHIS METROPOLITAN AREA... EAST
CENTRAL ARKANSAS...AND ALL OF NORTH MISSISSIPPI. PEAK TORNADO
RISK TIMING WILL RANGE FROM NOW UNTIL MIDEVENING.

BEYOND MIDEVENING TO MIDNIGHT...THE TORNADO RISK WILL
DECREASE...WHILE DAMAGING WIND THREAT CONTINUES OVER NORTHEAST
MISSISSIPPI AND WEST TENNESSEE.

AREAS NORTHWEST OF A TIPTONVILLE TO FORREST CITY LINE...A SLIGHT
RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS OR STRONG THUNDERSTORMS EXISTS
THROUGH LATE AFTERNOON. THE PRIMARY THREATS INCLUDE DAMAGING WINDS
AND THE POSSIBILITY OF A BRIEF TORNADO.

A FLASH FLOOD WATCH IS IN EFFECT FOR MUCH OF THE MIDSOUTH THROUGH
MIDNIGHT TONIGHT. THREE TO SIX INCH RAINFALL TOTALS WILL BE COMMON
WITH LOCALLY HIGHER AMOUNTS.

.DAYS TWO THROUGH SEVEN...SUNDAY THROUGH FRIDAY

THE PROBABILITY FOR WIDESPREAD HAZARDOUS WEATHER IS LOW.

.SPOTTER INFORMATION STATEMENT...

SPOTTER ACTIVATION WILL BE NECESSARY THROUGH THIS EVENING.

In the hours before

Local storm report, Dec 21, 6:26 PM CST, 53 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE MEMPHIS TN
626 PM CST SAT DEC 21 2013

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0610 PM     FLOOD            GERMANTOWN              35.09N 89.79W
12/21/2013                   SHELBY             TN   TRAINED SPOTTER

            MINOR STREET FLOODING AND ESTIMATED 50-55 MPH WIND ON THE
            WEST SIDE OF GERMANTOWN.

&&

JDS

Local storm report, Dec 21, 6:28 PM CST, 51 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE MEMPHIS TN
628 PM CST SAT DEC 21 2013

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0610 PM     HAIL             OLIVE BRANCH            34.95N 89.83W
12/21/2013  E0.75 INCH       DESOTO             MS   TRAINED SPOTTER

            DIME HAIL ALONG CENTER HILL ROAD AT ELEMENTARY SCHOOL.
            LASTED 3 MINUTES.

&&

JDS

Local storm report, Dec 21, 6:30 PM CST, 49 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE MEMPHIS TN
630 PM CST SAT DEC 21 2013

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0621 PM     TSTM WND GST     BATESVILLE              34.32N 89.94W
12/21/2013  M0 MPH           PANOLA             MS   FIRE DEPT/RESCUE

            55 MPH WIND GUST MEASURED AT FIRE DEPARTMENT.

&&

JDS

Local storm report, Dec 21, 6:34 PM CST, 45 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE MEMPHIS TN
634 PM CST SAT DEC 21 2013

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0610 PM     HAIL             COLLIERVILLE            35.06N 89.68W
12/21/2013  E1.00 INCH       SHELBY             TN   PUBLIC

            WEST SIDE OF COLLIERVILLE ALONG SHELBY DRIVE AT FOREST
            HILL

&&

JDS

Local storm report, Dec 21, 6:36 PM CST, 43 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE MEMPHIS TN
636 PM CST SAT DEC 21 2013

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0630 PM     TSTM WND DMG     SENATOBIA               34.62N 89.97W
12/21/2013                   TATE               MS   TRAINED SPOTTER

            LARGE TREES DOWN. LOTS OF LIMBS BROKEN. ESTIMATED 50-60
            MPH WIND. POWER IS OUT.

&&

JDS

Local storm report, Dec 21, 6:40 PM CST, 39 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE MEMPHIS TN
640 PM CST SAT DEC 21 2013

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0625 PM     TSTM WND GST     GERMANTOWN              35.09N 89.79W
12/21/2013  E65 MPH          SHELBY             TN   TRAINED SPOTTER

            GERMANTOWN PKWY AND POPLER ESTIMATED 65MPH WIND ALONG
            WITH DIME SIZE HAIL.

&&

JDS

The office that day

Everything else NWS Memphis, TN issued on the same UTC day.

Issued	Product	Office	Counties	Lasted
Dec 21, 6:01 PM CST	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	MEG	Fayette, Shelby, Tipton	44 min
Dec 21, 6:16 PM CST	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	MEG	Crockett, Haywood, Lauderdale, Tipton	44 min
Dec 21, 6:28 PM CST	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	MEG	Fayette, Hardeman, Haywood	47 min
Dec 21, 6:43 PM CST	Tornado Warning	MEG	Haywood	32 min
Dec 21, 6:51 PM CST	Tornado Warning	MEG	Crockett, Haywood, Madison	24 min
Dec 21, 6:56 PM CST	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	MEG	Chester, Hardeman, Henderson, McNairy, Madison	49 min
Dec 21, 7:02 PM CST	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	MEG	Carroll, Gibson, Henderson, Madison	43 min
Dec 21, 7:09 PM CST	Flash Flood Warning	MEG	Carroll, Crockett, Dyer, Fayette, Gibson, Hardeman and 7 more	5 hr
Dec 21, 7:12 PM CST	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	MEG	Gibson, Weakley	48 min
Dec 21, 7:14 PM CST	Flash Flood Warning	MEG	Shelby, Tipton	3 hr
Dec 21, 7:17 PM CST	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	MEG	Carroll, Henry, Weakley	43 min
Dec 21, 7:30 PM CST	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	MEG	Decatur, Hardin, Henderson	45 min
Dec 21, 7:48 PM CST	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	MEG	Chester, Hardin, McNairy	27 min
Dec 21, 7:54 PM CST	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	MEG	Hardin	51 min
Dec 21, 8:11 PM CST	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	MEG	Decatur, Hardin	49 min
Dec 21, 9:11 PM CST	River Flood Warning	MEG	Crockett, Dyer, Lauderdale	7 hr
Dec 21, 9:22 PM CST	Flash Flood Warning	MEG	Dyer, Gibson, Lake, Lauderdale, Obion, Tipton and 1 more	53 min
Dec 21, 10:05 PM CST	Areal Flood Warning	MEG	Shelby	12 hr
Dec 21, 10:15 PM CST	Flash Flood Warning	MEG	Gibson, Obion, Weakley	105 min
Dec 22, 10:40 AM CST	River Flood Warning	MEG	Crockett, Dyer, Lauderdale	6 hr

Nearby

Tornado Warnings in Tennessee, 2013 Every tornado warning in 2013 Tornadoes in 2013

Sources

The product and its follow-ups from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service and Storm Prediction Center text; local storm reports from the same archive; the sounding from the Mesonet's radiosonde archive; radar from the NEXRAD Level II archive.