Tornadoes · United States · Alabama · 2011

EF2 tornado, Anopia to Siddonsville, Alabama, April 15, 2011

Name: EF2 tornado, Anopia to Siddonsville, Alabama, April 15, 2011
Start: 2011-04-15T22:35:00.000Z
End: 2011-04-15T22:53:00.000Z
Location: Anopia to Siddonsville, Alabama

From Anopia to Siddonsville, this EF2 tornado ran 10.9 miles across Marengo County on April 15, 2011, touching down at 5:35 PM CDT and reaching 600 yards wide. It killed nobody, and did $1.8 million of property damage.

The rating scale

Tracks are drawn in the color of the rating. The Enhanced Fujita scale rates the damage rather than measuring the wind: the speeds are what that damage is taken to imply.

EF065 to 85 mph
Light damage. Surface peeled off some roofs, gutters and siding damaged, branches broken, shallow-rooted trees pushed over.
EF186 to 110 mph
Moderate damage. Roofs badly stripped, mobile homes overturned or badly damaged, exterior doors lost, windows broken.
EF2111 to 135 mphthis tornado
Considerable damage. Roofs torn off well-built houses, frame homes shifted on their foundations, mobile homes destroyed, large trees snapped or uprooted, cars lifted off the ground.
EF3136 to 165 mph
Severe damage. Whole stories of well-built houses destroyed, large buildings badly damaged, trains overturned, trees debarked, heavy cars lifted and thrown.
EF4166 to 200 mph
Devastating damage. Well-built houses leveled, structures with weak foundations moved some distance, cars thrown and large missiles generated.
EF5over 200 mph
Incredible damage. Strong frame houses swept off their foundations, car-sized missiles thrown more than 100 meters, steel-reinforced concrete badly damaged, high-rise buildings deformed.
Unrated
The survey recorded a tornado but could not put a number on it, most often because it crossed open country and damaged nothing a rating can be read from.

The record

Rating: EF2
Date: April 15, 2011
Touchdown: 5:35 PM CDT (22:35 UTC)
Lifted: 5:53 PM CDT (22:53 UTC)
On the ground: 18 minutes
Path length: 10.9 miles (17.5 km)
Path width: 600 yards (549 m)
Deaths: 0
Injuries: 0
Property damage: $1.8 million
County: Marengo County
Touchdown point: 32.288, -87.738
Lift-off point: 32.386, -87.592
Record number: 1104151635-01

The damage survey

60 damage points were recorded along this path by NWS BMX, in the Damage Assessment Toolkit the survey teams carry. The strongest indicator was rated EF3. The highest wind the damage implies is 140 mph.

Dozens of hardwoods and softwoods snapped and uprooted.
hundreds of trees snapped or uprooted. Laying different directions
End point of Pin Hook EF-2 Tornado. A few softwoods snapped. Appears to be the end of the damage path.
Trees snapped and uprooted.

Survey points are preliminary and are the raw material the published rating was built from. Source: NWS Damage Assessment Toolkit.

What the Weather Service recorded

A potent storm system, which wreaked havoc across the eastern half of the United States on April 14-16, produced a significant and historic tornado outbreak across Central Alabama on April 15. Forty tornadoes, 30 of which touched down in Central Alabama, occurred in the state. At the time, this set a new record for number of tornadoes within the state from one event. This record was broken on April 27, 2011. ||A surface low developed across the Central Plains on Thursday, April 14, and strengthened as it moved into the mid-Mississippi River Valley. In response, surface dew points in the middle to upper 60s surged northward into Central Alabama and deep vertical wind shear increased, providing support for tornadic supercell development. A weakening line of thunderstorms moved into northwest Central Alabama early Friday morning. The southern end of this line intensified by mid day as it encountered a more unstable airmass. South of the line, supercells formed in Mississippi and tracked eastward into west Central Alabama. The entire system pushed east across the area over the course of about twelve hours, exiting east Central Alabama in the early morning hours on Saturday, April 16. In addition to the thirty tornadoes, the storm system produced widespread straight line wind damage and numerous large hail reports.

A tornado touched down in Marengo County, 7 miles west of Linden. The tornado moved northeast where it snapped and uprooted numerous trees along its path. As the tornado moved into the community of Pin Hook, it strengthened to an EF-2 rating, with maximum winds of 130 mph. Several homes received significant damage. One home had its entire roof removed and damage to several exterior walls. The tornado lifted near State Highway 28.

A tornado touched down in Marengo County, just west of County Road 39, southwest of the community of Half Chance. The tornado moved northeast where it snapped and uprooted dozens of trees along its path. As the tornado moved into Dayton, it strengthened to an EF-2, with maximum winds of 125 mph. Several homes sustained significant roof damage. The tornado lifted 1 mile northeast of Dayton along State Highway 25.

From NOAA NCEI's Storm Events Database, the narrative the local forecast office wrote for Storm Data.

The forecast that day

The Storm Prediction Center had this point in a Moderate Risk, with a 0.15 chance of a tornado within 25 miles, in the hatched area where significant tornadoes were expected. The outlook in force was issued at 19:56 UTC.

SPC's Day 1 convective outlook as it stood when the tornado began, read at the touchdown point. The same archive is on the radar archive.

What forecasters said that day

The local office's own words before the tornado touched down, as it sent them, from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service text.

NWS Birmingham, AL wrote its last area forecast discussion before the tornado touched down at Apr 15, 2:48 PM CDT, 2 hours 47 minutes earlier.

Area forecast discussion, Apr 15, 2:48 PM CDT, 2 hours 47 minutes before

AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE BIRMINGHAM AL
248 PM CDT FRI APR 15 2011

.DISCUSSION...

SHORT DISCUSSION TODAY. WE WENT AHEAD AND INCLUDED ALL COUNTIES IN
OUR WARNING AREA INTO TORNADO WATCH 141. ALTHOUGH THE BEST
CONDITIONS WILL BE ALONG THE WEST AND SOUTHWEST PORTIONS OF THE
AREA...ENOUGH INSTABILITY IS CREEPING NORTHWARD WHICH WARRANTED
THE INCLUSION OF ALL COUNTIES INTO THE WATCH. THERE IS A GOOD
POSSIBILITY THAT THE WATCH WILL BE EXTENDED PAST 9 PM CDT
TONIGHT. WE WILL CONTINUE TO MONITOR CONDITIONS THIS AFTERNOON AND
EVENING AND WE WILL MODIFY THE FORECAST ACCORDINGLY.

CONDITIONS REMAIN PRIME FOR STRONG LONG TRACK TORNADOES...
ESPECIALLY FOR AREAS WEST OF INTERSTATE 65 AT LEAST THROUGH THE
LATE AFTERNOON AND EARLY EVENING. PLEASE STAY TUNED TO NOAA
WEATHER RADIO OR YOUR LOCAL MEDIA OUTLET FOR THE LATEST
INFORMATION.

10/ARM

&&

.AVIATION...
18Z TAF DISCUSSION.

WIDESPREAD RAIN AND EMBEDDED THUNDERSTORMS HAVE OVERSPREAD AREAS
NORTH AND WEST OF TCL AND BHM AND LOOK FOR THESE TO GRADUALLY SINK
SOUTHEASTWARD DURING THE EARLY AFTERNOON.  WILL SHOW TREND OF THIS
ACTIVITY WORKING SOUTH AND EAST THIS AFTERNOON ACROSS AREA.  BIG
CONCERN IS SEVERE THREAT WITH TORNADIC SUPERCELLS POSSIBLE.  THREAT
IS EXPECTED TO INCREASE AS UPPER LEVEL LOW AND SURFACE TROUGH
APPROACH AREA LATE THIS AFTERNOON AND SWEEP ACROSS THE AREA EARLY
TONIGHT.  WILL USE TEMPO GROUPS TO SHOW ESTIMATED WINDOW OF BEST
OPPORTUNITY FOR SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS AT TAF SITES...BUT POSSIBILITY
FOR ISOLATED SUPERCELLS WELL AHEAD OF THE SURFACE FRONT WILL EXIST
AT ALL TAF SITES THIS AFTERNOON. EXPECT TO SEE TSRA DEPARTING
EASTERN SECTIONS BY AROUND 06Z WITH VFR CONDITIIONS PREVAILING AFTER
THAT TIME.

NOTICE...KEET TAF WILL HAVE (AMD LTD TO VIS WIND AND WX) AMENDED TO
THE END OF THE FORECAST UNTIL FURTHER NOTICE. THE CEILOMETER DATA
WILL BE GOING THROUGH NUMEROUS TESTS AND MONITORED FOR ACCURACY.

&&

.PRELIMINARY POINT TEMPS/POPS...
GADSDEN     53  68  39  73  46 / 100  10   0   0  10
ANNISTON    55  71  41  74  46 / 100  10   0   0  10
BIRMINGHAM  53  68  44  74  48 / 100  10   0   0  10
TUSCALOOSA  52  70  43  77  47 /  80  10   0   0  10
CALERA      54  70  46  75  48 / 100  10   0   0  10
AUBURN      58  72  46  75  50 /  90  20   0   0  10
MONTGOMERY  57  76  46  77  49 /  80  10   0   0  10
TROY        58  74  47  79  48 /  70  20   0   0   0

&&

.BMX WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES...
WIND ADVISORY UNTIL 1 AM CDT SATURDAY FOR THE FOLLOWING
COUNTIES: AUTAUGA...BARBOUR...BIBB...BLOUNT...BULLOCK...
CALHOUN...CHAMBERS...CHEROKEE...CHILTON...CLAY...CLEBURNE...
COOSA...DALLAS...ELMORE...ETOWAH...FAYETTE...GREENE...HALE...
JEFFERSON...LAMAR...LEE...LOWNDES...MACON...MARENGO...MARION...
MONTGOMERY...PERRY...PICKENS...PIKE...RANDOLPH...RUSSELL...
SHELBY...ST. CLAIR...SUMTER...TALLADEGA...TALLAPOOSA...
TUSCALOOSA...WALKER...WINSTON.

&&

Hazardous weather outlook, Apr 15, 6:00 AM CDT, 11 hours 35 minutes before

HAZARDOUS WEATHER OUTLOOK
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE BIRMINGHAM AL
600 AM CDT FRI APR 15 2011

ALZ011>015-017>050-161130-
AUTAUGA-BARBOUR-BIBB-BLOUNT-BULLOCK-CALHOUN-CHAMBERS-CHEROKEE-
CHILTON-CLAY-CLEBURNE-COOSA-DALLAS-ELMORE-ETOWAH-FAYETTE-GREENE-HALE-
JEFFERSON-LAMAR-LEE-LOWNDES-MACON-MARENGO-MARION-MONTGOMERY-PERRY-
PICKENS-PIKE-RANDOLPH-RUSSELL-SHELBY-ST CLAIR-SUMTER-TALLADEGA-
TALLAPOOSA-TUSCALOOSA-WALKER-WINSTON-
600 AM CDT FRI APR 15 2011

THIS HAZARDOUS WEATHER OUTLOOK IS FOR THE COUNTIES SERVED BY THE
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE OFFICE IN BIRMINGHAM.

.DAY ONE...TODAY AND TONIGHT.

SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS...INCLUDING THE THREAT OF STRONG TORNADOES...ARE
EXPECTED ACROSS CENTRAL ALABAMA BETWEEN 10 AM TODAY AND 3 AM TONIGHT.
ALL MODES OF SEVERE WEATHER ARE POSSIBLE...TORNADOES...DAMAGING
WINDS...LARGE HAIL...AND LOCALLY HEAVY RAIN.

BASED ON THE LATEST DATA...IT APPEARS THE SEVERE THUNDERSTORM THREAT
MAY COVER A RATHER LENGTHY PERIOD OF TIME AND EXTEND TO ALL OF
CENTRAL ALABAMA. BEGINNING IN THE WEST AS EARLY AS 10 AM TODAY AND
LASTING UNTIL 2 OR 3 AM TONIGHT IN THE SOUTHEAST. ATMOSPHERIC
PARAMETERS APPEAR FAVORABLE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF SUPERCELL
THUNDERSTORMS THAT MAY SPAWN STRONG AND LONG TRACKED TORNADOES.
ALTHOUGH THE GREATEST THREAT TIMING APPEARS TO BE THIS AFTERNOON AND
THIS EVENING...DO NOT FOCUS ON ANY PARTICULAR HOUR...BE PREPARED FOR
ACTIVITY AT ANY TIME. REVIEW YOUR PREPAREDNESS ACTION PLANS AND
BE READY TO TAKE ACTION WHEN WATCHES AND WARNINGS ARE ISSUED. STAY
TUNED TO FURTHER UPDATES ON THIS POTENTIAL HAZARDOUS WEATHER
OUTBREAK.

WINDY CONDITIONS ARE FORECAST TODAY AHEAD OF A COLD FRONT. SOUTHERLY
WINDS BETWEEN 15 AND 20 MPH CAN BE EXPECTED WITH GUSTS OF 30 TO 35
MPH POSSIBLE. THE WINDS WILL SHIFT TO WESTERLY BEHIND THE FRONT
TONIGHT.

.DAYS TWO THROUGH SEVEN...SATURDAY THROUGH THURSDAY.

BREEZY CONDITIONS ARE EXPECTED BEHIND A COLD FRONT ON SATURDAY.
WESTERLY WINDS OF 10 TO 20 MPH ARE ANTICIPATED. A FEW WIND GUSTS MAY
BE 25 MPH OR HIGHER.

.SPOTTER INFORMATION STATEMENT...

ACTIVATION OF STORM SPOTTERS...EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT PERSONNEL...AND
HAM RADIO OPERATORS IS EXPECTED TODAY.

75

In the hours before

Local storm report, Apr 15, 5:23 PM CDT, 12 minutes before

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Local storm report, Apr 15, 5:25 PM CDT, 10 minutes before

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Local storm report, Apr 15, 5:27 PM CDT, 8 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE BIRMINGHAM AL
527 PM CDT FRI APR 15 2011

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0517 PM     FLOOD            HOOVER                  33.38N 86.82W
04/15/2011                   JEFFERSON          AL   EMERGENCY MNGR

            ROAD FLOODING AT 1777 CHASE DRIVE IN HOOVER.

&&

JT

Local storm report, Apr 15, 5:30 PM CDT, 5 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE BIRMINGHAM AL
530 PM CDT FRI APR 15 2011

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0530 PM     HAIL             CHELSEA                 33.33N 86.64W
04/15/2011  E1.00 INCH       SHELBY             AL   NWS EMPLOYEE

&&

JT

Local storm report, Apr 15, 5:34 PM CDT, 1 minute before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE BIRMINGHAM AL
534 PM CDT FRI APR 15 2011

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0534 PM     FLOOD            HOOVER                  33.38N 86.82W
04/15/2011                   JEFFERSON          AL   AMATEUR RADIO

            US 31, BRADDICK DRIVE HAS 8 INCHES OF WATER ACROSS
            ROADWAY.

&&

JT

Local storm report, Apr 15, 5:35 PM CDT, 0 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE BIRMINGHAM AL
535 PM CDT FRI APR 15 2011

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0534 PM     FLOOD            BIRMINGHAM              33.53N 86.80W
04/15/2011                   JEFFERSON          AL   AMATEUR RADIO

            I65 NORTHBOUND AT ALFORD AVE, 6 INCHES DEEP WATER CAUSING
            TRAVEL PROBLEMS

&&

JT

The air that afternoon

The radiosonde launches on either side of the tornado, from the nearest station that was launching then, drawn and analyzed the way Storm Lab does: the same diagram, the same parcel and shear definitions SPC's mesoanalysis uses.

Birmingham, AL (KBMX), 12:00Z

10.6 hours before the tornado, 125 km from the path. April 15, 2011.

Skew-T log-p

Temperature in red, dew point in green, the mixed-layer parcel dashed. The warm shading is its CAPE, the cool shading the inhibition it has to break through.

Hodograph

The wind turning with height, colored by layer: ground to 1 km, 1 to 3 km, 3 to 6 km, 6 to 10 km. RM and LM are the right and left moving storms Bunkers' method gives; the shaded area is the 0 to 1 km storm-relative helicity.

Mixed-layer CAPE: 0 J/kg
Mixed-layer CIN: -86056 J/kg
Surface CAPE: 0 J/kg
Mixed-layer LCL: 1553 m above ground
0-6 km bulk shear: 46 kt
0-1 km bulk shear: 28 kt
0-1 km storm-relative helicity: 282 m²/s²
0-3 km storm-relative helicity: 365 m²/s²
Significant tornado parameter: 0.0
Supercell composite: 0.5
0-3 km lapse rate: 4.6 K/km

Open this sounding in Storm Lab

The surface observations

Selma (SEM), 64 km from the path, in the two hours either side.

Time (UTC)	Temp (°F)	Dew point (°F)	Wind	Gust (kt)	Pressure (mb)	Weather
00:00 UTC

From the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of airport observations.

The radar

The Birmingham radar (KBMX), 125 km away, was scanning. The volume nearest the touchdown began at 22:36 UTC.

Open the radar archive at this moment, over the track

Reflectivity and velocity, decoded from the Level II archive in the browser. Volumes take a few seconds to open the first time.

This ground now

The live radar over the track Every 2011 tornado in Alabama Every tornado in Alabama since 1950 Warnings in force in Alabama now The forecast where you are

The other tornadoes of April 15, 2011

74 more were confirmed in the United States that day.

Date	Time	Rating	Where	Path (mi)	Width (yd)	Deaths	Injuries	Damage
April 15	1:13 AM CDT	EF1	Garland, AR	7.3	250			$240,000
April 15	1:38 AM CDT	EF1	Saline, AR	3.0	250			$40,000
April 15	1:47 AM CDT	EF1	Saline, AR	16.9	350			$775,000
April 15	1:57 AM CDT	EF1	Pulaski, AR	3.9	475	2	2	$39 million
April 15	2:01 AM CDT	EF1	Pulaski, AR	6.6	200			$2.0 million
April 15	2:09 AM CDT	EF1	Pulaski, AR	6.8	200		1	$455,000
April 15	2:17 AM CDT	EF2	Lonoke, AR	7.0	200			$20 million
April 15	6:26 AM CDT	EF0	Issaquena, MS	1.7	75			$50,000
April 15	10:11 AM CDT	EF0	Wayne, MS	0.0	50
April 15	10:51 AM CDT	EF3	Hinds, MS	16.5	528		10	$8.0 million
April 15	11:20 AM CDT	EF1	Clarke, AL	3.3	500			$102,000
April 15	11:22 AM CDT	EF1	Rankin, MS	7.4	200			$6,000
April 15	11:24 AM CDT	EF0	Choctaw, AL	0.1	50			$60,000
April 15	11:26 AM CDT	EF0	Choctaw, AL	4.7	100			$40,000
April 15	11:41 AM CDT	EF1	Washington, MS to AL	5.1	200			$312,000
April 15	11:43 AM CDT	EF1	Rankin, MS	7.6	200			$400,000
April 15	11:48 AM CDT	EF1	Choctaw, AL	16.7	200			$40,000
April 15	11:58 AM CDT	EF1	Scott, MS	7.0	200			$375,000
April 15	12:04 PM CDT	EF2	Washington, AL	0.9	150		1	$50,000
April 15	12:53 PM CDT	EF3	Neshoba, MS to AL	48.5	1,760		5	$19 million
April 15	1:35 PM CDT	EF1	Pike, MO	3.0	50
April 15	1:39 PM CDT	EF0	Copiah, MS	1.0	200			$2,000
April 15	1:47 PM CDT	EF1	Smith, MS	3.8	100			$18,000
April 15	1:54 PM CDT	EF1	Holmes, MS	6.1	150			$10,000
April 15	2:19 PM CDT	EF2	Attala, MS	3.7	200		2	$35,000
April 15	2:23 PM CDT	EF1	Smith, MS	6.9	150			$15,000
April 15	2:33 PM CDT	EF0	Attala, MS	4.5	75
April 15	3:03 PM CDT	EF2	Sumter, AL	4.5	200			$2.1 million
April 15	3:04 PM CDT	EF1	Jasper, MS	1.2	440			$25,000
April 15	3:06 PM CDT	EF1	Monroe, AL	0.8	100
April 15	3:14 PM CDT	EF3	Greene, AL	18.4	500			$7.1 million
April 15	3:33 PM CDT	EF2	Hale, AL	2.2	700			$374,000
April 15	3:53 PM CDT	EF2	Sumter, AL	8.9	200			$3.9 million
April 15	4:00 PM CDT	EF1	Bibb, AL	21.8	1,760			$89,000
April 15	4:08 PM CDT	EF1	Clarke, MS to AL	24.5	470			$200,000
April 15	4:35 PM CDT	EF2	Sumter, AL	8.7	325		1
April 15	4:44 PM CDT	EF2	Hale, AL	24.1	880			$3.4 million
April 15	4:59 PM CDT	EF1	Jasper, MS	1.6	880			$35,000
April 15	4:59 PM CDT	EF0	Shelby, AL	1.4	50			$15,000
April 15	5:04 PM CDT	EF3	Marengo, AL	15.3	800	1	4	$4.0 million
April 15	5:11 PM CDT	EF2	Monroe, AL	0.9	150			$200,000
April 15	5:19 PM CDT	EF2	Marengo, AL	5.4	575			$1.0 million
April 15	5:29 PM CDT	EF2	Monroe, AL	22.3	300			$390,000
April 15	5:30 PM CDT	EF1	Mason, IL	3.1	100		1	$300,000
April 15	5:44 PM CDT	EF1	Shelby, AL	4.4	100			$29,000
April 15	6:00 PM CDT	EF0	Perry, AL	4.7	150			$23,000
April 15	6:12 PM CDT	EF2	Choctaw, AL	38.8	800			$8.8 million
April 15	6:22 PM CDT	EF0	Menard, IL	1.2	50			$10,000
April 15	6:25 PM CDT	EF2	Perry, AL	0.8	500			$38,000
April 15	6:25 PM CDT	EF1	Menard, IL	1.7	150			$450,000
April 15	7:50 PM EDT	EF0	Harris, GA	0.4	50			$5,000
April 15	7:05 PM CDT	EF1	Dallas, AL	0.1	75			$21,000
April 15	7:23 PM CDT	EF0	Lowndes, AL	2.7	75			$21,000
April 15	7:45 PM CDT	EF3	Greene, MS to AL	18.3	500	4	28	$13 million
April 15	7:48 PM CDT	EF1	Dallas, AL	0.2	100			$25,000
April 15	8:04 PM CDT	EF1	Dallas, AL	1.6	250			$70,000
April 15	8:12 PM CDT	EF0	Trigg, KY	0.3	50			$8,000
April 15	8:14 PM CDT	EF1	Trigg, KY	2.5	125			$30,000
April 15	8:48 PM CDT	EF1	Autauga, AL	7.9	200			$440,000
April 15	8:56 PM CDT	EF1	Autauga, AL	13.4	200			$458,000

All 75 of them

What this means

Ratings are the survey's, read off the damage rather than measured; the rating scale is above. Tornado counts rise through the record as reporting improved, so a year in the 1950s is not comparable with one today except for the strongest tornadoes, which were always noticed.

Sources

NOAA Storm Prediction Center tornado database, 1950-2025, the official record kept by NOAA's Storm Prediction Center.