Alert archive / Wisconsin / Severe Thunderstorm Warnings in 2008

Severe Thunderstorm Warning 68, NWS Green Bay, WI

July 16, 20084 counties in Wisconsin

NWS Green Bay, WI issued this severe thunderstorm warning at Jul 16, 2008, 2:30 PM CDT for 4 counties in Wisconsin. It was in force for 60 min. 5 reports came from inside the area while it was in force.

The area

The outline as issued, with what was reported inside it.

The facts

Issued: Jul 16, 2008, 2:30 PM CDT (19:30 UTC)
Expired: Jul 16, 2008, 3:30 PM CDT
In force: 60 min
Issued by: NWS Green Bay, WI
Area: Storm-based polygon

Counties Brown County, WI, Calumet County, WI, Manitowoc County, WI, Outagamie County, WI

The radar

The Green Bay radar (KGRB), 48 km from the middle of the area, began a volume at 19:33 UTC, the scan nearest the moment this went out.

Open the radar archive at this moment

The archived warnings, watches and discussions in force at that minute are drawn over the scan, this one among them.

What was reported inside it

Time	Report	Where	Remark
Jul 16, 2:31 PM CDT	HAIL 0.75	Chilton, WI	DIME SIZED REPORTED.
Jul 16, 2:51 PM CDT	HAIL 1.75	Chilton, WI	GOLF BALL SIZE.
Jul 16, 2:53 PM CDT	HAIL 2.5	Chilton, WI	TENNIS BALL SIZE RECORDED.
Jul 16, 3:03 PM CDT	HAIL 1.75	2 Wsw Hayton, WI	WINDS ESTIMATED OVER 50 MPH AND HEAVY RAIN.
Jul 16, 3:25 PM CDT	TSTM WND DMG	Kiel, WI	TREES AND POWER LINES DOWN

Local storm reports filed while the alert was in force, from inside its polygon or its counties.

Did it verify

Verified. The Iowa Environmental Mesonet's Cow matched 4 storm reports to this severe thunderstorm warning; the first came 21 minutes after it went out.

Cow counts a report within 15 km of the polygon while the warning was in force: a tornado for a tornado warning; hail of 1 inch or more, a gust of 58 mph or more or wind damage for a severe thunderstorm warning; a flash flood report for a flash flood warning.

The watch it was issued in

The SPC watch in force over the same counties when this warning went out.

Issued	Product	Office	Lasted
Jul 16, 9:57 AM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Watch	SPC	8 hr

The nearest sounding before it

Green Bay/Straub, WI (KGRB), launched 12:00Z, 7.5 hours before the alert went out and 46 km from the middle of its area. This is the routine balloon launch nearest before it, the air the forecaster had in hand, not a measurement taken for the alert.

Skew-T log-p

Temperature in red, dew point in green, the mixed-layer parcel dashed.

Hodograph

The wind turning with height, colored by layer: ground to 1 km, 1 to 3 km, 3 to 6 km, 6 to 10 km.

Mixed-layer CAPE: 177 J/kg
Mixed-layer CIN: -330 J/kg
Mixed-layer LCL: 1593 m above ground
0-6 km bulk shear: 35 kt
0-1 km storm-relative helicity: 8 m²/s²
0-3 km storm-relative helicity: 71 m²/s²
Significant tornado parameter: 0.0
Supercell composite: 0.0

Open this sounding in Storm Lab

The text

As transmitted, in the capitals the NWS used until 2016.

000 
WUUS53 KGRB 161930
SVRGRB
WIC009-015-071-087-162030-
/O.NEW.KGRB.SV.W.0068.080716T1930Z-080716T2030Z/

BULLETIN - EAS ACTIVATION REQUESTED
SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GREEN BAY WI
230 PM CDT WED JUL 16 2008

THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE IN GREEN BAY HAS ISSUED A

* SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING FOR...
  CALUMET COUNTY IN EAST CENTRAL WISCONSIN...
  MANITOWOC COUNTY IN EAST CENTRAL WISCONSIN...
  SOUTHERN BROWN COUNTY IN NORTHEAST WISCONSIN...
  SOUTHEASTERN OUTAGAMIE COUNTY IN NORTHEAST WISCONSIN...

* UNTIL 330 PM CDT

* AT 228 PM CDT...DOPPLER RADAR INDICATED A LINE OF SEVERE
  THUNDERSTORMS CAPABLE OF PRODUCING LARGE HAIL...AND WINDS TO 60
  MPH...ROUGHLY ALONG A LINE EXTENDING FROM KAUKAUNA TO VALDERS..AND
  MOVING NORTHEAST AT 17 MPH.

* LOCATIONS IMPACTED INCLUDE...
  TWO CREEKS...ST ANNA...MANITOWOC...DENMARK...CLEVELAND...CHILTON...
  BRILLION AND APPLETON

THIS STORM HAS PRODUCED DESTRUCTIVE WINDS AND LARGE DAMAGING HAIL AND
MAY DO SO AGAIN. SEEK SHELTER NOW INSIDE A STURDY STRUCTURE AND STAY
AWAY FROM WINDOWS

CAMPERS AND OTHERS OUTDOORS SHOULD SEEK SHELTER IN A STURDY BUILDING
IMMEDIATELY.

LAT...LON 4393 8818 4393 8839 4440 8843 4435 8777
      4433 8776 4433 8754 4420 8748 4415 8751
      4409 8764 4390 8771 4389 8773 4388 8815
TIME...MOT...LOC 1930Z 233DEG 15KT 4430 8830 4398 8784

$$

RDM

2 follow-up statements

000 
WWUS53 KGRB 161955
SVSGRB

SEVERE WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GREEN BAY WI
255 PM CDT WED JUL 16 2008

WIC009-015-071-087-162030-
/O.CON.KGRB.SV.W.0068.000000T0000Z-080716T2030Z/
BROWN-OUTAGAMIE-MANITOWOC-CALUMET-
253 PM CDT WED JUL 16 2008

...A SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 330 PM CDT
FOR CALUMET...MANITOWOC...SOUTHEASTERN OUTAGAMIE AND SOUTHERN BROWN
COUNTIES...

AT 251 PM...DOPPLER RADAR CONTINUED TO INDICATE A LARGE CLUSTER OF 
SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS CAPABLE OF PRODUCING LARGE DAMAGING HAIL UP TO 
GOLF BALL SIZE. THE STORMS EXTENDED FROM LAKE WINNEBAGO TO NEAR 
MANITOWOC. 

GOLF BALL SIZE HAIL WAS REPORTED IN CHILTON AT 251 PM.

SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS PRODUCE STRONG WINDS AND HAIL. STAY AWAY FROM
WINDOWS UNTIL THE STORM PASSES. IF OUTDOORS...GO TO A STURDY SHELTER.

TORRENTIAL RAIN...WHICH MAY FLOOD LOW LYING AREAS SUCH AS DITCHES AND
UNDERPASSES...IS ALSO LIKELY. 

LAT...LON 4393 8818 4393 8839 4412 8840 4438 8830
      4435 8777 4433 8776 4433 8754 4420 8748
      4415 8751 4409 8764 4389 8773 4388 8815
TIME...MOT...LOC 1953Z 233DEG 15KT 4436 8819 4404 8773

$$

JKL

000 
WWUS53 KGRB 162023
SVSGRB

SEVERE WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GREEN BAY WI
323 PM CDT WED JUL 16 2008

WIC009-087-162033-
/O.CAN.KGRB.SV.W.0068.000000T0000Z-080716T2030Z/
BROWN-OUTAGAMIE-
323 PM CDT WED JUL 16 2008

...THE SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING FOR SOUTHEASTERN OUTAGAMIE AND
SOUTHERN BROWN COUNTIES IS CANCELLED...

LAT...LON 4388 8815 4398 8814 4403 8805 4412 8794
      4414 8785 4419 8772 4415 8757 4412 8758
      4409 8764 4389 8773
TIME...MOT...LOC 2023Z 233DEG 15KT 4394 8807 4400 8796
          4408 8770

$$

WIC015-071-162030-
/O.CON.KGRB.SV.W.0068.000000T0000Z-080716T2030Z/
MANITOWOC-CALUMET-
323 PM CDT WED JUL 16 2008

...A SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 330 PM CDT
FOR SOUTHEASTERN CALUMET AND SOUTHERN MANITOWOC COUNTIES...

AT 319 PM...A LINE OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS WAS REPORTED PRODUCING
HAIL UP TO 1 INCH IN DIAMETER...AND DAMAGING WINDS...ROUGHLY ALONG A
LINE EXTENDING FROM ST ANNA TO VALDERS TO MANITOWOC..AND MOVING
NORTHEAST AT 17 MPH.

* OTHER LOCATIONS IN THE WARNING INCLUDE BUT ARE NOT LIMITED TO
  SHOTO...COLLINS...CLARKS MILLS AND BRANCH.

LAT...LON 4388 8815 4398 8814 4403 8805 4412 8794
      4414 8785 4419 8772 4415 8757 4412 8758
      4409 8764 4389 8773
TIME...MOT...LOC 2023Z 233DEG 15KT 4394 8807 4400 8796
          4408 8770

$$

RDM

What forecasters said that day

The local office's own words before this severe thunderstorm warning went out, as it sent them, from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service text.

NWS Green Bay, WI wrote its last area forecast discussion before this severe thunderstorm warning went out at Jul 16, 4:07 AM CDT, 10 hours 23 minutes earlier.

Area forecast discussion, Jul 16, 4:07 AM CDT, 10 hours 23 minutes before

AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GREEN BAY WI
407 AM CDT WED JUL 16 2008

.SHORT TERM...TODAY THROUGH THURSDAY...MAIN FCST CONCERNS ARE PCPN
TRENDS...AND POTENTIAL FOR SVR TSTMS WITH DAMAGING WINDS AND HEAVY
RAINFALL TONIGHT.

SFC ANALYSIS SHOWED A STATIONARY FRONT EXTENDING FROM A WEAK SFC
LOW IN CNTRL SD EASTWARD INTO S MN AND CNTRL WI. ISOLD/SCT TSTMS
WERE DEVELOPING FROM ND INTO CNTRL MN...AS ISENT LIFT INCREASED
N OF THE FRONTAL BOUNDARY. THE FLOW ALOFT WAS ZONAL...WITH SEVERAL
JET STREAKS MOVG ALONG THE U.S./CANADIAN BORDER. A POTENT S/W TROF
AND UPPER DIVG ASSOC WITH A COUPLED UPPER JET WERE COMBINING TO
PRODUCE TSTMS OVER S SASK.

00Z NAM SEEMED TO HAVE THE BEST HANDLE ON THE UPPER LEVEL FEATURES
AND PCPN AREAS AT 06Z...SO HAVE FOLLOWED IT FOR THE DETAILS OF THE
FCST. THE NAM ALSO CORRECTLY PICKED UP ON THE INCREASING CONVECTIVE
ACTIVITY TO OUR WEST EARLY THIS MORNING. ALTHOUGH SOME OF THIS
CONVECTION COULD APPROACH OUR SW COUNTIES THIS MORNING...FEEL
THAT MOST OF THE FA WILL BE DRY...SO HAVE LOWERED POPS TO SLGT CHC
THROUGH 18Z. EXPECT SCT TSTMS TO DEVELOP THIS AFTERNOON AS ISENT
LIFT INCREASES. HAVE KEPT THE HIGHEST POPS IN OUR NW COUNTIES.

ALL MODELS SHOW STRONG SUPPORT FOR AN MCS MOVG THROUGH GRB CWA
TONIGHT...AS THE SFC/H8 WARM FRONTS LIFT NORTH THROUGH THE AREA...
AND THE RRQ OF AN UPPER JET STREAK SHIFTS THROUGH THE RGN. WITH
PRECIPITABLE WATER VALUES RISING TO AROUND 200% OF NORMAL...
K-INDICES OF 35-40 AND H8 DEW POINTS AROUND 14-15 C...FEEL THAT
THERE IS A GOOD LIKELIHOOD OF HEAVY RAINFALL. HAVE ALREADY SENT
OUT AN UPDATED HYDROLOGIC STATEMENT (ESF) TO ADDRESS THIS ISSUE.
DEGREE OF INSTABILITY AND SHEAR ALSO SUPPORT THE POTENTIAL FOR SVR
TSTMS...WITH DAMAGING WINDS THE PRIMARY THREAT. HAVE BOOSTED POPS
TO LIKELY OVER THE ENTIRE CWA...AND ADDED HEAVY RAINFALL TO THE WX
GRIDS.

ON THURSDAY...PCPN TRENDS ARE NOT QUITE AS CLEAR. THE STABILIZING
EFFECTS OF THE OVERNIGHT MCS...AND H8 FLOW RUNNING PARALLEL TO THE
FRONTAL BOUNDARY SUGGEST NO BETTER THAN SCT DEVELOPMENT DURING
THE DAY. AS A RESULT...HAVE KEPT POPS IN THE CHC CATEGORY FOR
NOW.

SIDED TOWARD THE WARMER MET GUIDANCE FOR TODAY AND TONIGHT...
AND USED A BLEND OF MET/MAV FOR THURSDAY.

.LONG TERM...THURSDAY NIGHT THROUGH TUESDAY.

STRONG LOW AMPLITUDE FLOW ALOFT...ACROSS SOUTHERN CANADA/EXTREME
NORTHERN CONUS...IS EXPECTED THROUGHOUT THIS PART OF THE FORECAST.
THIS PATTERN WILL CONTINUE TO MAKE IT QUITE DIFFICULT TO ADD ANY
SIGNIFICANT RESOLUTION TO THE FORECAST. SHOWERS AND THUNDERSTORMS
REMAIN POSSIBLE IN THE CWA WITH A SURFACE BOUNDARY ACROSS
WISCONSIN. MODELS SHOWED HIGH QPF DURING THE LATTER HALF OF THE
WEEK...SO EXCESSIVE RAINFALL IS POSSIBLE.

DID NOT SEE ANYTHING THAT WOULD LEAD ONE TO MAKE MAJOR ADJUSTMENTS
TO THE PREVIOUS FORECAST...SO ONLY MINOR CHANGES HAVE BEEN MADE.
&&

.AVIATION...EXPECT PATCHY FOG TO DISSIPATE SHORTLY AFTER SUNRISE
THIS MORNING. SCT TSTMS WILL DEVELOP ALONG AND NORTH OF A STATIONARY
FRONT THIS AFTERNOON. MVFR CIGS/VSBY ARE PSBL WITH THESE STORMS.
A LARGE THUNDERSTORM COMPLEX IS EXPECTED TO MOVE THROUGH THE
RGN TONIGHT...ACCOMPANIED BY HEAVY RAINFALL AND POSSIBLY SOME
DAMAGING WINDS. IFR VSBYS AND MVFR CIGS WILL LIKELY ACCOMPANY
THESE STORMS.
&&

.GRB WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES...
NONE.
&&

KIECKBUSCH/MG

Hazardous weather outlook, Jul 16, 12:01 PM CDT, 2 hours 29 minutes before

HAZARDOUS WEATHER OUTLOOK
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GREEN BAY WI
1201 PM CDT WED JUL 16 2008

WIZ005-010>013-018>022-030-031-035>040-045-048>050-073-074-171715-
VILAS-ONEIDA-FOREST-FLORENCE-NORTHERN MARINETTE-LINCOLN-LANGLADE-
MENOMINEE-NORTHERN OCONTO-DOOR-MARATHON-SHAWANO-WOOD-PORTAGE-
WAUPACA-OUTAGAMIE-BROWN-KEWAUNEE-WAUSHARA-WINNEBAGO-CALUMET-
MANITOWOC-SOUTHERN MARINETTE-SOUTHERN OCONTO-
1201 PM CDT WED JUL 16 2008

THIS HAZARDOUS WEATHER OUTLOOK IS FOR PORTIONS OF CENTRAL
AND NORTHEAST WISCONSIN.

.DAY ONE...THIS AFTERNOON AND TONIGHT

THERE IS A RISK OF SEVERE STORMS THIS AFTERNOON INTO TONIGHT...
WITH HAIL...DAMAGING WINDS AND VERY HEAVY RAIN. SOME URBAN AND
SMALL STREAM FLOODING IS POSSIBLE.

.DAYS TWO THROUGH SEVEN...THURSDAY THROUGH TUESDAY

THERE IS A CHANCE OF THUNDERSTORMS ACROSS THE AREA FOR THE REST
OF THIS WEEK. SEVERE STORMS ARE POSSIBLE THURSDAY...ALONG WITH
HEAVY RAIN.

.SPOTTER INFORMATION STATEMENT...

SPOTTER ACTIVATION WILL BE NEEDED THIS AFTERNOON...AND POSSIBLY TONIGHT.

LMZ521-522-541>543-171715-
THE BAY OF GREEN BAY SOUTH OF A LINE FROM CEDAR RIVER MI TO ROCK
ISLAND PASSAGE-LAKE MICHIGAN FROM WASHINGTON ISLAND TO SHEBOYGAN-
1201 PM CDT WED JUL 16 2008

THIS HAZARDOUS WEATHER OUTLOOK IS FOR PORTIONS OF LAKE MICHIGAN.

.DAY ONE...THIS AFTERNOON AND TONIGHT

AREAS OF FOG...LOCALLY DENSE...MAY IMPACT MARINERS THROUGH
TONIGHT.

THERE IS CHANCE OF THUNDERSTORMS THIS AFTERNOON AND TONIGHT.
HEAVY RAINFALL AND GUSTY WINDS MAY ACCOMPANY THE STORMS.

.DAYS TWO THROUGH SEVEN...THURSDAY THROUGH TUESDAY

THERE IS A CHANCE OF THUNDERSTORMS ACROSS THE AREA THE REST
OF THIS WEEK.

AREAS OF MARINE FOG WILL STILL BE POSSIBLE DURING THIS PERIOD...
AS A HUMID AIR MASS FLOWS ACROSS THE RELATIVELY COOL WATERS OF
LAKE MICHIGAN.

JKL

In the hours before

Local storm report, Jul 16, 2:07 PM CDT, 23 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GREEN BAY WI
207 PM CDT WED JUL 16 2008

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0205 PM     HAIL             KAUKAUNA                44.26N 88.26W
07/16/2008  M0.75 INCH       OUTAGAMIE          WI   TRAINED SPOTTER

            DIME SIZED REPORTED WEST SIDE OF TOWN.

&&

MARQUIS

Local storm report, Jul 16, 2:11 PM CDT, 19 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GREEN BAY WI
211 PM CDT WED JUL 16 2008

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0140 PM     HAIL             5 NW SHERWOOD           44.22N 88.34W
07/16/2008  E0.88 INCH       CALUMET            WI   BROADCAST MEDIA

&&

JKL

Local storm report, Jul 16, 2:18 PM CDT, 12 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GREEN BAY WI
218 PM CDT WED JUL 16 2008

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0208 PM     HAIL             2 N SHERWOOD            44.20N 88.27W
07/16/2008  E2.00 INCH       CALUMET            WI   EMERGENCY MNGR

&&

JKL

Local storm report, Jul 16, 2:20 PM CDT, 10 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GREEN BAY WI
220 PM CDT WED JUL 16 2008

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0208 PM     TSTM WND DMG     1 ENE MOSINEE           44.79N 89.67W
07/16/2008                   MARATHON           WI   AMATEUR RADIO

            18 INCH TREE DOWN ON INTERSECTION OF OLD 51 AND RING ROAD

&&

MARQUIS

Local storm report, Jul 16, 2:25 PM CDT, 5 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GREEN BAY WI
225 PM CDT WED JUL 16 2008

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0220 PM     TSTM WND GST     CLINTONVILLE            44.61N 88.75W
07/16/2008  M64 MPH          WAUPACA            WI   AWOS

&&

JKL

Local storm report, Jul 16, 2:28 PM CDT, 2 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GREEN BAY WI
228 PM CDT WED JUL 16 2008

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0215 PM     TSTM WND DMG     3 S RICHFORD            43.97N 89.43W
07/16/2008                   MARQUETTE          WI   PUBLIC

            LARGE 10 INCH DIAMETER TREE LIMBS REPORTED DOWN.

&&

MARQUIS

The office that day

Everything else NWS Green Bay, WI issued on the same UTC day.

Issued	Product	Office	Counties	Lasted
Jul 16, 12:02 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	GRB	Lincoln, Marathon	58 min
Jul 16, 12:21 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	GRB	Portage, Waupaca	54 min
Jul 16, 12:37 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	GRB	Wood	53 min
Jul 16, 12:52 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	GRB	Marathon, Portage, Wood	68 min
Jul 16, 1:06 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	GRB	Outagamie, Portage, Waupaca, Waushara, Winnebago	69 min
Jul 16, 1:18 PM CDT	Tornado Warning	GRB	Wood	27 min
Jul 16, 1:31 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	GRB	Calumet, Manitowoc, Outagamie, Winnebago	59 min
Jul 16, 1:38 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	GRB	Shawano	52 min
Jul 16, 1:41 PM CDT	Flash Flood Warning	GRB	Calumet, Outagamie, Portage, Waupaca, Waushara, Winnebago	2 hr
Jul 16, 2:09 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	GRB	Outagamie, Portage, Waupaca, Waushara, Winnebago	60 min
Jul 16, 2:20 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	GRB	Outagamie, Shawano, Waupaca	55 min
Jul 16, 2:54 PM CDT	Flash Flood Warning	GRB	Calumet, Manitowoc, Winnebago	111 min
Jul 16, 3:29 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	GRB	Manitowoc	52 min
Jul 16, 4:47 PM CDT	Flash Flood Warning	GRB	Calumet, Manitowoc	81 min

Nearby

Severe Thunderstorm Warnings in Wisconsin, 2008 Every severe thunderstorm warning in 2008

Sources

The product and its follow-ups from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service and Storm Prediction Center text; local storm reports from the same archive; the sounding from the Mesonet's radiosonde archive; radar from the NEXRAD Level II archive.