Severe Thunderstorm Warning 21, NWS Albany, NY

AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION
National Weather Service Albany NY
1101 AM EDT Fri Jul 7 2023

.SYNOPSIS...
With a warm and humid air mass in place, a slow moving
cold front will bring showers and thunderstorms, some with heavy
rainfall and gusty winds, to the region today.  It will be continued
warm again on Saturday with a few spotty afternoon showers and
thunderstorms.  On Sunday, widespread showers and thunderstorms
containing heavy downpours are expected through the day.

&&

.NEAR TERM /UNTIL 6 PM THIS EVENING/...

.A Flood Watch has been issued and is in effect for Hamilton,
Warren, Washington, Fulton, and Montgomery Counties from Noon to
10 PM EDT today...

Key Takeaways:

Severe weather (isolated) and flash flooding are possible this
afternoon and evening across parts of the forecast area.
Greatest confidence is generally from Albany or the Capital
District and points northwest.

The Weather Prediction Center (WPC) in College Park, MD has
placed much of the area (generally from the Capital District and
points northwest) under a Slight Risk for Excessive Rainfall
with a Marginal Risk for Excessive Rainfall southeast with the
exception of Litchfield County.

The Storm Prediction Center in Norman, OK has placed parts of
the area (from Albany and points northwest) under a Marginal
Risk for Severe Weather this afternoon and evening.

Stay weather aware! Stay tuned to www.weather.gov/aly, our
social media pages, and NWS Chat for further updates! Have
multiple ways of receiving weather warnings/alerts!

Discussion:

Update as of 10:30 AM EDT...Current air temperatures are in the
upper 70s to lower 80s with dewpoints in the upper 60s to lower
70s, per the NYS Mesonet. Low stratus from earlier this
morning has burned off giving way to mostly sunny to partly
cloudy skies. Most of the cloud cover is off to our northwest
(from the SW ADKs into western NY) in association with a frontal
boundary draped across western NY. Showers and storms have
already begun to fire up over northeast PA, northern NY, and
western NY this morning. As the atmosphere continues to
destabilize, expect for showers and thunderstorms develop across
the NWS ALY CWA and increase in coverage later on. Going
forecast remains on track. Just made minor amendments to the
hourly temperatures, dewpoints, relative humidity, and apparent
temperature grids to reflect current observations and forecast
trends. See previous discussion below for further details on the
current weather and what's expected in the near to short term
periods.

.PREVIOUS...

As of 642 AM EDT...Upper level ridge axis is now centered east
of the region, extending from just offshore eastern New England
northward towards New Brunswick Canada. To our west, upper level
trough is digging into the Upper Midwest and Great Lakes. At
the surface, high pressure is offshore the Northeast coast over
the western Atlantic, while a slow moving frontal boundary is
west of the area over the eastern Great Lakes. A pre-frontal
trough just east of the boundary is allowing for some scattered
showers over the Lake Ontario area. Most of our area is dry,
although a few showers are scrapping across parts of the remote
northwestern Adirondacks. Through the morning hours, most areas
won't see any rainfall outside of the far northwestern
Adirondacks, as the forcing should stay far enough to the west
through this time.

IR satellite imagery shows a good deal of mid and high level
clouds over the area. Some patchy fog formed in eastern areas
where clouds have been most thin. This fog should be dissipating
shortly with sunrise now underway. In addition, some low
stratus has been creeping northward into Dutchess and Litchfield
Counties and these low clouds may hang around for a few hours
into the morning as well.

Despite the mid and high clouds around, there should be enough
breaks of sun for temps to warm quickly today. Temps are already
starting out very mild, with many areas having only fallen into
the upper 60s to mid 70s overnight. Temps should be in the upper
70s to mid 80s by midday. With the warm air mass and dewpoints
well into the 60s once again, there should be ample instability
in place, with SBCAPE around 1000-200 J/kg expected (as
suggested by the 00z HREF). Despite the instability and
approaching frontal boundary, upper level dynamics are fairly
weak. 0-6 km bulk shear looks only about 20 kts over much of the
area (perhaps locally close to 30 kts across northern areas by
late in the day). In addition, mid lapse rates probably won't
be too steep, as there won't be strong height falls moving in.
CAMs suggests some convection will start to develop after midday
across the Adirondacks, Helderbergs and Catskills. However,
this activity may not become too organized as it pushes
eastward and will be rather pulse-like. A few rogue strong wind
gusts can't be ruled out as storms collapse. A bigger threat
today may be locally heavy downpours, as storms will be moving
fairly slowly (around 15 kts or so) and high PWATs (values near
1.6 to 1.8 inches for most areas according to the 00z HREF) will
lead to efficient rainfall and high rates. Urban areas, as well
as locations that see repeated showers/storms will be
susceptible to ponding of water and localized flash flooding.

Highs should top out in the mid to upper 80s for valley areas by
the mid afternoon hours, before clouds and precip moves through
the area. Heat index values look a little lower than yesterday,
so no heat headlines are needed today. Still, people should
take precautions as it will be quite warm/muggy before showers
and thunderstorms slide through the area from the west.

&&

.SHORT TERM /6 PM THIS EVENING THROUGH SUNDAY NIGHT/...
Any showers or thunderstorms will diminish this evening, but it
will remain humid into the overnight hours with some partial
clearing. Widespread fog is expected to form tonight and it may
be locally dense with lows in the 60s.

On Saturday, fog will dissipate in the morning, allowing for a
partly sunny sky. It should become fairly unstable once again on
Saturday, but there won't be a strong focus for convection, as
the frontal boundary will be washing out across eastern areas.
This decaying boundary and/or differential heating may allow for
some showers and thunderstorms to form by afternoon, but
coverage looks just isolated to scattered, mainly for southern
and eastern parts of the area. No severe storms are expected due
to limited shear and poor lapse rates. Highs should be well into
the 80s with muggy dewpoints in place.

There should be a lull in activity on Saturday evening, as the
diurnal convection diminishes before the next system starts to
approach. Some showers could start to increase for southern and
western areas towards the late night hours, but more widespread
showers and thunderstorms are expected for Sunday. A stronger
upper level disturbance, aided by a surface wave, will allow a
concentrated area of showers and embedded thunderstorms for
Sunday. At this point, the heaviest precip looks to occur for
Sunday afternoon into the first part of Sunday night. Total QPF
looks to be 1 to 3 inches, with the heaviest axis extending from
the Catskills northeast towards southern VT, although this is
still subject to change, as there are some differences in the
model guidance. High rainfall rates may lead to some flooding
concerns, especially for locations that see heavy precip on
Friday. See the hydro discussion below for more details. With
the clouds and precip around, temps will be cooler than recent
days, with temps mainly in the 70s, although it will be muggy
and sticky thanks to the high dewpoints/PWATs. Rainfall will
gradually diminish towards late Sunday night with lows in the
60s.

&&

.LONG TERM /MONDAY THROUGH THURSDAY/...
Widespread soaking rain is likely throughout the long term forecast
period with multiple upper-level disturbances set to track through
the region. Read on for details...

Shortwave energy rotating through the region around a large low
pressure system located just west of the Hudson Bay will make for a
wet start to the long term forecast period. Rain, supported through
requisite lift supplied by a surface cold front, its parent
surface low and upper-level divergence, looks to be widely
spread throughout much of the region by Monday morning. While
discrepancies still remain in the guidance, general consensus
points to what could quite possibly be a washout Monday
especially in western New England as the shortwave axis looks to
drive through on its northeasterly track along the New England
Coast into Tuesday.

Rain looks to decrease from southwest to northeast heading into
Tuesday as weak ridging and associated surface high pressure noses
into the region through the afternoon. Wednesday will, therefore,
likely host the best conditions of the extended forecast period with
dry, warm weather consuming the region. The respite to rain will
swiftly terminate Thursday as yet another shortwave trough cycles
through the cyclone to our north and west. However, when rain will
actually begin again is still fairly uncertain as models have not
yet come into agreement with the timing of onset. However, once rain
begins again, it is hinted that conditions will remain fairly wet
headed into Friday.

&&

.AVIATION /15Z FRIDAY THROUGH TUESDAY/...
Through 12z Saturday...Locally dense fog formed over KPSF and
has remained in place over the last several hours, yielding LIFR
conditions. KGFL has bounced between MVFR and IFR throughout the
night due to locally dense fog formation and rapid improvements.
Maintained current conditions at both terminals through 13z when
fog should burn off with influence of solar radiation. KALB and
KPOU remain VFR.

Clouds will increase throughout the region today ahead of the
progression of a cold front. Though ceilings will develop as a
result, VFR conditions are expected to be maintained. Later this
afternoon, scattered showers and thunderstorms are expected to
develop throughout the forecast area. Based on latest model
guidance, it is becoming more likely that most, if not all TAF
sites could be impacted for a few hours this afternoon. Most
likely timeframe of shower/storm activity is 19-24z. Included
PROB30s where appropriate to account for this possibility. The
greatest probability of thunderstorms exists at KALB and KGFL,
so kept just showers at KPOU and KPSF. Impact of showers and
storms to the terminals will likely yield at least MVFR
conditions, but locally heavier/stronger showers and storms can
be expected to worsen conditions to the IFR category. VFR
conditions could then return for a brief time before breaks in
cloud cover paired with lingering elevated relative humidity
will aid in fog formation. Fog could be locally dense especially
at KGFL and KPSF.

Winds throughout the period will prevail out of the
south/southeast to start, but will be turning more
north/northwesterly by the end of the period from the passage of
the front. Sustained speeds are expected to be on the order of
3-6 kt, but stronger thunderstorms could produce gusts up to 30
kt.

Outlook...

Saturday Night: Moderate Operational Impact. Chance of SHRA...TSRA.
Sunday: High Operational Impact. Likely SHRA...TSRA.
Sunday Night: High Operational Impact. Likely SHRA...TSRA.
Monday: Moderate Operational Impact. Chance of SHRA...TSRA.
Monday Night: Low Operational Impact. Slight Chance of SHRA.
Tuesday: Low Operational Impact. Slight Chance of SHRA...TSRA.
Tuesday Night: No Operational Impact. NO SIG WX.
Wednesday: Moderate Operational Impact. Chance of SHRA...TSRA.

&&

.HYDROLOGY...
Showers and thunderstorms are likely this afternoon, especially
for areas north and west of the Hudson Valley. High PWATs
(around 1.6 to 1.8 inches) and slow moving showers/thunderstorms
will allow for high precip rates (in excess of 1" per hour).
Ponding of water is likely for any areas that see showers and
thunderstorms, especially for urban areas. Flash flooding can't
be ruled out, especially if any areas see repeated storms.

A few additional showers and thunderstorms are possible on
Saturday. While coverage looks less than Friday, it will
continue to be humid, so locally high rainfall rates can't be
ruled out once again.

More widespread showers and embedded thunderstorms are expected
for Sunday into Sunday night. Much of the area is in a Slight
Risk for Excessive Rainfall. At this time, 1.00 to 3.00 inches
of rainfall is expected, with the heaviest totals across the
high terrain of the Catskills, Berkshires and southern VT.
Street flooding and sharp rises on small streams is expected to
occur on Sunday into Sunday night. Some flash flooding will be
possible, especially for areas that see heavy rainfall on Fri,
as soils are starting to become wetter due to the recent
rainfall. Urban areas will also be susceptible to a flood
threat. A Flood Watch for flash flooding may be needed for
Sunday into Sunday night. While main stem rivers should
generally remain within their banks, some smaller flashier
streams could approach flood stage, depending on how much
and how fast rainfall occurs.

For details on specific area rivers and lakes, including observed
and forecast river stages and lake elevations, please visit the
Advanced Hydrologic Prediction Service /AHPS/ graphs on our
website.

&&

.ALY WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES...
CT...None.
NY...Flood Watch until 10 PM EDT this evening for NYZ033-039-040-
     042-043-082>084.
MA...None.
VT...None.

&&

SYNOPSIS...Frugis
NEAR TERM...Evbuoma/Frugis
SHORT TERM...Frugis
LONG TERM...Gant
AVIATION...Gant
HYDROLOGY...Frugis

Hazardous Weather Outlook
National Weather Service Albany NY
405 AM EDT Fri Jul 7 2023

CTZ001-013-MAZ001-025-NYZ032-033-038>043-047>054-058>061-063>066-
082>084-VTZ013>015-081100-
Northern Litchfield-Southern Litchfield-Northern Berkshire-
Southern Berkshire-Northern Herkimer-Hamilton-Southern Herkimer-
Southern Fulton-Montgomery-Northern Saratoga-Northern Warren-
Northern Washington-Schoharie-Western Schenectady-
Eastern Schenectady-Southern Saratoga-Western Albany-Eastern Albany-
Western Rensselaer-Eastern Rensselaer-Western Greene-Eastern Greene-
Western Columbia-Eastern Columbia-Western Ulster-Eastern Ulster-
Western Dutchess-Eastern Dutchess-Northern Fulton-Southeast Warren-
Southern Washington-Bennington-Western Windham-Eastern Windham-
405 AM EDT Fri Jul 7 2023

This Hazardous Weather Outlook is for northwestern Connecticut,
western Massachusetts, east central and eastern New York and
southern Vermont.

.DAY ONE...Today and tonight.

Showers and thunderstorm are expected this afternoon into this
evening. A few thunderstorms will be capable of producing gusty
winds, mainly for the Adirondacks and Mohawk Valley, where this is a
Marginal Risk for severe thunderstorms. Any thunderstorm will be
capable of producing heavy downpours, which may result of ponding of
water in urban, low lying and poor drainage areas. Isolated flash
flooding is possible.

.DAYS TWO THROUGH SEVEN...Saturday through Thursday.

There is a chance of thunderstorms again on Saturday. More widespread
showers and thunderstorms are also expected on Sunday. Showers and
thunderstorms on Sunday will contain heavy rainfall, which may once
again result in flooding of urban and low lying areas. Flash flooding
is possible for areas that see repeated heavy downpours and a Flood
Watch for flash flooding could be needed.

In addition, there will continue to be a chance for thunderstorms
Monday through Thursday, mainly in the afternoon and evening hours.

.SPOTTER INFORMATION STATEMENT...

Spotter activation may be needed this afternoon.

Special Weather Statement
National Weather Service Albany NY
1200 PM EDT Fri Jul 7 2023

NYZ051-052-071630-
Eastern Albany NY-Western Albany NY-
1200 PM EDT Fri Jul 7 2023

...A strong thunderstorm will impact portions of central Albany
County through 1230 PM EDT...

At 1159 AM EDT, Doppler radar was tracking a strong thunderstorm near
Westerlo, or 9 miles west of Delmar, moving northeast at 15 mph.

HAZARD...Winds in excess of 40 mph, pea size hail, and heavy rain.

SOURCE...Radar indicated.

IMPACT...Gusty winds could knock down tree limbs and blow around
         unsecured objects. Minor damage to outdoor objects is
         possible. Heavy rains could cause flooding.

Locations impacted include...
Delmar, Westerlo, Voorheesville, Feura Bush, New Scotland,
Rensselaerville, Clarksville, East Berne, Slingerlands, Snyders
Corners, Meadowdale, Shoefelt Corners, Bensons Corners, Thompsons
Lake, Guilderland Center, Thatcher State Park, South Berne,
Reidsville, Bramans Corners and Elsmere.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

If outdoors, consider seeking shelter inside a building.

Torrential rainfall is also occurring with this storm and may lead to
localized flooding. Do not drive your vehicle through flooded
roadways.

Frequent cloud to ground lightning is occurring with this storm.
Lightning can strike 10 miles away from a thunderstorm. Seek a safe
shelter inside a building or vehicle.

&&

LAT...LON 4245 7414 4251 7421 4273 7399 4262 7379
TIME...MOT...LOC 1559Z 234DEG 11KT 4258 7401

MAX HAIL SIZE...0.25 IN
MAX WIND GUST...40 MPH

KSL

Special Weather Statement
National Weather Service Albany NY
1235 PM EDT Fri Jul 7 2023

NYZ051-052-071700-
Eastern Albany NY-Western Albany NY-
1235 PM EDT Fri Jul 7 2023

...A strong thunderstorm will impact portions of southwestern Albany
County through 100 PM EDT...

At 1235 PM EDT, Doppler radar was tracking a strong thunderstorm near
Preston Hollow, or 18 miles southwest of Delmar, moving northeast at
10 mph.

HAZARD...Winds in excess of 40 mph, pea size hail, and heavy rain.

SOURCE...Radar indicated.

IMPACT...Gusty winds could knock down tree limbs and blow around
         unsecured objects. Minor damage to outdoor objects is
         possible. Heavy rains could cause flooding.

Locations impacted include...
Westerlo, Preston Hollow, Preston-Potter Hollow, Rensselaerville,
Clarksville, Coeymans Hollow, Snyders Corners, Shoefelt Corners,
South Westerlo, Dormansville, Alcove, Keefers Corners, Smith Corner,
South Berne, Reidsville, Medusa, Bramans Corners, Wolf Hill,
Helderberg and Lambs Corner.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

If outdoors, consider seeking shelter inside a building.

Torrential rainfall is also occurring with this storm and may lead to
localized flooding. Do not drive your vehicle through flooded
roadways.

Frequent cloud to ground lightning is occurring with this storm.
Lightning can strike 10 miles away from a thunderstorm. Seek a safe
shelter inside a building or vehicle.

&&

LAT...LON 4242 7421 4245 7423 4249 7423 4264 7401
      4247 7384
TIME...MOT...LOC 1635Z 245DEG 10KT 4248 7413

MAX HAIL SIZE...0.25 IN
MAX WIND GUST...40 MPH

KSL

Special Weather Statement
National Weather Service Albany NY
136 PM EDT Fri Jul 7 2023

NYZ042-043-071800-
Northern Washington NY-Northern Warren NY-
136 PM EDT Fri Jul 7 2023

...A strong thunderstorm will impact portions of northeastern Warren
and northwestern Washington Counties through 200 PM EDT...

At 136 PM EDT, Doppler radar was tracking a strong thunderstorm over
Chestertown, or 12 miles north of Warrensburg, moving east at 30 mph.

HAZARD...Winds in excess of 40 mph and pea size hail.

SOURCE...Radar indicated.

IMPACT...Gusty winds could knock down tree limbs and blow around
         unsecured objects. Minor damage to outdoor objects is
         possible.

This strong thunderstorm will be near...
  Eagle Point Campground around 140 PM EDT.
  Scaroon Manor Public Campground around 145 PM EDT.
  Hague, Rogers Rock Campground and Huletts Landing around 200 PM
  EDT.

Other locations impacted by this storm include Byrnes Corners,
Putnam, Dresden Center, Starbuckville, Riparius, Wright, Putnam
Station, Silver Bay, Pottersville and Clemons.

This includes Interstate 87 between exits 24 and 26.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

If outdoors, consider seeking shelter inside a building.

Torrential rainfall is also occurring with this storm and may lead to
localized flooding. Do not drive your vehicle through flooded
roadways.

&&

LAT...LON 4380 7338 4377 7335 4374 7337 4373 7337
      4369 7340 4366 7341 4364 7343 4362 7342
      4358 7389 4375 7395 4376 7391 4381 7338
TIME...MOT...LOC 1736Z 255DEG 27KT 4369 7382

MAX HAIL SIZE...0.25 IN
MAX WIND GUST...40 MPH

SND

Special Weather Statement
National Weather Service Albany NY
139 PM EDT Fri Jul 7 2023

NYZ033-041-042-083-071815-
Hamilton NY-Southeast Warren NY-Northern Warren NY-
Northern Saratoga NY-
139 PM EDT Fri Jul 7 2023

...A strong thunderstorm will impact portions of southeastern
Hamilton, southwestern Warren and northwestern Saratoga Counties
through 215 PM EDT...

At 138 PM EDT, Doppler radar was tracking a strong thunderstorm 7
miles east of Wells, or 16 miles southeast of Speculator, moving east
at 25 mph.

HAZARD...Winds in excess of 30 mph and pea size hail.

SOURCE...Radar indicated.

IMPACT...Gusty winds could knock down tree limbs and blow around
         unsecured objects. Minor damage to outdoor objects is
         possible.

This strong thunderstorm will be near...
  Warrensburg and Lake Luzerne Campground around 215 PM EDT.

Other locations impacted by this storm include Garnet Lake, Thurman,
Thurman Station, Girards Sugarbush, Fourth Lake, Knowelhurst,
Bakertown, Stony Creek Station, High Street and Stony Creek.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

If outdoors, consider seeking shelter inside a building.

Torrential rainfall is also occurring with this storm and may lead to
localized flooding. Do not drive your vehicle through flooded
roadways.

&&

LAT...LON 4332 7422 4354 7428 4362 7384 4334 7374
TIME...MOT...LOC 1738Z 258DEG 21KT 4343 7415

MAX HAIL SIZE...0.25 IN
MAX WIND GUST...30 MPH

SND

Special Weather Statement
National Weather Service Albany NY
140 PM EDT Fri Jul 7 2023

NYZ032-033-071815-
Northern Herkimer NY-Hamilton NY-
140 PM EDT Fri Jul 7 2023

...A strong thunderstorm will impact portions of west central
Hamilton and northern Herkimer Counties through 215 PM EDT...

At 140 PM EDT, Doppler radar was tracking a strong thunderstorm over
Old Forge, moving east at 25 mph.

HAZARD...Winds in excess of 40 mph and pea size hail.

SOURCE...Radar indicated.

IMPACT...Gusty winds could knock down tree limbs and blow around
         unsecured objects. Minor damage to outdoor objects is
         possible.

This strong thunderstorm will be near...
  Old Forge around 145 PM EDT.
  Alger Island Public Campground around 200 PM EDT.
  Limekiln Lake Campground and Eagle Bay around 205 PM EDT.
  Inlet around 210 PM EDT.
  Eighth Lake Campground and Brown Tract Pond Campground around 215
  PM EDT.

Other locations impacted by this storm include Minnehaha, Thendara,
Carter Station, Mountain Lodge and First Lake.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

If outdoors, consider seeking shelter inside a building.

Torrential rainfall is also occurring with this storm and may lead to
localized flooding. Do not drive your vehicle through flooded
roadways.

&&

LAT...LON 4380 7511 4383 7463 4356 7465 4362 7511
      4366 7512
TIME...MOT...LOC 1740Z 272DEG 21KT 4371 7502

MAX HAIL SIZE...0.25 IN
MAX WIND GUST...40 MPH

SND

Special Weather Statement
National Weather Service Albany NY
144 PM EDT Fri Jul 7 2023

NYZ040-048>052-071815-
Eastern Albany NY-Eastern Schenectady NY-Western Schenectady NY-
Montgomery NY-Southern Saratoga NY-Western Albany NY-
144 PM EDT Fri Jul 7 2023

...A strong thunderstorm will impact portions of Schenectady,
northern Albany, southwestern Saratoga and southeastern Montgomery
Counties through 215 PM EDT...

At 143 PM EDT, Doppler radar was tracking a strong thunderstorm near
Duanesburg, or 7 miles west of Scotia, moving northeast at 20 mph.

HAZARD...Winds in excess of 30 mph and pea size hail.

SOURCE...Radar indicated.

IMPACT...Gusty winds could knock down tree limbs and blow around
         unsecured objects. Minor damage to outdoor objects is
         possible.

This strong thunderstorm will be near...
  Rotterdam Junction and Pattersonville-Rotterdam Junction around
  155 PM EDT.
  Rotterdam and Glenville around 200 PM EDT.
  Scotia around 205 PM EDT.
  Schenectady and East Glenville around 210 PM EDT.
  Clifton Park, Niskayuna, Alplaus, Burnt Hills and Country Knolls
  around 215 PM EDT.

Other locations impacted by this storm include Glenridge, Hoffmans,
Harding Crossing, Gifford, Garrison Manor, Aqueduct, Princetown,
Woodruff Heights, Elnora and Schonowe.

This includes the following highways...
 Interstate 88 between exits 24 and 25.
 Interstate 90 between exits 25 and 26.
 Interstate 890 between exits 1a and 9.
 Interstate 87 near exit 8A.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

If outdoors, consider seeking shelter inside a building.

Torrential rainfall is also occurring with this storm and may lead to
localized flooding. Do not drive your vehicle through flooded
roadways.

&&

LAT...LON 4303 7388 4302 7387 4278 7373 4270 7415
      4286 7425
TIME...MOT...LOC 1743Z 246DEG 18KT 4282 7411

MAX HAIL SIZE...0.25 IN
MAX WIND GUST...30 MPH

SND