Tornadoes · United States · Indiana · 2023
EF1 tornado, Swanington to Remington, Indiana, March 31, 2023
From Swanington to Remington, this EF1 tornado ran 10.2 miles across Benton and Jasper counties on March 31, 2023, touching down at 9:41 PM EDT and reaching 500 yards wide. It killed nobody.
The rating scale
Tracks are drawn in the color of the rating. The Enhanced Fujita scale rates the damage rather than measuring the wind: the speeds are what that damage is taken to imply.
EF065 to 85 mph
Light damage. Surface peeled off some roofs, gutters and siding damaged, branches broken, shallow-rooted trees pushed over.
EF186 to 110 mphthis tornado
Moderate damage. Roofs badly stripped, mobile homes overturned or badly damaged, exterior doors lost, windows broken.
EF2111 to 135 mph
Considerable damage. Roofs torn off well-built houses, frame homes shifted on their foundations, mobile homes destroyed, large trees snapped or uprooted, cars lifted off the ground.
EF3136 to 165 mph
Severe damage. Whole stories of well-built houses destroyed, large buildings badly damaged, trains overturned, trees debarked, heavy cars lifted and thrown.
EF4166 to 200 mph
Devastating damage. Well-built houses leveled, structures with weak foundations moved some distance, cars thrown and large missiles generated.
EF5over 200 mph
Incredible damage. Strong frame houses swept off their foundations, car-sized missiles thrown more than 100 meters, steel-reinforced concrete badly damaged, high-rise buildings deformed.
Unrated
The survey recorded a tornado but could not put a number on it, most often because it crossed open country and damaged nothing a rating can be read from.
The record
- Rating
- EF1
- Date
- March 31, 2023
- Touchdown
- 9:41 PM EDT (01:41 UTC)
- Lifted
- 9:50 PM EDT (01:50 UTC)
- On the ground
- 9 minutes
- Path length
- 10.2 miles (16.4 km)
- Path width
- 500 yards (457 m)
- Deaths
- 0
- Injuries
- 0
- Counties
- Benton and Jasper counties
- Touchdown point
- 40.712, -87.278
- Lift-off point
- 40.770, -87.099
- Record number
- 2303311941-01
The damage survey
96 damage points were recorded along this path by NWS IWX and NWS LOT, in the Damage Assessment Toolkit the survey teams carry. The strongest indicator was rated EF2. The highest wind the damage implies is 120 mph.
- Large trees snapped some rot.
- Large tree onto the house. Could be some rot.
- Large trees down. Rot in trees.
- 6 small power poles leaning.
Survey points are preliminary and are the raw material the published rating was built from. Source: NWS Damage Assessment Toolkit.
What the Weather Service recorded
During the afternoon and evening of the 31st, a wave of severe thunderstorms produced numerous tornadoes, severe hail, and extensive wind damage across northwestern Indiana. A total of 23 tornadoes were confirmed across the state. The NWS Chicago office tied a record for the most tornadoes to occur in a single calendar day within the office's county warning area with 22, 5 of which occurred in Indiana. Two EF-2 tornadoes occurred in Benton County and one other in Lee County, Illinois. Some of the more notable damage includes a few homes with walls and portions of roofing blown away, a wind turbine that had been snapped in half, and wind turbine blades thrown as far as 600 yards, all a result of the two EF-2 tornadoes in Benton County.
This tornado touched down near the intersection of E County Road 200 S and S Adeway Rd south of Fowler. The tornado tracked to the northeast for nearly 12 miles. Along the way, it damaged a few homes and multiple wind turbines. The tornado reached its maximum intensity just east of Fowler where it snapped the base of a wind turbine about halfway up and threw the blades of wind turbines as far as 600 yards to the northeast. Wind speeds during this time are estimated to be around 120 mph. The storm also downed trees and power poles. It lifted near N County Road 800 E and E County Road 600 N in northeast Benton County.
The tornado touched down northwest of Oxford near the intersection of S County Road 200 E and E County Road 500 S. It tracked northeast for over 10 miles before crossing into southwest White County at E County Road 100 S. It lifted just east of South County Road 850 W at S US Hwy 231 in rural White County. The storm primarily downed trees and damaged farm outbuildings. However, it also caused damage to a few homes. The tornado is believed to have reached EF-2 intensity with wind speeds near 115 mph after crossing S County Road 875 E where large portions of a roof and some siding were torn off of a home.
The tornado dropped south of Goodland in rural Benton County south of E County Road 800 N east of N County Road 200 E. The storm tracked northeast and crossed into Jasper County at E County Road 900 N southwest of Remington. It lifted east of town north of W US Hwy 24 just west of N County Road 1200 W. Damage mostly consisted of snapped power poles, downed trees, and damage to small farm outbuildings.
The tornado dropped south of Goodland in rural Benton County south of E County Road 800 N east of N County Road 200 E. The storm tracked northeast and crossed into Jasper County at E County Road 900 N southwest of Remington. It lifted east of town north of W US Hwy 24 just west of N County Road 1200 W. Six semi trucks were reported flipped over on I-65 near the junction at US Hwy 24. Additionally, a trailer with a tractor in it had rolled over several times in a field off of US Hwy 24 just west of I-65. Damage otherwise mostly consisted of snapped power poles, downed trees, and damage to small farm outbuildings.
From NOAA NCEI's Storm Events Database, the narrative the local forecast office wrote for Storm Data.
The warnings
26 minutes of warning. NWS LOT issued a tornado warning for this county at 01:15 UTC, 26 minutes before the tornado touched down, in force until 01:47 UTC.
The county was under a tornado watch, issued at 19:38 UTC and running to 03:00 UTC.
| Issued (UTC) | Expired | Product | Office |
|---|---|---|---|
| 19:38 UTC | 03:00 UTC | Tornado Watch | LOT |
| 20:00 UTC | 18:00 UTC | Wind Advisory | LOT |
| 01:15 UTC | 01:47 UTC | Tornado Warning | LOT |
Every warning and watch covering the touchdown point that day, from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service products. Lead time is measured from the issue of the warning in force to the touchdown time in the database, both of which were recorded to the minute by different people.
The forecast that day
The Storm Prediction Center had this point in a Moderate Risk, with a 0.10 chance of a tornado within 25 miles, in the hatched area where significant tornadoes were expected. The outlook in force was issued at 01:04 UTC.
SPC's Day 1 convective outlook as it stood when the tornado began, read at the touchdown point. The same archive is on the radar archive.
The air that afternoon
The radiosonde launches on either side of the tornado, from the nearest station that was launching then, drawn and analyzed the way Storm Lab does: the same diagram, the same parcel and shear definitions SPC's mesoanalysis uses.
Lincoln, IL (KILX), 00:00Z
1.7 hours before the tornado, 136 km from the path. April 1, 2023.
- Mixed-layer CAPE
- 638 J/kg
- Mixed-layer CIN
- -39 J/kg
- Surface CAPE
- 972 J/kg
- Mixed-layer LCL
- 921 m above ground
- 0-6 km bulk shear
- 63 kt
- 0-1 km bulk shear
- 31 kt
- 0-1 km storm-relative helicity
- 347 m²/s²
- 0-3 km storm-relative helicity
- 369 m²/s²
- Significant tornado parameter
- 1.4
- Supercell composite
- 7.1
- 0-3 km lapse rate
- 6.9 K/km
Lincoln, IL (KILX), 12:00Z
10.3 hours after it, 136 km from the path. April 1, 2023.
- Mixed-layer CAPE
- 0 J/kg
- Mixed-layer CIN
- -104408 J/kg
- Surface CAPE
- 24 J/kg
- Mixed-layer LCL
- 1171 m above ground
- 0-6 km bulk shear
- 73 kt
- 0-1 km bulk shear
- 38 kt
- 0-1 km storm-relative helicity
- 60 m²/s²
- 0-3 km storm-relative helicity
- 166 m²/s²
- Significant tornado parameter
- 0.0
- Supercell composite
- 0.0
- 0-3 km lapse rate
- 5.3 K/km
The radar
The Chicago radar (KLOT), 122 km away, was scanning. The volume nearest the touchdown began at 01:42 UTC.
Open the radar archive at this moment, over the track
Reflectivity and velocity, decoded from the Level II archive in the browser. Volumes take a few seconds to open the first time.
What was reported nearby
Local storm reports within 60 km of the path, in the three hours either side.
| Time (UTC) | Report | Where | County | Remark |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 01:33 UTC | TORNADO | 2 Wnw Oxford | Benton, IN | AN NWS DAMAGE SURVEY DETERMINED AN EF-2 TORNADO WITH PEAK ESTIMATED WINDS NEAR 115 MPH, PATH LENGTH OF 15.3 MILES, AND MAXIMUM WIDTH OF 400 YARDS STARTED NEAR OXFORD, INDIANA AND ENDED NEAR ROUND GROVE. DAMAGE ALONG THE |
| 01:33 UTC | TORNADO | 3 S Fowler | Benton, IN | AN NWS DAMAGE SURVEY CONFIRMED AN EF-2 TORNADO WITH PEAK ESTIMATED WINDS OF 120 MPH, PATH LENGTH OF 12.5 MILES, AND MAXIMUM WIDTH OF 400 YARDS BEGAN SOUTH OF FOWLER AND ENDED IN RURAL NORTHEASTERN BENTON COUNTY. DAMAGE A |
| 01:36 UTC | HAIL 1 | 4 W Rainsville | Warren, IN | |
| 01:36 UTC | HAIL 1 | 4 W Rainsville | Warren, IN | |
| 01:36 UTC | HAIL 1 | 4 W Rainsville | Warren, IN | |
| 01:38 UTC | TSTM WND DMG | 4 Ne Oxford | Benton, IN | REPORTS OF NUMEROUS STRUCTURES DAMAGED ALONG COUNTY ROAD E 330 S FROM NEAR ATKINSON EAST TO THE COUNTY LINE. CORNER OF 2ND FLOOR AND NEARLY ENTIRE ROOF OF NEW CONSTRUCTION DESTROYED. TIME ESTIMATED. |
| 01:41 UTC | TORNADO | 1 N Wadena | Benton, IN | AN NWS DAMAGE SURVEY CONFIRMED AN EF-1 TORNADO WITH ESTIMATED PEAK WINDS OF 105 MPH, PATH LENGTH OF 10.3 MILES, AND MAXIMUM WIDTH OF 500 YARDS TOUCHED DOWN EAST OF EARL PARK AND LIFTED ON THE EAST SIDE OF REMINGTON. DAMA |
| 01:44 UTC | TORNADO | 7 W Badger Grove | White, IN | CORRECTS PREVIOUS TORNADO REPORT FROM 7 W BADGER GROVE. TORNADO BEGAN HERE AND TRAVELED QUICKLY NORTHEAST, ENDING 4 NW BADGER GROVE. MAXIMUM WIDTH WAS 400 YARDS. CONTINUATION OF THE OXFORD, BENTON COUNTY TORNADO. |
| 01:44 UTC | TORNADO | 7 W Badger Grove | White, IN | EF2 TORNADO BEGAN HERE AND TRAVELED QUICKLY NORTHEAST, ENDING 4 NW BADGER GROVE. MAXIMUM WIDTH WAS 400 YARDS. CONTINUATION OF THE OXFORD, BENTON COUNTY TORNADO. |
| 01:44 UTC | TORNADO | 7 W Badger Grove | White, IN | TORNADO BEGAN HERE AND TRAVELED QUICKLY NORTHEAST, ENDING 4 NW BADGER GROVE. MAXIMUM WIDTH WAS 400 YARDS. |
| 01:49 UTC | TSTM WND DMG | 2 E Remington | Jasper, IN | REPORTS OF 6 SEMIS FLIPPED AT SOUTHBOUND EXIT 201 ON I-65. TIME ESTIMATED BASED ON RADAR. |
| 01:50 UTC | TSTM WND DMG | 4 Nnw Badger Grove | White, IN | SPOTTER REPORTS VEHICLES BLOWN OVER AND DAMAGE IN THE MEDIAN ALONG I-65 MILE MARKERS 187-190, NEAR SR-18 EXIT. |
| 01:50 UTC | TSTM WND DMG | 2 Ese Remington | Jasper, IN | STRUCTURAL DAMAGE REPORTED AT FBI BUILDINGS INC. TIME ESTIMATED BASED ON RADAR. |
| 01:55 UTC | TSTM WND DMG | 3 Nw Badger Grove | White, IN | TWO HOMES DESTROYED AND DAMAGE TO SEVERAL OTHERS. |
| 01:55 UTC | TSTM WND DMG | 4 Wnw Badger Grove | White, IN | 2 HOMES DESTROYED AND SEVERAL DAMAGED. |
| 01:55 UTC | TORNADO | 1 Ssw Smithson | White, IN | CORRECTS PREVIOUS TORNADO REPORT FROM 1 SSW SMITHSON. TORNADO BEGAN HERE AND TRAVELED 1.7 MILES NORTH TO 1 NW SMITHSON. MAXIMUM WIDTH WAS 125 YARDS. |
| 01:55 UTC | TORNADO | 1 Ssw Smithson | White, IN | EF0 TORNADO BEGAN HERE AND TRAVELED 1.7 MILES NORTH TO 1 NW SMITHSON. MAXIMUM WIDTH WAS 125 YARDS. |
| 01:55 UTC | TORNADO | 1 Ssw Smithson | White, IN | TORNADO BEGAN HERE AND TRAVELED NORTH TO 1 NW SMITHSON. MAXIMUM WIDTH WAS 125 YARDS. |
| 01:56 UTC | TSTM WND DMG | 1 Ne Indiana Beach | White, IN | A FEW SMALLER TREE LIMBS DOWNED AND A FEW SHINGLES BLOWN OFF A ROOF. |
| 01:56 UTC | TSTM WND DMG | 5 W Chalmers | White, IN | SHINGLES AND SHEATHING REMOVED FROM GARAGE. NUMEROUS TREES DAMAGED, SOME LARGE TREES DOWNED. |
| 01:57 UTC | TSTM WND DMG | Monticello | White, IN | REPORT FROM MPING: TREES UPROOTED OR SNAPPED. |
| 01:57 UTC | TSTM WND DMG | Reynolds | White, IN | LARGE TREE DOWNED. |
| 02:05 UTC | TSTM WND DMG | 4 W Badger Grove | White, IN | 62 MPH WIND GUST RECORDED IN ROUND GROVE, IN. BUILDING COLLAPSED. |
| 02:13 UTC | TORNADO | 4 Nnw Lake Cicott | Cass, IN | CORRECTS PREVIOUS TORNADO REPORT FROM 4 NNW LAKE CICOTT. TORNADO BEGAN HERE AND TRAVELED 1.7 MILES NORTHEAST, ENDING 3 MILES SSW ROYAL CENTER. MAXIMUM WIDTH WAS 300 YARDS. |
| 02:13 UTC | TORNADO | 4 Nnw Lake Cicott | Cass, IN | EF1 TORNADO BEGAN HERE AND TRAVELED 1.7 MILES NORTHEAST, ENDING 3 MILES SSW ROYAL CENTER. MAXIMUM WIDTH WAS 300 YARDS. |
| 02:13 UTC | TORNADO | 4 Nnw Lake Cicott | Cass, IN | TORNADO BEGAN HERE AND TRAVELED 1.7 MILES NORTHEAST, ENDING 3 MILES SSW ROYAL CENTER. MAXIMUM WIDTH WAS 300 YARDS. |
| 02:19 UTC | TSTM WND DMG | 3 Ssw Wheatfield | Jasper, IN | TREE DOWNED ONTO ROAD. TIME ESTIMATED FROM RADAR. |
| 02:20 UTC | TSTM WND DMG | 3 E Bell Center | Cass, IN | SEMI BLOWN OVER ON SR 16 AT 1050W. |
| 02:20 UTC | TSTM WND DMG | 3 Sw Royal Center | Cass, IN | SEVERAL HOMES DAMAGED AT 875W AND 400N. |
| 02:20 UTC | TSTM WND DMG | 2 Ene Fair Oaks | Jasper, IN | TREES DOWNED EAST-NORTHEAST OF FAIR OAKS. TIME ESTIMATED FROM RADAR. |
| 02:21 UTC | TSTM WND DMG | 1 Se Royal Center | Cass, IN | *** 7 INJ *** TREE ONTO VAN. PRELIMINARY REPORT OF 7 INJURIES, 5 MINOR. |
| 02:22 UTC | TSTM WND GST 78 | Demotte | Jasper, IN | POWER POLES ALSO DOWNED IN THE DEMOTTE AREA. |
| 02:30 UTC | TSTM WND DMG | 8 Wnw Battle Ground | Tippecanoe, IN | THUNDERSTORM WINDS FLATTENED 2 STRUCTURES TO BASEMENT. SEVERAL OTHER STRUCTURES WITH ROOFS BLOWN OFF NEAR JUNCTION OF BENTON TIPPECANOE AND WHITE COUNTIES. 1 INCH HAIL ALSO REPORTED NEAR US HIGHWAY 231. TIME ESTIMATED BY |
| 02:30 UTC | TSTM WND DMG | 8 Wnw Battle Ground | Tippecanoe, IN | THUNDERSTORM WINDS FLATTENED 2 STRUCTURES TO BASEMENT. SEVERAL OTHER STRUCTURES WITH ROOFS BLOWN OFF NEAR JUNCTION OF BENTON TIPPECANOE AND WHITE COUNTIES. 1 INCH HAIL ALSO REPORTED NEAR US HIGHWAY 231. TIME ESTIMATED BY |
| 02:32 UTC | TSTM WND GST 56 | Monticello | White, IN |
From the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service local storm reports.
This ground now
The live radar over the trackEvery 2023 tornado in IndianaEvery tornado in Indiana since 1950Warnings in force in Indiana nowThe forecast where you are
The other tornadoes of March 31, 2023
126 more were confirmed in the United States that day.
| Date | Time | Rating | Where | Path (mi) | Width (yd) | Deaths | Injuries | Damage |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| March 31 | 2:18 PM CDT | EF3 | Little Rock tornado, AR | 34.2 | 800 | 54 | $90 million | |
| March 31 | 2:37 PM CDT | Unrated | Tazewell, IL | 0.3 | 10 | |||
| March 31 | 3:15 PM CDT | EF1 | Tazewell, IL | 0.9 | 10 | |||
| March 31 | 3:23 PM CDT | Unrated | Woodford, IL | 0.6 | 20 | |||
| March 31 | 3:36 PM CDT | EF3 | Wapello, IA | 26.1 | 1,000 | $2.0 million | ||
| March 31 | 3:45 PM CDT | EF1 | Prairie, AR | 1.1 | 100 | |||
| March 31 | 3:52 PM CDT | Unrated | Poweshiek, IA | 3.6 | 60 | |||
| March 31 | 4:05 PM CDT | Unrated | Livingston, IL | 0.0 | 15 | |||
| March 31 | 4:10 PM CDT | EF4 | Keota–Wellman tornado, IA | 19.9 | 700 | 3 | ||
| March 31 | 4:22 PM CDT | EF1 | Grundy, IA | 3.5 | 80 | $50,000 | ||
| March 31 | 4:22 PM CDT | EF1 | Grundy, IA | 4.1 | 80 | $50,000 | ||
| March 31 | 4:30 PM CDT | EF3 | Wynne–Parkin tornado, Arkansas and Tennessee | 72.5 | 1,600 | 4 | 26 | $151 million |
| March 31 | 4:36 PM CDT | EF2 | Benton, IA | 1.7 | 50 | |||
| March 31 | 4:37 PM CDT | EF0 | Johnson, IA | 6.1 | 50 | |||
| March 31 | 4:46 PM CDT | EF2 | Johnson, IA | 16.9 | 75 | 2 | ||
| March 31 | 4:47 PM CDT | EF2 | Benton, IA | 4.9 | 50 | |||
| March 31 | 4:49 PM CDT | EF2 | Stone, AR | 6.8 | 125 | |||
| March 31 | 4:51 PM CDT | Unrated | Benton, IA | 1.4 | 10 | |||
| March 31 | 4:53 PM CDT | EF2 | Johnson, IA | 14.7 | 100 | |||
| March 31 | 5:03 PM CDT | Unrated | Buchanan, IA | 1.7 | 10 | |||
| March 31 | 5:06 PM CDT | EF2 | Johnson, IA | 9.0 | 75 | |||
| March 31 | 5:06 PM CDT | EF1 | Cedar, IA | 8.3 | 10 | |||
| March 31 | 5:14 PM CDT | EF2 | Cedar, IA | 16.4 | 250 | |||
| March 31 | 5:15 PM CDT | Unrated | Scott, IL | 0.5 | 10 | |||
| March 31 | 5:17 PM CDT | EF1 | Cedar, IA | 5.2 | 100 | |||
| March 31 | 5:18 PM CDT | EF2 | Cedar, IA | 19.6 | 200 | 2 | ||
| March 31 | 5:20 PM CDT | EF1 | Delaware, IA | 4.1 | 50 | |||
| March 31 | 5:27 PM CDT | Unrated | Morgan, IL | 0.7 | 10 | |||
| March 31 | 5:32 PM CDT | EF1 | Delaware, IA | 11.1 | 90 | |||
| March 31 | 5:35 PM CDT | EF0 | Morgan, IL | 1.1 | 30 | |||
| March 31 | 5:41 PM CDT | EF1 | Jones, IA | 1.4 | 50 | |||
| March 31 | 5:41 PM CDT | EF2 | Des Moines, IA | 0.9 | 150 | |||
| March 31 | 5:48 PM CDT | EF3 | Covington tornado, TN | 39.2 | 2,000 | 1 | 28 | $80 million |
| March 31 | 5:50 PM CDT | EF2 | Clinton, IA | 18.0 | 350 | 1 | ||
| March 31 | 5:58 PM CDT | EF1 | Jackson, IA | 1.2 | 50 | |||
| March 31 | 6:09 PM CDT | EF0 | Jackson, IA | 0.2 | 15 | |||
| March 31 | 6:12 PM CDT | EF2 | Sangamon, IL | 5.4 | 400 | |||
| March 31 | 6:16 PM CDT | EF1 | Jackson, IA to IL | 1.9 | 100 | 3 | ||
| March 31 | 6:18 PM CDT | EF2 | Sangamon, IL | 21.0 | 200 | |||
| March 31 | 6:24 PM CDT | EF2 | Henry, IL | 3.5 | 300 | |||
| March 31 | 6:33 PM CDT | EF2 | Henry, IL | 3.0 | 200 | |||
| March 31 | 6:36 PM CDT | EF2 | Henry, IL | 9.3 | 440 | |||
| March 31 | 6:37 PM CDT | EF2 | Henry, IL | 6.8 | 650 | |||
| March 31 | 6:39 PM CDT | EF1 | Carroll, IL | 1.0 | 50 | |||
| March 31 | 6:47 PM CDT | EF0 | Macoupin, IL | 6.3 | 150 | $25,000 | ||
| March 31 | 6:48 PM CDT | EF1 | Whiteside, IL | 13.9 | 150 | |||
| March 31 | 6:48 PM CDT | EF1 | Iowa, WI | 1.1 | 75 | $300,000 | ||
| March 31 | 6:50 PM CDT | EF1 | Lafayette, WI | 5.5 | 75 | $1.0 million | ||
| March 31 | 6:50 PM CDT | EF1 | Carroll, IL | 11.0 | 200 | |||
| March 31 | 6:55 PM CDT | EF1 | Lafayette, WI | 6.6 | 75 | $600,000 | ||
| March 31 | 7:03 PM CDT | Unrated | Phillips, AR | 2.8 | 100 | |||
| March 31 | 7:06 PM CDT | EF0 | Christian, IL | 4.1 | 20 | |||
| March 31 | 7:08 PM CDT | EF2 | Lee, IL | 9.3 | 350 | |||
| March 31 | 7:13 PM CDT | EF1 | Lee, IL | 7.8 | 75 | |||
| March 31 | 7:13 PM CDT | EF1 | Christian, IL | 1.7 | 30 | |||
| March 31 | 7:16 PM CDT | EF0 | Green, WI | 3.0 | 75 | $400,000 | ||
| March 31 | 7:20 PM CDT | EF1 | Green, WI | 10.2 | 50 | $600,000 | ||
| March 31 | 7:24 PM CDT | EF1 | Ogle, IL | 27.5 | 600 | 1 | 40 | |
| March 31 | 7:26 PM CDT | EF0 | Green, WI | 5.8 | 75 | $400,000 | ||
| March 31 | 7:31 PM CDT | EF1 | Winnebago, IL | 5.8 | 300 |
What this means
Ratings are the survey's, read off the damage rather than measured; the rating scale is above. Tornado counts rise through the record as reporting improved, so a year in the 1950s is not comparable with one today except for the strongest tornadoes, which were always noticed.
Sources
NOAA Storm Prediction Center tornado database, 1950-2025, the official record kept by NOAA's Storm Prediction Center.