Alert archive / Alaska / Wind Chill Advisories in 2012

Wind Chill Advisory 26, NWS Fairbanks, AK

February 2, 2012

NWS Fairbanks, AK issued this wind chill advisory at Feb 2, 2012, 11:32 PM AKST. It was in force for 6 hr.

The area

The counties it named.

The facts

Issued
Feb 2, 2012, 11:32 PM AKST (08:32 UTC)
Expired
Feb 3, 2012, 5:34 AM AKST
In force
6 hr
Issued by
NWS Fairbanks, AK

The text

As transmitted, in the capitals the NWS used until 2016.

825 
WWAK42 PAFG 030832
WSWWCZ

URGENT - WINTER WEATHER MESSAGE
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE FAIRBANKS AK
1132 PM AKST THU FEB 2 2012

AKZ207-031500-
/X.CAN.PAFG.WS.W.0003.000000T0000Z-120203T1300Z/
/X.NEW.PAFG.WC.Y.0026.120203T0832Z-120203T1500Z/
CHUKCHI SEA COAST-
INCLUDING...POINT HOPE...SHISHMAREF...KIVALINA...ESPENBERG
1132 PM AKST THU FEB 2 2012

...WIND CHILL ADVISORY IN EFFECT UNTIL 6 AM AKST FRIDAY...
...WINTER STORM WARNING IS CANCELLED...

THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE IN FAIRBANKS HAS ISSUED A WIND CHILL
ADVISORY...WHICH IS IN EFFECT UNTIL 6 AM AKST FRIDAY. THE WINTER
STORM WARNING HAS BEEN CANCELLED. 

* WIND CHILL VALUES...LOCALLY TO 55 BELOW.

* TEMPERATURES...25 BELOW TO 35 BELOW.

* WINDS...LOCAL SOUTHEAST WINDS TO 15 MPH.

* TIMING...WINDS WILL DIMINISH BY MORNING WITH WIND CHILL
  MODERATING.


PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

A WIND CHILL ADVISORY MEANS THAT LOW WIND CHILLS WITH SUSTAINED
WIND SPEEDS OF 15 MPH OR MORE ARE OCCURRING OR EXPECTED. IF
OUTDOORS...COVER EXPOSED SKIN TO PREVENT FROSTBITE.

&&

$$

AKZ210-031500-
/X.CON.PAFG.WS.A.0002.120204T1500Z-120205T1500Z/
NORTHERN AND INTERIOR SEWARD PENINSULA-
INCLUDING...BUCKLAND...DEERING...CANDLE...COUNCIL...HAYCOCK...
PILGRIM SPRINGS...SERPENTINE HOT SPRINGS...TAYLOR
1132 PM AKST THU FEB 2 2012

...WINTER STORM WATCH REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM SATURDAY MORNING
THROUGH LATE SATURDAY NIGHT...

A WINTER STORM WATCH REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM SATURDAY MORNING
THROUGH LATE SATURDAY NIGHT. 

* SNOW...6 TO 12 INCHES OF SNOW IS POSSIBLE.

* WINDS...SOUTHEAST GUSTING TO 40 MPH.

* VISIBILITY...NEAR ZERO IN BLOWING SNOW.

* TIMING...BLIZZARD CONDITIONS ARE POSSIBLE SATURDAY MORNING 
  THROUGH SATURDAY NIGHT. 

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS... A WINTER STORM WATCH MEANS
THAT THERE IS A POTENTIAL FOR ONE OR MORE SIGNIFICANT WINTER
WEATHER HAZARDS.

&&

$$

AKZ211-031500-
/X.CON.PAFG.WS.A.0002.120204T1500Z-120205T1500Z/
SOUTHERN SEWARD PENINSULA COAST-
INCLUDING...NOME...WHITE MOUNTAIN...GOLOVIN
1132 PM AKST THU FEB 2 2012

...WINTER STORM WATCH REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM SATURDAY MORNING
THROUGH LATE SATURDAY NIGHT...

A WINTER STORM WATCH REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM SATURDAY MORNING
THROUGH LATE SATURDAY NIGHT. 

* SNOW...6 TO 12 INCHES OF SNOW IS POSSIBLE.

* WINDS...SOUTHEAST GUSTING TO 40 MPH.

* VISIBILITY...NEAR ZERO IN BLOWING SNOW.

* TIMING...BLIZZARD CONDITIONS ARE POSSIBLE SATURDAY MORNING 
  THROUGH LATE SATURDAY NIGHT. 

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS... A WINTER STORM WATCH MEANS
THAT THERE IS A POTENTIAL FOR ONE OR MORE SIGNIFICANT WINTER
WEATHER HAZARDS.

&&

$$

AKZ213-031500-
/X.CON.PAFG.WS.A.0002.120204T0900Z-120205T0900Z/
ST LAWRENCE ISLAND AND BERING STRAIT COAST-
INCLUDING...GAMBELL...SAVOONGA...BREVIG MISSION...TELLER...
WALES...DIOMEDE
1132 PM AKST THU FEB 2 2012

...WINTER STORM WATCH REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM LATE FRIDAY NIGHT
THROUGH SATURDAY EVENING...

A WINTER STORM WATCH REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM LATE FRIDAY NIGHT
THROUGH SATURDAY EVENING. 

* SNOW...UP TO 6 INCHES OF SNOW IS POSSIBLE.

* WINDS...NORTHEAST GUSTING TO 50 MPH.

* VISIBILITY...NEAR ZERO IN BLOWING SNOW.

* TIMING...BLIZZARD CONDITIONS ARE POSSIBLE AFTER MIDNIGHT 
  FRIDAY NIGHT. 

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS... A WINTER STORM WATCH MEANS
THAT THERE IS A POTENTIAL FOR ONE OR MORE SIGNIFICANT WINTER
WEATHER HAZARDS.

&&

$$

AKZ214-031500-
/X.CON.PAFG.WS.A.0002.120204T0900Z-120205T0900Z/
YUKON DELTA-
INCLUDING...MOUNTAIN VILLAGE...EMMONAK...ALAKANUK...KOTLIK...
PILOT STATION...ST MARYS...SCAMMON BAY...MARSHALL...NUNAM IQUA...
PITKAS POINT
1132 PM AKST THU FEB 2 2012

...WINTER STORM WATCH REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM LATE FRIDAY NIGHT
THROUGH SATURDAY EVENING...

A WINTER STORM WATCH REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM LATE FRIDAY NIGHT
THROUGH SATURDAY EVENING. 

* SNOW...UP TO 6 INCHES OF SNOW IS POSSIBLE.

* WINDS...SOUTHEAST GUSTING TO 50 MPH.

* VISIBILITY...NEAR ZERO IN BLOWING SNOW.

* TIMING...BLIZZARD CONDITIONS ARE POSSIBLE AFTER MIDNIGHT 
  FRIDAY NIGHT. 

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS... A WINTER STORM WATCH MEANS
THAT THERE IS A POTENTIAL FOR ONE OR MORE SIGNIFICANT WINTER
WEATHER HAZARDS.

&&

$$
1 follow-up statement
874 
WWAK42 PAFG 031434
WSWWCZ

URGENT - WINTER WEATHER MESSAGE
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE FAIRBANKS AK
534 AM AKST FRI FEB 3 2012

AKZ207-032100-
/X.CAN.PAFG.WC.Y.0026.000000T0000Z-120203T1500Z/
/X.NEW.PAFG.WC.W.0011.120203T1500Z-120203T2100Z/
CHUKCHI SEA COAST-
INCLUDING...POINT HOPE...SHISHMAREF...KIVALINA...ESPENBERG
534 AM AKST FRI FEB 3 2012

...WIND CHILL WARNING IN EFFECT UNTIL NOON AKST TODAY...
...WIND CHILL ADVISORY IS CANCELLED...

THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE IN FAIRBANKS HAS ISSUED A WIND CHILL
WARNING...WHICH IS IN EFFECT UNTIL NOON AKST TODAY. THE WIND
CHILL ADVISORY HAS BEEN CANCELLED. 

* WIND CHILL VALUES...LOCALLY TO 60 BELOW.

* TEMPERATURES...25 BELOW TO 35 BELOW.

* WINDS...LOCAL SOUTHEAST WINDS 15 TO 20 MPH.

* TIMING...WINDS ARE EXPECTED TO DIMINISH BY NOON TODAY TO
  MODERATE THE WIND CHILL.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

A WIND CHILL WARNING MEANS THAT DANGEROUSLY LOW WIND CHILLS WITH
SUSTAINED WIND SPEEDS OF 15 MPH OR MORE ARE OCCURRING OR EXPECTED.
IF OUTDOORS...COVER EXPOSED SKIN TO PREVENT FROSTBITE.

&&

$$

AKZ213-032100-
/X.UPG.PAFG.WS.A.0002.120204T0900Z-120205T0900Z/
/X.NEW.PAFG.WS.W.0004.120204T0900Z-120205T0900Z/
ST LAWRENCE ISLAND AND BERING STRAIT COAST-
INCLUDING...GAMBELL...SAVOONGA...BREVIG MISSION...TELLER...
WALES...DIOMEDE
534 AM AKST FRI FEB 3 2012

...WINTER STORM WARNING IN EFFECT FROM MIDNIGHT TONIGHT TO
MIDNIGHT AKST SATURDAY NIGHT...

THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE IN FAIRBANKS HAS ISSUED A WINTER
STORM WARNING FOR SNOW AND LOCAL BLIZZARD CONDITIONS...WHICH IS 
IN EFFECT FROM MIDNIGHT TONIGHT TO MIDNIGHT AKST SATURDAY NIGHT. 
THE WINTER STORM WATCH IS NO LONGER IN EFFECT. 

* SNOW...UP TO 6 INCHES OF SNOW IS POSSIBLE.

* WINDS...NORTHEAST 40 TO 55 MPH.

* VISIBILITY...NEAR ZERO IN BLOWING SNOW.

* TIMING...SNOW AND BLIZZARD CONDITIONS ARE EXPECTED TO DEVELOP OVER
  ST LAWRENCE ISLAND LATE TONIGHT AND ON THE BERING STRAIT COAST
  EARLY SATURDAY. BLIZZARD CONDITIONS EXPECTED TO CONTINUE THROUGH
  SATURDAY NIGHT.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS... A WINTER STORM WATCH MEANS
THAT THERE IS A POTENTIAL FOR ONE OR MORE SIGNIFICANT WINTER
WEATHER HAZARDS.

&&

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

A WINTER STORM WARNING MEANS ONE OR MORE SIGNIFICANT WINTER
WEATHER HAZARDS ARE OCCURRING OR EXPECTED.

&&

$$

AKZ214-032100-
/X.UPG.PAFG.WS.A.0002.120204T0900Z-120205T0900Z/
/X.NEW.PAFG.WS.W.0004.120204T0900Z-120205T0900Z/
YUKON DELTA-
INCLUDING...MOUNTAIN VILLAGE...EMMONAK...ALAKANUK...KOTLIK...
PILOT STATION...ST MARYS...SCAMMON BAY...MARSHALL...NUNAM IQUA...
PITKAS POINT
534 AM AKST FRI FEB 3 2012

...WINTER STORM WARNING IN EFFECT FROM MIDNIGHT TONIGHT TO
MIDNIGHT AKST SATURDAY NIGHT...

THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE IN FAIRBANKS HAS ISSUED A WINTER
STORM WARNING FOR SNOW AND LOCAL BLIZZARD CONDITIONS...WHICH IS IN 
EFFECT FROM MIDNIGHT TONIGHT TO MIDNIGHT AKST SATURDAY NIGHT. 
THE WINTER STORM WATCH IS NO LONGER IN EFFECT. 

* SNOW...UP TO 6 INCHES OF SNOW IS POSSIBLE.

* WINDS...SOUTHEAST 35 TO 50 MPH.

* VISIBILITY...NEAR ZERO IN SNOW AND BLOWING SNOW.

* TIMING...BLIZZARD CONDITIONS ARE EXPECTED TO
  DEVELOP LATE TONIGHT...CONTINUING THROUGH MIDNIGHT
  SATURDAY NIGHT.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS... A WINTER STORM WATCH MEANS
THAT THERE IS A POTENTIAL FOR ONE OR MORE SIGNIFICANT WINTER
WEATHER HAZARDS.

&&

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

A WINTER STORM WARNING MEANS ONE OR MORE SIGNIFICANT WINTER
WEATHER HAZARDS ARE OCCURRING OR EXPECTED.

&&

$$

AKZ209-032100-
/X.EXB.PAFG.WS.A.0002.120204T2100Z-120205T1500Z/
BALDWIN PENINSULA AND SELAWIK VALLEY-
INCLUDING...KOTZEBUE...SELAWIK...NOORVIK
534 AM AKST FRI FEB 3 2012

...WINTER STORM WATCH IN EFFECT FROM SATURDAY AFTERNOON THROUGH
LATE SATURDAY NIGHT FOR SNOW AND BLIZZARD CONDITIONS...

THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE IN FAIRBANKS HAS ISSUED A WINTER
STORM WATCH...WHICH IS IN EFFECT FROM SATURDAY AFTERNOON THROUGH
LATE SATURDAY NIGHT. 

* SNOW...UP TO 6 INCHES ACCUMULATION IS POSSIBLE.

* WINDS...SOUTHEAST 35 TO 50 MPH.

* VISIBILITY...NEAR ZERO IN SNOW AND BLOWING SNOW.

* TIMING...BLIZZARD CONDITIONS ARE EXPECTED TO BEGIN AROUND NOON
  SATURDAY...CONTINUING THROUGH SATURDAY NIGHT.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS... A WINTER STORM WATCH MEANS
THAT THERE IS A POTENTIAL FOR ONE OR MORE SIGNIFICANT WINTER
WEATHER HAZARDS.

&&

$$

AKZ212-032100-
/X.EXA.PAFG.WS.A.0002.120204T1500Z-120205T1500Z/
EASTERN NORTON SOUND AND NULATO HILLS-
INCLUDING...UNALAKLEET...STEBBINS...ST MICHAEL...ELIM...KOYUK...
SHAKTOOLIK
534 AM AKST FRI FEB 3 2012

...WINTER STORM WATCH IN EFFECT FROM SATURDAY MORNING THROUGH
LATE SATURDAY NIGHT FOR BLIZZARD CONDITIONS...

THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE IN FAIRBANKS HAS ISSUED A WINTER
STORM WATCH...WHICH IS IN EFFECT FROM SATURDAY MORNING THROUGH
LATE SATURDAY NIGHT. 

* SNOW...1 TO 2 INCHES ACCUMULATION.

* WINDS...EAST 30 TO 45 MPH WITH GUSTS TO 60 MPH.

* VISIBILITY...NEAR ZERO IN BLOWING SNOW.

* TIMING...BLIZZARD CONDITIONS ARE POSSIBLE BEGINNING EARLY
  SATURDAY...AND CONTINUE THROUGH SATURDAY NIGHT.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS... A WINTER STORM WATCH MEANS
THAT THERE IS A POTENTIAL FOR ONE OR MORE SIGNIFICANT WINTER
WEATHER HAZARDS.

&&

$$

AKZ210-032100-
/X.CON.PAFG.WS.A.0002.120204T1500Z-120205T1500Z/
NORTHERN AND INTERIOR SEWARD PENINSULA-
INCLUDING...BUCKLAND...DEERING...CANDLE...COUNCIL...HAYCOCK...
PILGRIM SPRINGS...SERPENTINE HOT SPRINGS...TAYLOR
534 AM AKST FRI FEB 3 2012

...WINTER STORM WATCH REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM SATURDAY MORNING
THROUGH LATE SATURDAY NIGHT...

A WINTER STORM WATCH REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM SATURDAY MORNING
THROUGH LATE SATURDAY NIGHT. 

* SNOW...6 TO 12 INCHES OF SNOW IS POSSIBLE.

* WINDS...SOUTHEAST 25 TO 40 MPH.

* VISIBILITY...NEAR ZERO AT TIMES IN SNOW AND BLOWING SNOW.

* TIMING...BLIZZARD CONDITIONS ARE POSSIBLE SATURDAY MORNING 
  THROUGH SATURDAY NIGHT. 

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS... A WINTER STORM WATCH MEANS
THAT THERE IS A POTENTIAL FOR ONE OR MORE SIGNIFICANT WINTER
WEATHER HAZARDS.

&&

$$

AKZ211-032100-
/X.CON.PAFG.WS.A.0002.120204T1500Z-120205T1500Z/
SOUTHERN SEWARD PENINSULA COAST-
INCLUDING...NOME...WHITE MOUNTAIN...GOLOVIN
534 AM AKST FRI FEB 3 2012

...WINTER STORM WATCH REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM SATURDAY MORNING
THROUGH LATE SATURDAY NIGHT...

A WINTER STORM WATCH REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM SATURDAY MORNING
THROUGH LATE SATURDAY NIGHT. 

* SNOW...6 TO 12 INCHES OF SNOW IS POSSIBLE.

* WINDS...SOUTHEAST GUSTING TO 40 MPH.

* VISIBILITY...NEAR ZERO IN BLOWING SNOW.

* TIMING...SATURDAY AND SATURDAY NIGHT. 

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS... A WINTER STORM WATCH MEANS
THAT THERE IS A POTENTIAL FOR ONE OR MORE SIGNIFICANT WINTER
WEATHER HAZARDS.

&&

$$

What forecasters said that day

The local office's own words before this wind chill advisory went out, as it sent them, from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service text.

NWS Fairbanks, AK wrote its last area forecast discussion before this wind chill advisory went out at Feb 2, 5:43 PM AKST, 5 hours 49 minutes earlier.

Area forecast discussion, Feb 2, 5:43 PM AKST, 5 hours 49 minutes before
NORTHERN ALASKA FORECAST DISCUSSION
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE FAIRBANKS AK
543 PM AKST THU FEB 2 2012

.SYNOPSIS...
ALOFT...
THE LONG WAVE PATTERN HAS SHIFTED TO CONSIST OF A RIDGE OVER NW
CANADA AND EASTERN ALASKA AND A TROUGH OVER THE BERING. THE
PATTERN LOOKS LIKE IT WILL REMAIN IN PLACE BUT BECOME MORE
AMPLIFIED THROUGH THE WEEKEND. THIS WILL CAUSE A WARMING TO ABOVE
NORMAL TEMPERATURES OVER NORTHERN ALASKA BY SUNDAY. IT WILL ALSO
CAUSE SOUTH FLOW ALOFT TO BRING ABOUT MORE RAPID CHANGES IN
WEATHER THROUGH THE WEEKEND OVER NORTHERN ALASKA.

A SHORT WAVE TROUGH FROM THE BERING STRAIT TO KING SALMON WILL
MOVE TO POINT HOPE TO KODIAK BY 3AM FRI...TO POINT LAY TO
ANCHORAGE BY 3PM FRI...TO PRUDHOE BAY TO GLENALLEN BY 3AM SAT AND
EAST OF THE ALCAN BORDER SAT PM. WILL SEE CLEARING ALONG AND WEST
OF THIS TROUGH AND RAPID TEMPERATURE DROP AS THE 850 MB TEMPS ARE
COLDER THAN -20C ALONG THIS TROUGH AND AS COLD AS -38C IN NW
ALASKA.

SURFACE...
A SURFACE LOW DEVELOPING NEAR TANANA WILL MOVE TO COLDFOOT AS A
996 MB LOW BY 3AM FRI...AND TO NEAR OLD CROW BY 3PM FRI. CHINOOK
WINDS EAST OF THIS LOW ARE NOW CAUSING STRONG WINDS THROUGH PASSES
AND OVER EAGLE SUMMIT. WINDS WILL DECREASE TONIGHT AS THE LOW MOVES
NORTH AND THE FLOW ALOFT DECREASES. EXPECT 1-2 INCHES OF SNOW IN
CENTRAL AND WESTERN INTERIOR WITH THIS FEATURE SPREADING TO THE
EASTERN INTERIOR FRI.

A 990 MB LOW NEAR KOTZEBUE WILL MOVE TO POINT HOPE AS A 998 MB LOW
BY 3AM FRI AND TO 100 NM NORTHWEST OF POINT HOPE AS A 998 MB LOW
BY 3PM FRI. A COLD FRONT EXTENDING SOUTHEAST FROM THIS LOW TO
MCGRATH WILL MOVE TO POINT HOPE TO BETTLES TO DENALI BY 3AM FRI...
TO JUST NORTH OF BARROW TO PRUDHOE BAY TO FAIRBANKS BY 3PM FRI AND
EAST OF THE ALCAN BORDER FRI NIGHT. LIGHT SNOW WILL SPREAD EAST
WITH THE FRONT AS WILL WEST WINDS 15-25KT. WILL SEE CLEARING WEST
OF THE FRONT AND DECREASING WINDS CAUSING A RAPID COOLING FRI NIGHT.

A LOW SOUTH OF SHEMYA WILL MOVE TO THE NORTHERN BERING SEA AS A
973 MB LOW ON SAT. THIS WILL CAUSE EASTERLY GALES AND POSSIBLE
BLIZZARD CONDITIONS ALONG THE WEST COAST STARTING EARLY SAT.
EXPECT 3-6 INCHES OF SNOW ALONG MOST OF THE WEST COAST SAT-SAT
NIGHT BUT AS MUCH AS 12 INCHES ALONG SOUTH FACING SLOPES.

&&

.DISCUSSION...
GFS MOVES SHORT WAVE TROUGH NE FASTER THAN THE NAM. FAVOR THE GFS
BASED ON THE STRONG DYNAMICS NOW IN PLACE. ECMF ALSO AGREES MORE
WITH THE GFS.

&&

.AFG WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES...
WIND CHILL ADVISORY FOR AKZ202-AKZ203-AKZ209-AKZ211-AKZ214.

WINTER WEATHER ADVISORY FOR AKZ220.

WINTER STORM WARNING FOR AKZ207.

WIND CHILL WARNING FOR AKZ201-AKZ210-AKZ213.

WINTER STORM WATCH FOR AKZ211-AKZ213-AKZ214.
&&

JB FEB 12

The office that day

Everything else NWS Fairbanks, AK issued on the same UTC day.

IssuedProductOfficeCountiesLasted
Feb 2, 3:26 PM AKSTWinter Weather AdvisoryAFG13 hr
Feb 3, 2:04 AM AKSTBrisk Wind AdvisoryAFG36 hr
Feb 3, 2:29 AM AKSTBrisk Wind AdvisoryAFG23 hr
Feb 3, 2:41 AM AKSTBrisk Wind AdvisoryAFG23 hr
Feb 3, 2:41 AM AKSTGale WarningAFG12 hr
Feb 3, 4:55 AM AKSTWinter Weather AdvisoryAFG24 hr
Feb 3, 5:34 AM AKSTWind Chill WarningAFG24 hr
Feb 3, 5:34 AM AKSTWinter Storm WarningAFG3 days
Feb 3, 9:27 AM AKSTWind Chill AdvisoryAFG20 hr
Feb 3, 2:09 PM AKSTWinter Storm WatchAFG15 hr
Feb 3, 2:39 PM AKSTGale WarningAFG71 hr
Feb 3, 2:39 PM AKSTStorm WarningAFG11 hr

Nearby

Wind Chill Advisories in Alaska, 2012Every wind chill advisory in 2012

Sources

The product and its follow-ups from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service and Storm Prediction Center text.