Tornadoes · United States · Oklahoma · 2016

EF2 tornado, Stilwell to Morrow, Oklahoma, March 23, 2016

From Stilwell to Morrow, this EF2 tornado ran 11.1 miles across Adair, Crawford and Washington counties on March 23, 2016, touching down at 9:51 PM CDT and reaching 800 yards wide. It killed nobody and injured 4, and did $375,000 of property damage.

The rating scale

Tracks are drawn in the color of the rating. The Enhanced Fujita scale rates the damage rather than measuring the wind: the speeds are what that damage is taken to imply.

  1. EF065 to 85 mph

    Light damage. Surface peeled off some roofs, gutters and siding damaged, branches broken, shallow-rooted trees pushed over.

  2. EF186 to 110 mph

    Moderate damage. Roofs badly stripped, mobile homes overturned or badly damaged, exterior doors lost, windows broken.

  3. EF2111 to 135 mphthis tornado

    Considerable damage. Roofs torn off well-built houses, frame homes shifted on their foundations, mobile homes destroyed, large trees snapped or uprooted, cars lifted off the ground.

  4. EF3136 to 165 mph

    Severe damage. Whole stories of well-built houses destroyed, large buildings badly damaged, trains overturned, trees debarked, heavy cars lifted and thrown.

  5. EF4166 to 200 mph

    Devastating damage. Well-built houses leveled, structures with weak foundations moved some distance, cars thrown and large missiles generated.

  6. EF5over 200 mph

    Incredible damage. Strong frame houses swept off their foundations, car-sized missiles thrown more than 100 meters, steel-reinforced concrete badly damaged, high-rise buildings deformed.

  7. Unrated

    The survey recorded a tornado but could not put a number on it, most often because it crossed open country and damaged nothing a rating can be read from.

The record

Rating
EF2
Date
March 23, 2016
Touchdown
9:51 PM CDT (02:51 UTC)
Lifted
10:06 PM CDT (03:06 UTC)
On the ground
15 minutes
Path length
11.1 miles (17.9 km)
Path width
800 yards (732 m)
Deaths
0
Injuries
4
Property damage
$375,000
Counties
Adair, Crawford and Washington counties
Touchdown point
35.692, -94.504
Lift-off point
35.829, -94.410
Record number
1603232051-02

The damage survey

34 damage points were recorded along this path by NWS TSA, in the Damage Assessment Toolkit the survey teams carry. The strongest indicator was rated EF2. The highest wind the damage implies is 122 mph.

  • convergent tree damage; mh nnw
  • many trees around this mobile home had trunks snapped
  • chevy blazer thrown/rolled about 500 feet

Survey points are preliminary and are the raw material the published rating was built from. Source: NWS Damage Assessment Toolkit.

What the Weather Service recorded

Strong to severe thunderstorms developed along and ahead of a dry line over central Oklahoma during the late afternoon hours of the 23rd. The storms developed eastward across eastern Oklahoma and northwestern Arkansas during the evening hours. The storms produced a strong tornado, hail up to golfball size, and damaging wind across eastern Oklahoma as they moved through the region.

Strong to severe thunderstorms developed along and ahead of a dry line over central Oklahoma during the late afternoon hours of the 23rd. The storms developed eastward across eastern Oklahoma and northwestern Arkansas during the evening hours. The storms produced a strong tornado and hail up to quarter size across northwestern Arkansas as they moved through the region.

This is the first segment of a three segment tornado. In Adair County, this tornado snapped or uprooted numerous trees. Based on this tree damage, maximum estimated wind in this segment of the tornado was 95 to 105 mph. The tornado continued into Crawford County, Arkansas.

This is the second segment of a three segment tornado. In Crawford County, this tornado destroyed a mobile home and snapped or uprooted numerous trees. Two people in the mobile home at the time the tornado hit were severely injured. Based on this damage, maximum estimated wind in this segment of the tornado was 110 to 120 mph. The tornado continued into Washington County, Arkansas.

This is the third segment of a three segment tornado. In Washington County, this tornado destroyed several mobile homes, rolled a sport utility vehicle several hundred feet, destroyed outbuildings, severely damaged two homes, and snapped or uprooted numerous trees. Two people were injured when a double-wide mobile home they were in was rolled. Based on this damage, maximum estimated wind in this segment of the tornado was 120 to 130 mph.

From NOAA NCEI's Storm Events Database, the narrative the local forecast office wrote for Storm Data.

What forecasters said that day

The local office's own words before the tornado touched down, as it sent them, from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service text.

NWS Tulsa, OK wrote its last area forecast discussion before the tornado touched down at Mar 23, 9:00 PM CDT, 51 minutes earlier.

Area forecast discussion, Mar 23, 9:00 PM CDT, 51 minutes before
AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE Tulsa OK
900 PM CDT WED MAR 23 2016

.DISCUSSION...
Scattered severe thunderstorms continue across portions of eastern
Oklahoma, mainly east of a Miami to McAlester line.  The dryline has
stalled near a KBVO TO KSNL line with a cold front lurking to the
west across central Oklahoma. The front will begin to surge into
the area this evening and is expected to catch up with the line of
thunderstorms around 11 pm. This will allow the thunderstorms to
become more linear in nature. Expect the severe threat to end around
midnight with some lingering showers and thunderstorms continuing into
the overnight hours.

Will allow the Red Flag Warning to expire at 9 pm and will continue
the wind advisory until 1 am. Will continue to make adjustments to the
grids for tonight as the event wears on.

&&

.TSA Watches/Warnings/Advisories...
OK...Freeze Watch from late Thursday night through Friday morning for
     OKZ054>059-061>063-068-069.

     Wind Advisory until 1 AM CDT Thursday for OKZ054>071-073.

AR...Freeze Watch from late Thursday night through Friday morning for
     ARZ001-002-010-011-019-020.

     Wind Advisory until 1 AM CDT Thursday for ARZ001-010.

&&

SHORT TERM...10
Hazardous weather outlook, Mar 23, 4:53 PM CDT, 4 hours 58 minutes before
HAZARDOUS WEATHER OUTLOOK
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE TULSA OK
453 PM CDT WED MAR 23 2016

ARZ001-002-010-011-019-020-029-OKZ049-053>076-241030-
ADAIR OK-BENTON AR-CARROLL AR-CHEROKEE OK-CHOCTAW OK-CRAIG OK-
CRAWFORD AR-CREEK OK-DELAWARE OK-FRANKLIN AR-HASKELL OK-LATIMER OK-
LE FLORE OK-MADISON AR-MAYES OK-MCINTOSH OK-MUSKOGEE OK-NOWATA OK-
OKFUSKEE OK-OKMULGEE OK-OSAGE OK-OTTAWA OK-PAWNEE OK-PITTSBURG OK-
PUSHMATAHA OK-ROGERS OK-SEBASTIAN AR-SEQUOYAH OK-TULSA OK-WAGONER OK-
WASHINGTON OK-WASHINGTON AR-
453 PM CDT WED MAR 23 2016

...CRITICAL FIRE WEATHER CONDITIONS ONGOING NORTHEAST OKLAHOMA...
...SEVERE WEATHER POTENTIAL INCREASES THIS EVENING...

THIS OUTLOOK IS FOR NORTHWEST AND WEST CENTRAL ARKANSAS AS WELL AS
MUCH OF EASTERN OKLAHOMA.

.DAY ONE...THIS EVENING AND TONIGHT.
TORNADO.
	RISK...LIMITED.
	AREA...FAR EASTERN OKLAHOMA INTO NORTHWEST ARKANSAS.
	ONSET...AFTER 7 PM.

SEVERE THUNDERSTORM.
	RISK...ELEVATED.
	AREA...ALONG AND EAST OF HIGHWAY 75.
	ONSET...AFTER 6 PM.

SIGNIFICANT WINDS.
	RISK...ELEVATED.
	AREA...ALL EASTERN OKLAHOMA AND NORTHWEST ARKANSAS.
	ONSET...ONGOING.

FIRE WEATHER DANGER.
	RISK...SIGNIFICANT.
	AREA...WEST OF A LINE FROM CRAIG TO MCINTOSH COUNTIES.
	ONSET...ONGOING.

	AREA AT GREATEST RISK...ALONG AND WEST OF HIGHWAY 75.

DISCUSSION...
CRITICAL FIRE WEATHER CONDITIONS ARE ONGOING AND WILL
CONTINUE TO SPREAD EASTWARD TOWARD THE HIGHWAY 75 CORRIDOR
INTO THE EARLY EVENING HOURS.  EXTREMELY LOW HUMIDITY VALUES
AND VERY STRONG WINDS WILL CREATE DANGEROUSLY AGGRESSIVE
WILDFIRE SPREAD POTENTIAL WITHIN THIS CORRIDOR.

THUNDERSTORMS WILL INCREASE THIS EVENING ALONG AND WEST OF
A LINE FROM TULSA TO MCALESTER.  SUFFICIENT INSTABILITY AND
WIND SHEAR ARE PRESENT TO SUPPORT SEVERE WEATHER POTENTIAL
AS STORMS MOVE RAPIDLY TO THE NORTHEAST.  FURTHERMORE...
THE STRONGEST STORMS WILL POSE THE POTENTIAL FOR TORNADOES
HOWEVER CONDITIONS ARE NOT FAVORABLE FOR A WIDESPREAD OR
PROLONGED TORNADIC THREAT.

SPOTTER AND EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT ACTION STATEMENT...
ACTIVATION OF THE REGIONAL SPOTTER NETWORK POSSIBLE.

.DAYS TWO THROUGH SEVEN...THURSDAY THROUGH TUESDAY.
THURSDAY...HIGH WIND POTENTIAL.
FRIDAY...NO HAZARDS.
SATURDAY AND SUNDAY...THUNDERSTORM POTENTIAL.
MONDAY...NO HAZARDS.
TUESDAY...VERY HIGH FIRE WEATHER POTENTIAL...HIGH WIND POTENTIAL.

EXTENDED DISCUSSION...
GUSTY NORTHWESTERLY WINDS WILL CONTINUE ON THURSDAY
AS THE STRONG STORM SYSTEM MOVES EAST OF THE AREA.
THE NEXT STORM SYSTEM ARRIVES OVER THE WEEKEND WITH
INCREASING THUNDERSTORM CHANCES.

WWW.SRH.NOAA.GOV/TULSA CONTAINS ADDITIONAL INFORMATION.

In the hours before

Special weather statement, Mar 23, 8:55 PM CDT, 56 minutes before
SPECIAL WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE TULSA OK
855 PM CDT WED MAR 23 2016

OKZ058-240230-
OTTAWA OK-
855 PM CDT WED MAR 23 2016

...SIGNIFICANT WEATHER ADVISORY FOR SOUTHEASTERN OTTAWA COUNTY UNTIL
930 PM CDT...

AT 854 PM CDT...A STRONG THUNDERSTORM WAS LOCATED 4 MILES EAST OF
FAIRLAND...MOVING NORTHEAST AT 45 MPH.

NICKEL SIZE HAIL WILL BE POSSIBLE WITH THIS STORM.

LOCATIONS IN OR NEAR THE PATH INCLUDE...
FAIRLAND...                       WYANDOTTE...
PEORIA...                         TWIN BRIDGES STATE PARK...

THIS INCLUDES INTERSTATE 44 BETWEEN MILE MARKERS 322 AND 324.

A SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WATCH REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL MIDNIGHT CDT FOR
NORTHEASTERN OKLAHOMA.

LAT...LON 3674 9462 3666 9474 3667 9476 3673 9490
      3700 9462
TIME...MOT...LOC 0154Z 224DEG 40KT 3673 9476
Special weather statement, Mar 23, 9:09 PM CDT, 42 minutes before
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Local storm report, Mar 23, 9:14 PM CDT, 37 minutes before
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Local storm report, Mar 23, 9:34 PM CDT, 17 minutes before
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Special weather statement, Mar 23, 9:45 PM CDT, 6 minutes before
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Local storm report, Mar 23, 9:46 PM CDT, 5 minutes before
PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE TULSA OK
946 PM CDT WED MAR 23 2016

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0754 PM     HAIL             2 N WAGONER             35.99N 95.37W
03/23/2016  E1.50 INCH       WAGONER            OK   PUBLIC

            SILVER DOLLAR SIZE HAIL AT WHITE HORN COVE, NORTH OF
            WAGONER

&&

AEJ

The air that afternoon

The radiosonde launches on either side of the tornado, from the nearest station that was launching then, drawn and analyzed the way Storm Lab does: the same diagram, the same parcel and shear definitions SPC's mesoanalysis uses.

Springfield, MO (KSGF), 00:00Z

2.9 hours before the tornado, 140 km from the path. March 24, 2016.

Skew-T log-pSkew-T log-p diagram, Springfield, MO at 00:00Z on 2016-03-24Temperature and dew point through the depth of the atmosphere, with the mixed-layer parcel lifted from the surface. Mixed-layer CAPE 243 joules per kilogram, CIN -52, lifted condensation level 1307 meters above ground. Wind barbs in knots down the right edge.LCLLFCEL10008507005003002001001 km2 km3 km6 km9 km12 km15 km-30°-20°-10°0°10°20°30°40°
Temperature in red, dew point in green, the mixed-layer parcel dashed. The warm shading is its CAPE, the cool shading the inhibition it has to break through.
HodographHodograph, Springfield, MO at 00:00Z on 2016-03-24The wind through the lowest 10 kilometers as a curve, rings every 10 meters per second labeled in knots. Zero to 1 km storm-relative helicity 210 square meters per square second, 0 to 6 km bulk shear 62 knots.1939587897Sfc1 km3 km6 km9 kmRMLM
The wind turning with height, colored by layer: ground to 1 km, 1 to 3 km, 3 to 6 km, 6 to 10 km. RM and LM are the right and left moving storms Bunkers' method gives; the shaded area is the 0 to 1 km storm-relative helicity.
Mixed-layer CAPE
243 J/kg
Mixed-layer CIN
-52 J/kg
Surface CAPE
487 J/kg
Mixed-layer LCL
1307 m above ground
0-6 km bulk shear
62 kt
0-1 km bulk shear
22 kt
0-1 km storm-relative helicity
210 m²/s²
0-3 km storm-relative helicity
164 m²/s²
Significant tornado parameter
0.2
Supercell composite
2.0
0-3 km lapse rate
6.8 K/km

Open this sounding in Storm Lab

The surface observations

Fayetteville/Drake (FYV), 38 km from the path, in the two hours either side.

Time (UTC)Temp (°F)Dew point (°F)WindGust (kt)Pressure (mb)Weather
00:00 UTC

From the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of airport observations.

The radar

The Western Arkansas radar (KSRX), 53 km away, was scanning. The volume nearest the touchdown began at 02:50 UTC.

Open the radar archive at this moment, over the track

Reflectivity and velocity, decoded from the Level II archive in the browser. Volumes take a few seconds to open the first time.

This ground now

The live radar over the trackEvery 2016 tornado in OklahomaEvery tornado in Oklahoma since 1950Warnings in force in Oklahoma nowThe forecast where you are

The other tornadoes of March 23, 2016

2 more were confirmed in the United States that day.

DateTimeRatingWherePath (mi)Width (yd)DeathsInjuriesDamage
March 239:08 PM CDTEF0Tarrant, TX0.640$90,000
March 2311:08 PM CDTEF1Stone, MO3.8200

What this means

Ratings are the survey's, read off the damage rather than measured; the rating scale is above. Tornado counts rise through the record as reporting improved, so a year in the 1950s is not comparable with one today except for the strongest tornadoes, which were always noticed.

Sources

NOAA Storm Prediction Center tornado database, 1950-2025, the official record kept by NOAA's Storm Prediction Center.