Alert archive / Kansas / Severe Thunderstorm Warnings in 2007

Severe Thunderstorm Warning 144, NWS Dodge City, KS

May 23, 2007Pawnee County, Kansas

NWS Dodge City, KS issued this severe thunderstorm warning at May 23, 2007, 9:02 PM CDT for Pawnee County, Kansas. It was in force for 43 min. 1 report came from inside the area while it was in force.

The area

The outline as issued, with what was reported inside it.

The facts

Issued: May 23, 2007, 9:02 PM CDT (02:02 UTC)
Expired: May 23, 2007, 9:45 PM CDT
In force: 43 min
Issued by: NWS Dodge City, KS
Area: Counties, with a storm outline in the text

County Pawnee County, KS

The radar

The Dodge City radar (KDDC), 87 km from the middle of the area, began a volume at 02:03 UTC, the scan nearest the moment this went out.

Open the radar archive at this moment

The archived warnings, watches and discussions in force at that minute are drawn over the scan, this one among them.

What was reported inside it

Time	Report	Where	Remark
May 23, 9:10 PM CDT	HAIL 1	2 W Larned, KS

Local storm reports filed while the alert was in force, from inside its polygon or its counties.

Did it verify

Verified. The Iowa Environmental Mesonet's Cow matched one storm report to this severe thunderstorm warning; the first came 8 minutes after it went out.

Cow counts a report within 15 km of the polygon while the warning was in force: a tornado for a tornado warning; hail of 1 inch or more, a gust of 58 mph or more or wind damage for a severe thunderstorm warning; a flash flood report for a flash flood warning.

The watch it was issued in

The SPC watch in force over the same counties when this warning went out.

Issued	Product	Office	Lasted
May 23, 3:31 PM CDT	Tornado Watch PDS	SPC	7 hr

The nearest sounding before it

Dodge City, (KDDC), launched 00:00Z, 2.0 hours before the alert went out and 82 km from the middle of its area. This is the routine balloon launch nearest before it, the air the forecaster had in hand, not a measurement taken for the alert.

Skew-T log-p

Temperature in red, dew point in green, the mixed-layer parcel dashed.

Hodograph

The wind turning with height, colored by layer: ground to 1 km, 1 to 3 km, 3 to 6 km, 6 to 10 km.

Mixed-layer CAPE: 879 J/kg
Mixed-layer CIN: -33 J/kg
Mixed-layer LCL: 1377 m above ground
0-6 km bulk shear: 71 kt
0-1 km storm-relative helicity: 227 m²/s²
0-3 km storm-relative helicity: 418 m²/s²
Significant tornado parameter: 1.2
Supercell composite: 5.4

Open this sounding in Storm Lab

The text

As transmitted, in the capitals the NWS used until 2016.

000 
WUUS53 KDDC 240202
SVRDDC
KSC145-240245-
/O.NEW.KDDC.SV.W.0144.070524T0202Z-070524T0245Z/

BULLETIN - EAS ACTIVATION REQUESTED
SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DODGE CITY KS
902 PM CDT WED MAY 23 2007

THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE IN DODGE CITY HAS ISSUED A

* SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING FOR...
  EASTERN PAWNEE COUNTY IN SOUTH CENTRAL KANSAS.

* UNTIL 945 PM CDT

* AT 859 PM CDT...NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DOPPLER RADAR INDICATED A
  SEVERE THUNDERSTORM CAPABLE OF PRODUCING LARGE DAMAGING HAIL UP TO
  GOLF BALL SIZE...AND DAMAGING WINDS IN EXCESS OF 60 MPH.  THIS
  STORM WAS LOCATED 3 MILES SOUTH OF FRIZELL...AND MOVING NORTHEAST
  AT 40 MPH.

* LOCATIONS IMPACTED INCLUDE...
  GARFIELD...
  FRIZELL...
  LARNED...
  RURAL RESIDENCES OF EASTERN PAWNEE COUNTY.

BE ALERT FOR RAPIDLY CHANGING WEATHER CONDITIONS. IF CAUGHT OUTSIDE
SEEK A STURDY SHELTER AND STAY AWAY FROM WINDOWS UNTIL THE STORM HAS
PASSED.

A TORNADO WATCH REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 1100 PM CDT WEDNESDAY EVENING
FOR SOUTHWESTERN KANSAS.

LAT...LON 3814 9936 3801 9918 3825 9895 3825 9903
      3834 9904 3833 9912

$$

FINCH

2 follow-up statements

000 
WWUS53 KDDC 240217
SVSDDC

SEVERE WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DODGE CITY KS
915 PM CDT WED MAY 23 2007

KSC145-240245-
/O.CON.KDDC.SV.W.0144.000000T0000Z-070524T0245Z/
PAWNEE KS-
915 PM CDT WED MAY 23 2007

...A SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 945 PM CDT
FOR NORTHEASTERN PAWNEE COUNTY...

AT 911 PM CDT...NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DOPPLER RADAR CONTINUED TO
INDICATE A SEVERE THUNDERSTORM CAPABLE OF PRODUCING LARGE DAMAGING
HAIL UP TO GOLF BALL SIZE...AND DAMAGING WINDS IN EXCESS OF 60 MPH. 
THIS STORM WAS LOCATED NEAR LARNED...MOVING NORTHEAST AT 40 MPH.

* LOCATIONS IMPACTED INCLUDE...
  LARNED...
  RURAL RESIDENCES OF NORTHEASTERN PAWNEE COUNTY.

AT 910 PM QUARTER SIZED HAIL WAS REPORTED 2 MILES WEST OF LARNED.

A TORNADO WATCH REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 1100 PM CDT WEDNESDAY EVENING
FOR SOUTHWESTERN KANSAS.

LAT...LON 3819 9925 3811 9909 3825 9895 3825 9903
      3834 9904 3833 9912

$$

FINCH

000 
WWUS53 KDDC 240244
SVSDDC

SEVERE WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DODGE CITY KS
944 PM CDT WED MAY 23 2007

KSC145-240254-
/O.EXP.KDDC.SV.W.0144.000000T0000Z-070524T0245Z/
PAWNEE KS-
944 PM CDT WED MAY 23 2007

...THE SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING FOR NORTHEASTERN PAWNEE COUNTY
EXPIRES AT 945 PM CDT...

THE STORM HAS EXITED THE WARNED AREA.

A TORNADO WATCH REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 1100 PM CDT WEDNESDAY EVENING
FOR SOUTHWESTERN KANSAS.

LAT...LON 3819 9925 3811 9909 3825 9895 3825 9903
      3834 9904 3833 9912

$$

RITTERLING

What forecasters said that day

The local office's own words before this severe thunderstorm warning went out, as it sent them, from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service text.

NWS Dodge City, KS wrote its last area forecast discussion before this severe thunderstorm warning went out at May 23, 3:14 PM CDT, 5 hours 48 minutes earlier.

Area forecast discussion, May 23, 3:14 PM CDT, 5 hours 48 minutes before

AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DODGE CITY KS
314 PM CDT WED MAY 23 2007

.DISCUSSION...

DAYS 1-2...

PRIMARY FOCUS TODAY WILL BE THE POTENTIAL FOR SEVERE WEATHER AND
POSSIBLE FLOODING LATER TONIGHT.

12Z UPPER AIR ANALYSIS AND W/V LOOP WAS SHOWING OUR NEXT S/W TROF
MOVING EAST ACROSS NE AZ/NW NM AT 12Z. AS THIS SYSTEM CONTINUES IT
EASTWARD PROGRESSING HAVE BEEN WATCHING LIGHTNING STRIKES STEADILY
INCREASING OVER THE LAST FEW HOURS ACROSS NC NM/SC CO. ALSO
OBSERVING STEADY PRESSURE FALLS VIA MSAS OVER NE NM/SE CO EARLIER
THIS AFTERNOON. RUC AND NAM ALL ARE IN AGREEMENT WITH AN AREA OF
LOW PRESSURE DEVELOPING IN THIS AREA DURING THE EVENING HOURS WITH
WARM FGEN DEVELOPING IN OUR SOUTHERN CWA. THUNDERSTORMS ARE THEN
LIKELY TO DEVELOP ALONG THIS BOUNDARY AND MOVE EAST NORTHEAST. GIVEN
THE STORM ENVIRONMENT ANY STORM THAT DEVELOPS WILL LIKELY BECOME
SEVERE. A FEW ISOLATED TORNADOES WILL ALSO BE POSSIBLE.

AN MCS IS ALSO EXPECTED TO DEVELOP EARLY TONIGHT OVER SE CO AS THE
MAIN UPPER LEVEL TROF MOVES OUT OF THE ROCKIES INTO THE PLAINS. THIS
WILL BRING THE BEST CHANCE FOR WIDESPREAD THUNDERSTORMS TO SW KS.
LOOKS LIKE EVERYONE WILL SEE SOMETHING WITH THE BETTER DYNAMICS
SUPPORTING HEAVY RAIN BEGIN OVER OUR SOUTHERN AND EASTERN CWA. WILL
THEREFORE KEEP CURRENT FFA GOING AND EXPAND IT FURTHER SW TO THE
COLORADO BORDER.

AS THE MAIN TROF SLIDES EAST OF THE AREA ON THURSDAY THE RAIN
WILL TAPER OFF FROM NW TO SE. SKIES WILL BRIEFLY CLEAR AND WINDS
SUBSIDE AS HIGH PRESSURE BUILDS INTO THE AREA.

DAYS 3-7...

FRI NIGHT-SAT NIGHT. AS WED-THURS STORM EJECTS NORTH OF GREAT
LAKES REGION...A SECONDARY SMALLER SYSTEM WILL TRACK ACROSS
NORTHERN PLAINS FRIDAY NIGHT INDUCING SURFACE CYCLOGENESIS OVER
NEB PANHANDLE AREA AND BLACK HILLS. THIS WILL DRAW RESIDUAL
MOISTURE NORTHWARD THROUGH WESTERN KANSAS. GOING FCST SHOWS 30
POPS OVER WESTERN CWA FOR POTENTIAL CONVECTION ALONG SOUTHWARD
EXTENDING LEE TROUGH...AND WITH FAIRLY COOL MID LEVEL
TEMPS...THINK THIS IS NOT A BAD FCST. AS THIS SYSTEM AND
ASSOCIATED SURFACE LOW MOVE RAPIDLY INTO GREAT LAKES REGION...A
COLD FRONT WILL PUSH INTO KANSAS BY SATURDAY...WITH ADVECTION OF
HIGHER QUALITY MOISTURE FROM THE SOUTH. THINK 30-40 POPS ARE
CERTAINLY WARRANTED FOR MOST OF SOUTHWEST KANSAS LATE SATURDAY AND
INTO SAT NIGHT.

SUN-MON.  THE NORTHERN STREAM POLAR JET WILL BE FAIRLY ZONAL WITH
PROGRESSIVE SHORT WAVE TROUGHS.  THE NEXT ONE IN LINE WILL COME INTO
THE PAC NORTHWEST REGION AND NORTHERN ROCKIES BY LATE SUNDAY...WITH
LEE TROUGH DEVELOPING ONCE AGAIN OVER THE CENTRAL/NORTHERN HIGH
PLAINS AND A RETURN TO SOUTHEASTERLY SURFACE FLOW...PER 23/00Z RUN
OF ECMWF.  GFS IS A LITTLE FARTHER WEST WITH SURFACE HIGH AXIS AND
KEEPS THE FRONT MORE DEFINED ON SUNDAY NEAR THE OK/KS BORDER.  WILL
KEEP NEAR 30 POPS GOING FOR ENTIRE FCST AREA SUNDAY.  ON
MONDAY...BEST OVERALL SETUP FOR SEVERE WEATHER WILL BE OVER THE
NORTHERN PLAINS IT WOULD APPEAR AS SURFACE LOW ONCE AGAIN SETS UP
AHEAD OF THE NORTHERN PLAINS SHORT-WAVE TROUGH.

TUES-WED.  OUT THIS FAR...IT IS QUITE UNCLEAR WHAT WILL HAPPEN TO
INFLUENCE SOUTHWEST KANSAS WEATHER...HOWEVER LARGE SCALE PATTERN
WITH CONTINUED FAIRLY FAST PROGRESSION OF NORTHERN CONUS
SYSTEMS...AND RIDGING OVER THE CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN ROCKIES WOULD
SUGGEST WARM TEMPERATURES IN THE UPPER 80S AND AT BEST A
CLIMATOLOGICAL CHANCE OF PCPN...IF NOT A LITTLE LESS...WHICH IS
PRIMARILY BASED ON THE ECMWF PROG.

&&

.AVIATION...

PRIMARY CONCERN FOR AVIATION FCST WILL BE THE THUNDERSTORM IMPACTS
ON THE DDC, GCK, HYS TERMINALS AND THE TIMING OF THE STORMS.
CURRENT SET OF TAFS HAVE A DECENT HANDLE ON THE SITUATION FOR THIS
EVENING/TONIGHT AND DO NOT PLAN TO DEVIATE MUCH FROM THE TAF FCST.
WIDESPREAD THUNDERSTORMS ARE EXPECTED AND STRONG WINDS ASSOCIATED
WITH THE STORMS WILL BE THE PRIMARY THREAT...SO MAY GO WITH FAIRLY
HIGH CONVECTIVE VRB WINDS FOR A COUPLE HOURS IN THUNDERSTORM
GROUP.  UP UNTIL STORMS IMPACT TERMINALS...SKY/VIS SHOULD BE VFR FOR
THE MOST PART...ALTHOUGH BROKEN 030-040 WILL BE POSSIBLE AT TIMES
THROUGH THE AFTERNOON.

&&

.PRELIMINARY POINT TEMPS/POPS...
DDC  49  71  50  78 / 100  40  10  30
GCK  46  71  48  79 / 100  20  10  30
EHA  47  72  51  77 /  90  20  10  30
LBL  48  72  49  80 / 100  30  10  30
HYS  48  70  49  74 /  90  60  10  20
P28  54  73  52  76 /  90  80  10  20

&&

.DDC WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES...
FLOOD WATCH FROM 7 PM CDT THIS EVENING THROUGH THURSDAY MORNING
FOR KSZ030-031-044>046-063>066-077>081-087>089.

&&

FN18/25/25

Hazardous weather outlook, May 23, 4:50 AM CDT, 16 hours 12 minutes before

HAZARDOUS WEATHER OUTLOOK
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DODGE CITY KS
450 AM CDT WED MAY 23 2007

KSZ030-031-043>046-061>066-074>081-084>090-241000-
TREGO-ELLIS-SCOTT-LANE-NESS-RUSH-HAMILTON-KEARNY-FINNEY-HODGEMAN-
PAWNEE-STAFFORD-STANTON-GRANT-HASKELL-GRAY-FORD-EDWARDS-KIOWA-
PRATT-MORTON-STEVENS-SEWARD-MEADE-CLARK-COMANCHE-BARBER-
450 AM CDT WED MAY 23 2007 /350 AM MDT WED MAY 23 2007/

THIS HAZARDOUS WEATHER OUTLOOK IS FOR PORTIONS OF CENTRAL
KANSAS...SOUTH CENTRAL KANSAS...SOUTHWEST KANSAS AND WEST CENTRAL
KANSAS.

.DAY ONE...TODAY AND TONIGHT

A FLOOD WATCH HAS BEEN ISSUED FOR A PORTION SOUTHWEST KANSAS TONIGHT.

A OUTBREAK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS IS POSSIBLE LATE THIS AFTERNOON
INTO THE EVENING...EAST OF A HAYS TO GARDEN CITY TO LIBERAL LINE.
ALONG WITH THE POSSIBILITY OF VERY LARGE HAIL...A FEW TORNADOES
ARE EXPECTED. THE STRONGEST STORMS ARE EXPECTED TO OCCUR AFTER 600
PM CDT. A STRONG TORNADO IS NOT OUT OF THE QUESTION IN THE AREA...ESPECIALLY
EAST OF A KINSLEY TO BUCKLIN TO ASHLAND LINE.

STORMS WILL BECOME MORE WIDESPREAD TONIGHT. THESE STORMS WILL BE
CAPABLE OF PRODUCING RAINFALL RATES IN EXCESS OF 1 INCH PER HOUR.
A FLOOD WATCH HAS BEEN ISSUED FOR THE OVERNIGHT HOURS AS A FEW
LOCATIONS COULD RECEIVE 2 TO 4 INCHES OF RAIN.

FURTHER WEST...THUNDERSTORMS WILL BE POSSIBLE. A FEW OF THESE
STORMS COULD CONTAIN SMALL HAIL AND BRIEF GUSTY WINDS.

.DAYS TWO THROUGH SEVEN...THURSDAY THROUGH TUESDAY

THUNDERSTORMS WILL RETURN TO SOUTHWEST KANSAS BY FRIDAY. STORMS
WILL CONTINUE TO BE POSSIBLE THROUGH MONDAY. AT THIS TIME...IT IS
TOO EARLY TO DETERMINE IF ANY OF THESE STORMS WILL BE SEVERE.

.SPOTTER INFORMATION STATEMENT...

SPOTTER ACTIVATION WILL BE NEEDED AFTER 5 PM THIS EVENING EAST OF
A HAYS TO GARDEN CITY TO LIBERAL LINE.

&&

FOR MORE INFORMATION VISIT OUR WEBPAGE AT HTTP://WEATHER.GOV/DDC

In the hours before

Local storm report, May 23, 7:55 PM CDT, 1 hour 7 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DODGE CITY KS
755 PM CDT WED MAY 23 2007

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0751 PM     TORNADO          1 E SYRACUSE            37.98N 101.73W
05/23/2007                   HAMILTON           KS   LAW ENFORCEMENT

            TORNADO ON THE GROUND 1 E OF SYRACUSE

&&

MSCOTT

Local storm report, May 23, 8:18 PM CDT, 44 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DODGE CITY KS
818 PM CDT WED MAY 23 2007

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0815 PM     HAIL             1 N KENDALL             37.95N 101.54W
05/23/2007  E1.75 INCH       HAMILTON           KS   LAW ENFORCEMENT

&&

MSCOTT

Local storm report, May 23, 8:23 PM CDT, 39 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DODGE CITY KS
823 PM CDT WED MAY 23 2007

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0812 PM     HAIL             8 S OFFERLE             37.78N 99.56W
05/23/2007  E0.75 INCH       FORD               KS   PUBLIC

&&

BURKE

Local storm report, May 23, 8:29 PM CDT, 33 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DODGE CITY KS
829 PM CDT WED MAY 23 2007

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0815 PM     FUNNEL CLOUD     14 SW LAKIN             37.80N 101.44W
05/23/2007                   KEARNY             KS   TRAINED SPOTTER

&&

MSCOTT

Local storm report, May 23, 8:48 PM CDT, 14 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DODGE CITY KS
848 PM CDT WED MAY 23 2007

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0845 PM     HAIL             15 N DEERFIELD          38.20N 101.13W
05/23/2007  E1.75 INCH       KEARNY             KS   CO-OP OBSERVER

&&

BURKE

Local storm report, May 23, 8:58 PM CDT, 4 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DODGE CITY KS
858 PM CDT WED MAY 23 2007

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0830 PM     FLASH FLOOD      ZENITH                  37.95N 98.48W
05/23/2007                   STAFFORD           KS   LAW ENFORCEMENT

            WATER OVER ROAD SOUTH OF ZENITH.

0852 PM     HAIL             HOLCOMB                 37.99N 100.99W
05/23/2007  E0.88 INCH       FINNEY             KS   PUBLIC

&&

26

The office that day

Everything else NWS Dodge City, KS issued on the same UTC day.

Issued	Product	Office	Counties	Lasted
May 23, 7:06 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	DDC	Ford, Gray	44 min
May 23, 7:14 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	DDC	Hamilton, Stanton	61 min
May 23, 7:18 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	DDC	Hodgeman	30 min
May 23, 7:36 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	DDC	Ford	39 min
May 23, 7:36 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	DDC	Hamilton	39 min
May 23, 7:41 PM CDT	Tornado Warning	DDC	Ford	34 min
May 23, 7:54 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	DDC	Edwards, Kiowa	51 min
May 23, 7:55 PM CDT	Tornado Warning	DDC	Hamilton	14 min
May 23, 7:59 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	DDC	Ford	31 min
May 23, 8:04 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	DDC	Kearny	56 min
May 23, 8:05 PM CDT	Tornado Warning	DDC	Edwards	40 min
May 23, 8:21 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	DDC	Hodgeman	29 min
May 23, 8:29 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	DDC	Ford	18 min
May 23, 8:36 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	DDC	Finney	39 min
May 23, 8:37 PM CDT	Flash Flood Warning	DDC	Stafford	6 hr
May 23, 8:44 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	DDC	Edwards	34 min
May 23, 8:59 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	DDC	Grant, Haskell, Seward, Stevens	37 min
May 23, 9:13 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	DDC	Finney	24 min
May 23, 9:43 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	DDC	Finney, Gray	35 min
May 23, 10:28 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	DDC	Rush	47 min
May 23, 10:30 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	DDC	Hodgeman	45 min
May 24, 12:40 AM CDT	Tornado Warning	DDC	Clark, Kiowa	50 min
May 24, 1:25 AM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	DDC	Kiowa	37 min

Nearby

Severe Thunderstorm Warnings in Kansas, 2007 Every severe thunderstorm warning in 2007

Sources

The product and its follow-ups from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service and Storm Prediction Center text; local storm reports from the same archive; the sounding from the Mesonet's radiosonde archive; radar from the NEXRAD Level II archive.