Alert archive / Texas / Severe Thunderstorm Warnings in 2012

Severe Thunderstorm Warning 93, NWS Lubbock, TX

April 29, 2012Swisher County, Texas

NWS Lubbock, TX issued this severe thunderstorm warning at Apr 29, 2012, 11:34 PM CDT for Swisher County, Texas. It was in force for 26 min. No storm report in the archive falls inside the area while it was in force.

The area

The outline as issued.

The facts

Issued: Apr 29, 2012, 11:34 PM CDT (04:34 UTC)
Expired: Apr 30, 2012, 12:00 AM CDT
In force: 26 min
Issued by: NWS Lubbock, TX
Area: Storm-based polygon

County Swisher County, TX

The radar

The Amarillo radar (KAMA), 60 km from the middle of the area, began a volume at 04:37 UTC, the scan nearest the moment this went out.

Open the radar archive at this moment

The archived warnings, watches and discussions in force at that minute are drawn over the scan, this one among them.

Did it verify

Not verified. The Iowa Environmental Mesonet's Cow found no qualifying storm report inside this severe thunderstorm warning while it was in force. That is not proof nothing happened: reports are thin where few people live.

Cow counts a report within 15 km of the polygon while the warning was in force: a tornado for a tornado warning; hail of 1 inch or more, a gust of 58 mph or more or wind damage for a severe thunderstorm warning; a flash flood report for a flash flood warning.

The watch it was issued in

The SPC watch in force over the same counties when this warning went out.

Issued	Product	Office	Lasted
Apr 29, 10:50 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Watch	SPC	4 hr

The nearest sounding before it

Amarillo Airport, TX (KAMA), launched 00:00Z, 4.6 hours before the alert went out and 60 km from the middle of its area. This is the routine balloon launch nearest before it, the air the forecaster had in hand, not a measurement taken for the alert.

Skew-T log-p

Temperature in red, dew point in green, the mixed-layer parcel dashed.

Hodograph

The wind turning with height, colored by layer: ground to 1 km, 1 to 3 km, 3 to 6 km, 6 to 10 km.

Mixed-layer CAPE: 63 J/kg
Mixed-layer CIN: -116 J/kg
Mixed-layer LCL: 2070 m above ground
0-6 km bulk shear: 56 kt
0-1 km storm-relative helicity: 108 m²/s²
0-3 km storm-relative helicity: 153 m²/s²
Significant tornado parameter: 0.0
Supercell composite: 0.2

Open this sounding in Storm Lab

The text

As transmitted, in the capitals the NWS used until 2016.

482 
WUUS54 KLUB 300434
SVRLUB
TXC437-300500-
/O.NEW.KLUB.SV.W.0093.120430T0434Z-120430T0500Z/

BULLETIN - EAS ACTIVATION REQUESTED
SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE LUBBOCK TX
1134 PM CDT SUN APR 29 2012

THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE IN LUBBOCK HAS ISSUED A

* SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING FOR...
  NORTHWESTERN SWISHER COUNTY IN THE PANHANDLE OF TEXAS.

* UNTIL MIDNIGHT CDT

* AT 1133 PM CDT...NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DOPPLER RADAR INDICATED A
  SEVERE THUNDERSTORM CAPABLE OF PRODUCING LARGE DAMAGING HAIL UP TO
  GOLF BALL SIZE.  THIS STORM WAS LOCATED 8 MILES SOUTH OF HAPPY...OR
  7 MILES NORTH OF TULIA...AND MOVING NORTHEAST AT 30 MPH.

* THE SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WILL OTHERWISE IMPACT MAINLY RURAL AREAS OF
  THE INDICATED COUNTY.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

LARGE HAIL...DAMAGING WINDS...AND VERY HEAVY RAINS ARE EXPECTED WITH
THIS STORM. TAKE COVER IN A SUBSTANTIAL SHELTER.

&&

LAT...LON 3475 10148 3474 10148 3457 10182 3461 10189
      3475 10189
TIME...MOT...LOC 0434Z 215DEG 27KT 3464 10181

$$

JDV

What forecasters said that day

The local office's own words before this severe thunderstorm warning went out, as it sent them, from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service text.

NWS Lubbock, TX wrote its last area forecast discussion before this severe thunderstorm warning went out at Apr 29, 7:10 PM CDT, 4 hours 24 minutes earlier.

Area forecast discussion, Apr 29, 7:10 PM CDT, 4 hours 24 minutes before

AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE LUBBOCK TX
710 PM CDT SUN APR 29 2012

.AVIATION...
CURRENTLY MODESTLY ORGANIZED THUNDERSTORM CLUSTER ABOUT 35 MILES
WEST OF KLBB MAY DRIFT CLOSE TO OR JUST NORTH OF KLBB IN THE NEXT
ONE TO TWO HOURS...WILL KEEP A CLOSE EYE AND ADD AS PREVAILING OR
TEMPO GROUP IF IT GETS ANY NEARER. SOLUTIONS INDICATE KCDS SHOULD
SEE AN OPPORTUNITY FOR THUNDER AS WELL SHORTLY AFTER MIDNIGHT...
WE HAVE RETAINED VICINITY THUNDER MENTION FOR NOW. LOWER
ATMOSPHERE SHOULD MOISTEN AGAIN LATER TONIGHT WITH DECENT CHANCE
FOR MVFR CIGS DEVELOPING...WHICH SHOULD BREAK UP AGAIN AROUND
MIDDAY MONDAY. ADDED PROB30 THUNDER FOR KCDS VERY LATE IN TAF
PERIOD TOMORROW AFTERNOON. RMCQUEEN

&&

.PREV DISCUSSION... /ISSUED 220 PM CDT SUN APR 29 2012/

SHORT TERM...
FEATURES OF SIGNIFICANCE THIS AFTERNOON WILL BE RETREATING FRONTAL
BOUNDARY...STRETCHING FROM SW OK INTO THE NORTHERN PERMIAN BASIN
ROUGHLY ALONG A LINE AT 19Z FROM LAWTON TO SNYDER TO SEMINOLE. ALSO
DRYLINE IS EXPECTED TO TIGHTEN UP WITH MIXING ACROSS SE NM NEXT FEW
HOURS WITH PUSH EASTWARD LIKELY TOWARD THE SW SOUTH PLAINS. BEST
OPPORTUNITY FOR CONVECTIVE INITIATION APPEARS TO BE ACROSS THE
INTERSECTION OF THESE TWO FEATURES...IN THE 20-22Z TIME FRAME.
HIGH RESOLUTION MODELS HAVE BEEN HINTING AT ISOLATED CELL
DEVELOPMENT IN THE ANDREWS-SEMINOLE-LAMESA AREA MID AFTERNOON ALONG
THE NORTHWARD RETREATING FRONTAL BOUNDARY. HODOGRAPHS SUGGEST WEAK
SUPERCELL/MULTI-CELL CLUSTER ACTIVITY PROPAGATING E-NEWD INTO THE
SOUTHERN ROLLING PLAINS...VICINITY JAYTON-ASPERMONT TOWARD 00Z. FEEL
THIS IS THE MOST LIKELY AREA FOR THUNDERSTORMS ALTHOUGH WITH SOME
CLEARING ACROSS THE CENTRAL SOUTH PLAINS...SOME STORMS COULD DEVELOP
FARTHER NORTH TOWARD LUBBOCK. MODELS HAVEN'T BEEN TOO OPTIMISTIC
ABOUT THIS IDEA HOWEVER. GIVEN STRONG SHEAR AND AT LEAST 2000
MLCAPE...COULD SEE SOME 1-2 INCH HAIL REPORTS SIMILAR TO YESTERDAY/S
STORMS.

OTHER STORMS MAY DEVELOP LATER THIS EVENING IN AREA OF STRONGER
FORCING IN RIGHT REAR ENTRANCE REGION OF UPPER JET ACROSS THE
PANHANDLE...IN AREA OF INCREASING LIFT ALONG/NORTH OF RETREATING
FRONT...AS LOW LEVEL JET STRENGTHENS SOMEWHAT TOWARD 06Z. ALL
INDICATIONS ARE THAT THIS ACTIVITY WILL STAY NORTH OF THE LUB
CWA...ALTHOUGH SEVERE STORMS WILL BE LIKELY IF STORMS MANAGE TO
DEVELOP FARTHER SOUTH IN THE SOUTHERN PANHANDLE.

LOW CLOUDS TO RETURN OVER THE REGION TONIGHT IN THE 06Z-10Z TIME
FRAME...WITH A QUICKER BURN OFF TOMORROW. SHOULD SEE SIGNIFICANTLY
LESS CONVECTIVE COVERAGE MONDAY GIVEN FLAT SLIGHTLY WEAKER...
ANTICYCLONIC FLOW ACROSS WEST TEXAS. STILL PLENTY OF LOW LEVEL
MOISTURE BUT MUCH OF AREA MAY REMAIN WEAKLY CAPPED IN LIGHT SLY FLOW
REGIME.  JAMES

LONG TERM...
MAY SEE SOME CONVECTION DEVELOP MONDAY EVENING ACROSS THE FCST
AREA...MAINLY POTENTIAL FOR ISOLATED TSRA ALONG AND EAST OF THE
DRYLINE WITH BETTER CHANCES ACROSS THE ERN HALF OF THE PANHANDLE
AND WRN OKLAHOMA POSSIBLY AS FAR SOUTH AS THE CHILDRESS AREA NEAR
REMNANT OUTFLOW BOUNDARIES AND/OR FRONTAL BOUNDARY. OTHERWISE THE
WEEK AHEAD LOOKS UNEVENTFUL IF NOT HOT AND DRY. DRYLINE PROGGED TO
MOVE TO THE ROLLING PLAINS OR FARTHER EAST EACH AFTN. BEST CHANCE
FOR ISOLATED TSRA IN THE FCST AREA WILL COME TUESDAY AFTN WITH THE
DRYLINE LIKELY STAYING FARTHEST WEST THAT DAY BUT CAP STRENGTH
WILL BE A CONCERN. WEDNESDAY THROUGH SATURDAY SHOULD SEE THE
DRYLINE SHIFT EAST OF THE AREA WHILE FRIDAY AND SATURDAY WILL SEE
ADDED LIMITING EFFECT OF A RIDGE BUILDING OVERHEAD. MOS TEMPS LOOK
REASONABLE ATTM...THAT IS ABOUT 10 TO 15 DEGREES WARMER THAN
SEASONAL NORMS AND THE WARMEST DAY LOOKING TO BE FRIDAY WITH UPPER
RIDGE IN FORCE.

&&

.PRELIMINARY POINT TEMPS/POPS...
FRIONA        54  85  55  89  52 /  50  10  10  10  10
TULIA         57  85  59  91  56 /  50  10  20  10  10
PLAINVIEW     58  86  62  92  58 /  50  10  20  10  10
LEVELLAND     58  89  61  93  58 /  40  10  10  10  10
LUBBOCK       59  89  62  94  61 /  40  10  20  10  10
DENVER CITY   57  89  59  92  59 /  30  10  10  10  10
BROWNFIELD    58  90  62  94  59 /  40  10  10  10  10
CHILDRESS     64  85  62  94  63 /  50  30  30  10  10
SPUR          65  86  63  95  61 /  50  20  20  10  10
ASPERMONT     64  88  65  92  64 /  50  20  20  10  10

&&

.LUB WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES...
NONE.
&&

99/99/05

Hazardous weather outlook, Apr 29, 11:17 AM CDT, 12 hours 17 minutes before

HAZARDOUS WEATHER OUTLOOK
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE LUBBOCK TX
1117 AM CDT SUN APR 29 2012

TXZ021>044-301630-
PARMER-CASTRO-SWISHER-BRISCOE-HALL-CHILDRESS-BAILEY-LAMB-HALE-
FLOYD-MOTLEY-COTTLE-COCHRAN-HOCKLEY-LUBBOCK-CROSBY-DICKENS-KING-
YOAKUM-TERRY-LYNN-GARZA-KENT-STONEWALL-
1117 AM CDT SUN APR 29 2012

THIS HAZARDOUS WEATHER OUTLOOK IS FOR THE EXTREME SOUTHERN TEXAS
PANHANDLE...SOUTH PLAINS AND ROLLING PLAINS.

.DAY ONE...TODAY AND TONIGHT

CONVECTIVE

THUNDERSTORMS ARE EXPECTED TO DEVELOP NEAR THE INTERSECTION OF A
DRYLINE AND A COLD FRONT ACROSS THE SOUTHWESTERN SOUTH PLAINS BY
MID AFTERNOON. STORMS MAY DEVELOP AND MOVE NORTHEAST INTO THE
CENTRAL SOUTH PLAINS AND ROLLING PLAINS THIS EVENING. GIVEN
MODERATE INSTABILITY AND WIND SHEAR...LARGE HAIL WILL BE THE
PRIMARY THREAT.

.DAYS TWO THROUGH SEVEN...MONDAY THROUGH SATURDAY

MONDAY...ISOLATED TO SCATTERED THUNDERSTORM ACTIVITY...WITH SEVERE
WEATHER POTENTIAL...WILL BE POSSIBLE ACROSS THE SOUTHEASTERN
PANHANDLE AND ROLLING PLAINS.

.SPOTTER INFORMATION STATEMENT...

SPOTTER ACTIVATION WILL BE POSSIBLE THIS AFTERNOON INTO THIS
EVENING.

In the hours before

Special weather statement, Apr 29, 10:31 PM CDT, 1 hour 3 minutes before

SPECIAL WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE LUBBOCK TX
1031 PM CDT SUN APR 29 2012

TXZ023-300400-
SWISHER-
1031 PM CDT SUN APR 29 2012

...SIGNIFICANT WEATHER ADVISORY FOR SWISHER  COUNTY...

AT 1028 PM CDT...NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DOPPLER RADAR INDICATED A
STRONG THUNDERSTORM 5 MILES SOUTHEAST OF TULIA...MOVING NORTHEAST AT
30 MPH.

NICKEL SIZE HAIL...OCCASIONAL CLOUD TO GROUND LIGHTNING...BRIEF HEAVY
DOWNPOURS...ARE POSSIBLE WITH THIS STORM.

STAY AWAY FROM HIGH OBJECTS OUTDOORS SUCH AS TREES. SEEK SHELTER IN A
STURDY STRUCTURE UNTIL THIS STORM HAS PASSED.

LAT...LON 3444 10147 3439 10174 3462 10184 3475 10162
      3475 10148
TIME...MOT...LOC 0331Z 246DEG 24KT 3451 10168

JDV

Local storm report, Apr 29, 10:36 PM CDT, 58 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE LUBBOCK TX
1036 PM CDT SUN APR 29 2012

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

1033 PM     FLOOD            5 WSW WOLFFORTH         33.48N 102.09W
04/29/2012                   HOCKLEY            TX   AMATEUR RADIO

            ON 1585 BETWEEN 385 AND 62 82... ROAD IMPASSIBLE... 20
            MILE STRETCH

&&

EVENT NUMBER LUB1200211

JD

Local storm report, Apr 29, 10:48 PM CDT, 46 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE LUBBOCK TX
1048 PM CDT SUN APR 29 2012

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

1038 PM     HAIL             1 SE ROPESVILLE         33.40N 102.14W
04/29/2012  E1.00 INCH       HOCKLEY            TX   TRAINED SPOTTER

&&

EVENT NUMBER LUB1200212

JD

Local storm report, Apr 29, 11:13 PM CDT, 21 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE LUBBOCK TX
1113 PM CDT SUN APR 29 2012

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

1112 PM     HAIL             TAHOKA                  33.16N 101.79W
04/29/2012  E1.75 INCH       LYNN               TX   CO-OP OBSERVER

&&

EVENT NUMBER LUB1200213

JD

Local storm report, Apr 29, 11:23 PM CDT, 11 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE LUBBOCK TX
1123 PM CDT SUN APR 29 2012

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

1115 PM     HAIL             TAHOKA                  33.16N 101.79W
04/29/2012  E2.00 INCH       LYNN               TX   NWS EMPLOYEE

&&

EVENT NUMBER LUB1200214

JD

Local storm report, Apr 29, 11:29 PM CDT, 5 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE LUBBOCK TX
1129 PM CDT SUN APR 29 2012

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

1127 PM     FLOOD            3 SW WOLFFORTH          33.48N 102.04W
04/29/2012                   LUBBOCK            TX   SKYWARN SPOTTER

            REPORT OF 2.5 FEET OF WATER OVER U.S. HIGHWAY 62 AND
            82. WATER WAS FLOWING ACROSS THE ROAD.

&&

EVENT NUMBER LUB1200215

JD

The office that day

Everything else NWS Lubbock, TX issued on the same UTC day.

Issued	Product	Office	Counties	Lasted
Apr 29, 7:18 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	LUB	Hockley	27 min
Apr 29, 7:27 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	LUB	Hockley, Lamb	63 min
Apr 29, 7:46 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	LUB	Cochran	29 min
Apr 29, 7:50 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	LUB	Hockley, Lubbock	55 min
Apr 29, 8:13 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	LUB	Hockley, Lubbock	47 min
Apr 29, 8:14 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	LUB	Castro, Hale, Lamb, Swisher	46 min
Apr 29, 8:26 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	LUB	Lamb	13 min
Apr 29, 8:38 PM CDT	Tornado Warning	LUB	Lubbock	37 min
Apr 29, 8:50 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	LUB	Swisher	55 min
Apr 29, 9:07 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	LUB	Hockley	68 min
Apr 29, 9:15 PM CDT	Tornado Warning	LUB	Lubbock, Lynn	30 min
Apr 29, 9:43 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	LUB	Lubbock, Lynn	47 min
Apr 29, 10:00 PM CDT	Areal Flood Advisory	LUB	Crosby, Garza, Hockley, Lubbock, Lynn, Terry	3 hr
Apr 29, 10:05 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	LUB	Hockley, Lubbock, Lynn, Terry	25 min
Apr 29, 10:16 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	LUB	Hockley	44 min
Apr 29, 10:18 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	LUB	Crosby, Garza, Lubbock, Lynn	42 min
Apr 29, 10:25 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	LUB	Hockley, Lubbock, Lynn, Terry	35 min
Apr 29, 10:31 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	LUB	Swisher	29 min
Apr 29, 10:51 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	LUB	Cochran, Hockley, Lamb	39 min
Apr 29, 10:52 PM CDT	Areal Flood Warning	LUB	Hockley, Lubbock, Lynn, Terry	2 hr
Apr 29, 10:55 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	LUB	Crosby, Garza	50 min
Apr 29, 10:58 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	LUB	Lubbock, Lynn, Terry	62 min
Apr 29, 11:10 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	LUB	Bailey, Lamb	50 min
Apr 29, 11:14 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	LUB	Swisher	46 min
Apr 29, 11:32 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	LUB	Garza, Lynn	58 min
Apr 29, 11:37 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	LUB	Lubbock	38 min
Apr 29, 11:45 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	LUB	Crosby	45 min
Apr 29, 11:57 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	LUB	Bailey, Lamb	48 min
Apr 30, 12:28 AM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	LUB	Garza, Lynn	47 min
Apr 30, 12:32 AM CDT	Special Weather Statement	LUB	Dickens	28 min
Apr 30, 12:45 AM CDT	Special Weather Statement	LUB	Lamb	30 min
Apr 30, 12:46 AM CDT	Areal Flood Warning	LUB	Crosby, Garza, Lubbock, Lynn	104 min
Apr 30, 1:01 AM CDT	Areal Flood Advisory	LUB	Crosby, Garza, Hockley, Lubbock, Lynn, Terry	6 hr
Apr 30, 1:07 AM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	LUB	Garza, Kent	53 min
Apr 30, 1:14 AM CDT	Special Weather Statement	LUB	Castro	31 min
Apr 30, 1:38 AM CDT	Special Weather Statement	LUB	Castro	37 min
Apr 30, 1:52 AM CDT	Special Weather Statement	LUB	Motley	23 min
Apr 30, 1:59 AM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	LUB	Kent	28 min
Apr 30, 4:31 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	LUB	Crosby, Garza	29 min
Apr 30, 4:56 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	LUB	Crosby, Garza, Kent	34 min
Apr 30, 4:59 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	LUB	Crosby, Garza	31 min
Apr 30, 5:19 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	LUB	Garza	26 min
Apr 30, 5:26 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	LUB	Crosby, Dickens	34 min
Apr 30, 5:31 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	LUB	Dickens, Garza, Kent	29 min
Apr 30, 5:54 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	LUB	Crosby, Dickens, Floyd, Motley	36 min
Apr 30, 5:59 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	LUB	Garza, Kent	31 min
Apr 30, 6:03 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	LUB	Crosby, Dickens, Garza, Kent	27 min
Apr 30, 6:22 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	LUB	Motley	38 min
Apr 30, 6:25 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	LUB	Kent	35 min
Apr 30, 6:28 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	LUB	Crosby, Dickens, Garza, Kent	62 min
Apr 30, 6:39 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	LUB	Dickens	51 min
Apr 30, 6:59 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	LUB	Childress, Cottle, Hall, Motley	46 min

Nearby

Severe Thunderstorm Warnings in Texas, 2012 Every severe thunderstorm warning in 2012

Sources

The product and its follow-ups from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service and Storm Prediction Center text; the sounding from the Mesonet's radiosonde archive; radar from the NEXRAD Level II archive.