Alert archive / Virginia / Severe Thunderstorm Warnings in 2018

Severe Thunderstorm Warning 31, NWS Blacksburg, VA

May 10, 20184 counties in Virginia

NWS Blacksburg, VA issued this severe thunderstorm warning at May 10, 2018, 6:23 PM EDT for 4 counties in Virginia. It was in force for 36 min. No storm report in the archive falls inside the area while it was in force.

The area

The outline as issued.

The facts

Issued: May 10, 2018, 6:23 PM EDT (22:23 UTC)
Expired: May 10, 2018, 6:59 PM EDT
In force: 36 min
Issued by: NWS Blacksburg, VA
Area: Storm-based polygon
Hail: 1.0 in
Wind: 60.0 mph

Counties Amherst County, VA, Bedford County, VA, Botetourt County, VA, Rockbridge County, VA

The radar

The Roanoke radar (KFCX), 93 km from the middle of the area, began a volume at 22:23 UTC, the scan nearest the moment this went out.

Open the radar archive at this moment

The archived warnings, watches and discussions in force at that minute are drawn over the scan, this one among them.

Did it verify

Not verified. The Iowa Environmental Mesonet's Cow found no qualifying storm report inside this severe thunderstorm warning while it was in force. That is not proof nothing happened: reports are thin where few people live.

Cow counts a report within 15 km of the polygon while the warning was in force: a tornado for a tornado warning; hail of 1 inch or more, a gust of 58 mph or more or wind damage for a severe thunderstorm warning; a flash flood report for a flash flood warning.

The watch it was issued in

The SPC watch in force over the same counties when this warning went out.

Issued	Product	Office	Lasted
May 10, 1:14 PM EDT	Severe Thunderstorm Watch	SPC	8 hr

The nearest sounding before it

Roanoke, VA (KRNK), launched 12:00Z, 10.4 hours before the alert went out and 33 km from the middle of its area. This is the routine balloon launch nearest before it, the air the forecaster had in hand, not a measurement taken for the alert.

Skew-T log-p

Temperature in red, dew point in green, the mixed-layer parcel dashed.

Hodograph

The wind turning with height, colored by layer: ground to 1 km, 1 to 3 km, 3 to 6 km, 6 to 10 km.

Mixed-layer CAPE: 0 J/kg
Mixed-layer CIN: No buoyant parcel
Mixed-layer LCL: 1342 m above ground
0-6 km bulk shear: 32 kt
0-1 km storm-relative helicity: 206 m²/s²
0-3 km storm-relative helicity: 190 m²/s²
Significant tornado parameter: 0.0
Supercell composite: 0.0

Open this sounding in Storm Lab

The text

As transmitted.

440 
WUUS51 KRNK 102223
SVRRNK
VAC009-019-023-163-102315-
/O.NEW.KRNK.SV.W.0031.180510T2223Z-180510T2315Z/

BULLETIN - IMMEDIATE BROADCAST REQUESTED
Severe Thunderstorm Warning
National Weather Service BLACKSBURG VA
623 PM EDT THU MAY 10 2018

The National Weather Service in BLACKSBURG has issued a

* Severe Thunderstorm Warning for...
  Southwestern Rockbridge County in west central Virginia...
  West central Amherst County in central Virginia...
  Northeastern Bedford County in south central Virginia...
  East central Botetourt County in west central Virginia...

* Until 715 PM EDT

* At 623 PM EDT, a severe thunderstorm was located over Arcadia,
  moving southeast at 20 mph.

  HAZARD...60 mph wind gusts and quarter size hail. 

  SOURCE...Radar indicated. 

  IMPACT...Hail damage to vehicles is expected. Expect wind damage 
           to roofs, siding, and trees. 

* Locations impacted include...
  Bedford...
  Buchanan...
  Big Island...
  Forest...
  and Coleman Falls.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

Prepare immediately for large hail and damaging winds. For your
safety, move to an interior room on the lowest floor of a sturdy
building. Stay away from windows.

When it is safe to do so, please send your reports of hail of any
size, as well as reports of any wind damage, including downed trees
or large limbs, to the National Weather Service by calling toll free
at 1...8 6 6...2 1 5...4 3 2 4. Reports and pictures can also be
shared on the National Weather Service Blacksburg Facebook page and
on Twitter.

&&

LAT...LON 3750 7921 3745 7926 3743 7927 3727 7941
      3756 7977 3770 7963
TIME...MOT...LOC 2223Z 307DEG 18KT 3759 7963 

HAIL...1.00IN
WIND...60MPH
 
$$

Loconto

2 follow-up statements

463 
WWUS51 KRNK 102245
SVSRNK

Severe Weather Statement
National Weather Service BLACKSBURG VA
645 PM EDT THU MAY 10 2018

VAC023-163-102255-
/O.CAN.KRNK.SV.W.0031.000000T0000Z-180510T2315Z/
Rockbridge VA-Botetourt VA-
645 PM EDT THU MAY 10 2018

...THE SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING FOR 
SOUTHWESTERN ROCKBRIDGE AND EAST CENTRAL BOTETOURT COUNTIES IS
CANCELLED...
    
The severe thunderstorm which prompted the warning has moved out of 
the warned area. Therefore, the warning has been cancelled.

When it is safe to do so, please send your reports of hail of any
size, as well as reports of any wind damage, including downed trees
or large limbs, to the National Weather Service by calling toll free
at 1...8 6 6...2 1 5...4 3 2 4. Reports and pictures can also be
shared on the National Weather Service Blacksburg Facebook page and
on Twitter.

LAT...LON 3750 7921 3745 7927 3743 7927 3734 7935
      3745 7957 3751 7953 3752 7950 3753 7950
      3755 7948 3755 7947 3757 7943 3758 7945
      3760 7946 3761 7945
TIME...MOT...LOC 2245Z 300DEG 21KT 3752 7942 

$$

VAC009-019-102315-
/O.CON.KRNK.SV.W.0031.000000T0000Z-180510T2315Z/
Amherst VA-Bedford VA-
645 PM EDT THU MAY 10 2018

...A SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 715 PM EDT
FOR
WEST CENTRAL AMHERST AND NORTHEASTERN BEDFORD COUNTIES...

At 645 PM EDT, a severe thunderstorm was located near Sedalia, moving
southeast at 25 mph.

HAZARD...60 mph wind gusts and quarter size hail. 

SOURCE...Radar indicated. 

IMPACT...Hail damage to vehicles is expected. Expect wind damage to 
         roofs, siding, and trees. 

Locations impacted include...
Big Island...
Forest...
Coleman Falls...
Goode...
and Sedalia.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

Prepare immediately for LARGE HAIL AND DAMAGING WINDS. For your
safety, move to an interior room on the lowest floor of a sturdy
building. Stay away from windows.

When it is safe to do so, please send your reports of hail of any
size, as well as reports of any wind damage, including downed trees
or large limbs, to the National Weather Service by calling toll free
at 1...8 6 6...2 1 5...4 3 2 4. Reports and pictures can also be
shared on the National Weather Service Blacksburg Facebook page and
on Twitter.

&&

LAT...LON 3750 7921 3745 7927 3743 7927 3734 7935
      3745 7957 3751 7953 3752 7950 3753 7950
      3755 7948 3755 7947 3757 7943 3758 7945
      3760 7946 3761 7945
TIME...MOT...LOC 2245Z 300DEG 21KT 3752 7942 

HAIL...1.00IN
WIND...60MPH
 
$$

Loconto

655 
WWUS51 KRNK 102259
SVSRNK

Severe Weather Statement
National Weather Service BLACKSBURG VA
659 PM EDT THU MAY 10 2018

VAC009-019-102309-
/O.CAN.KRNK.SV.W.0031.000000T0000Z-180510T2315Z/
Amherst VA-Bedford VA-
659 PM EDT THU MAY 10 2018

...THE SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING FOR 
WEST CENTRAL AMHERST AND NORTHEASTERN BEDFORD COUNTIES IS
CANCELLED...
                
The storm which prompted the warning has weakened below severe
limits, and no longer poses an immediate threat to life or property.
Therefore the warning has been cancelled.  However gusty winds and
heavy rain are still possible with this thunderstorm.

When it is safe to do so, please send your reports of hail of any
size, as well as reports of any wind damage, including downed trees
or large limbs, to the National Weather Service by calling toll free
at 1...8 6 6...2 1 5...4 3 2 4. Reports and pictures can also be
shared on the National Weather Service Blacksburg Facebook page and
on Twitter.

LAT...LON 3750 7921 3745 7927 3743 7927 3734 7935
      3745 7957 3751 7953 3752 7950 3753 7950
      3755 7948 3755 7947 3757 7943 3758 7945
      3760 7946 3761 7945
TIME...MOT...LOC 2254Z 307DEG 18KT 3748 7935 

$$

Loconto

What forecasters said that day

The local office's own words before this severe thunderstorm warning went out, as it sent them, from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service text.

NWS Blacksburg, VA wrote its last area forecast discussion before this severe thunderstorm warning went out at May 10, 6:03 PM EDT, 20 minutes earlier.

Area forecast discussion, May 10, 6:03 PM EDT, 20 minutes before

Area Forecast Discussion
National Weather Service Blacksburg VA
603 PM EDT Thu May 10 2018

.SYNOPSIS...
A cold front will bring thunderstorms to the Appalachians and
central mid Atlantic region today, before moving off to our east
this evening. A warm front will then bring a chance of showers
and thunderstorms to the region tomorrow, before high pressure
builds in with generally dry conditions with summerlike
temperatures for the weekend.

&&

.NEAR TERM /THROUGH FRIDAY/...
As of 600 PM EDT Thursday...

WW78 has been canceled. Main line of storms has exited the CWA.
There will continue to be stragglers with isolated shower/storm
potential before midnight, but the bonafide severe threat has
ended. Some modest CAPE lingers over the upper TN valley and
will have to keep our eyes on those storm cells, but the
remainder of the CWA has been worked over and CAPE is waning.

Main line of Thunderstorms will continue to move east toward the
Tidewater area with fair conditions developing in the wake of
this feature. Some patchy fog may develop for areas which
received some wetting rain.

A weak warm front looks to move through the region on Friday
with another chance for showers and thunderstorms mainly from
the Blue Ridge westward.

Temperatures will be above normal with lows tonight in the 50s
and highs Friday in the mid/upper 80s east of the Blue Ridge,
upper 70s/lower 80s to the west.

&&

.SHORT TERM /FRIDAY NIGHT THROUGH SUNDAY NIGHT/...
As of 300 PM EDT Thursday...

An increasingly warm, summerlike weather pattern establishes itself
across the central/southern Appalachians into the mid-Atlantic
region for the weekend. Large-scale pattern features across CONUS
remain pretty well specified in the 12z NWP guidance this period. A
deep 500 mb trough over the Intermountain West and very broad
cyclonic flow in the far northern tier US/Canada will lead to an
enhanced belt of 500 mb west-northwest flow from the Ohio
Valley/Chicagoland area into the northern mid-Atlantic region. This
will run roughly parallel to an elongated warm front near the same
general area. This is likely to be a pretty convectively active
pattern for areas along the warm front well north of our area, as
the air mass south of the warm front - into our area and the
Tennessee Valley - will be quite warm and conditionally unstable,
with a plume of 700-500 mb lapse rates between +7 and +8 C/km. A
capping inversion between 850 and 700 mb evident in GFS and NAM-
based BUFKIT soundings should keep convective development stunted
here as sources of lift will be limited to differential
heating/convergence zones along the Blue Ridge. In and of itself,
those probably aren't sufficient to cause a coverage of
thunderstorms other than isolated given the strength of the cap. Any
storm that were to form may develop rather quickly but also be quite
slow-moving as winds through a deep layer of atmosphere are under 30
kts, which also limits shear/organization potential. Will need to
carefully watch position of the aforementioned warm front late in
the period, with rain/thunder from MI to PA likely to effectively
shift the boundary progressively southward each afternoon.

Kept PoPs slight chance to low Chance Saturday on the southern Ridge
into the Mtn Empire for showers/thunderstorms. For Sunday, similar
idea but started to show Chance-level PoPs mainly along the I-64
area due to the potential for some showers or storms to brush these
from northern VA/northern WV. That said, much of each of these days
should be mostly sunny to partly cloudy. In terms of temps, highs
should reach the mid 80s to lower 90s Saturday and Sunday, with lows
in the 60s Friday thru Sunday nights.

&&

.LONG TERM /MONDAY THROUGH THURSDAY/...
As of 300 PM EDT Wednesday...

Weather pattern turns increasingly unsettled this period, with
increasing humidity levels as well. Warm front will continue to sag
closer to our forecast area during the early part of the period.
Toward the mid to late part of the weekend, a slow-moving upper low
of initial subtropical origin advects increasing moisture northward
into our area, leading to a continuation of showers/storms.
This should lead to a greater coverage of storms than previous
days. Temperatures should slowly cool into the upper 70s to mid
80s given a greater coverage of clouds.

&&

.AVIATION /22Z THURSDAY THROUGH TUESDAY/...
As of 300 PM EDT Thursday...

Thunderstorms will bring sub VFR conditions and strong wind
gusts to TAF sites early in the period before moving off to the
east. Conditions overnight will generally be VFR though some
fog/stratus may develop toward daybreak. Expect all sites to
trend toward VFR Friday morning with redevelopment of shower
activity to hold off until after this valid period.

.Extended Aviation Discussion...

Predominant VFR returns behind the front Thursday night and Friday
and continues through much of the weekend as high pressure
strengthens across the region. Reminiscent of a summer-like
pattern, slight chances for isolated afternoon showers and
thunderstorms will exist this weekend. Additional showers and
storms may make for another round of sub-VFR on Monday pending
exactly how far south the next front makes it.

&&

.RNK WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES...
VA...None.
NC...None.
WV...None.

&&

SYNOPSIS...MBS
NEAR TERM...MBS/PM
SHORT TERM...AL
LONG TERM...AL
AVIATION...MBS

Hazardous weather outlook, May 10, 6:06 PM EDT, 17 minutes before

Hazardous Weather Outlook
National Weather Service Blacksburg VA
606 PM EDT Thu May 10 2018

NCZ001>006-018>020-VAZ007-009>020-022>024-032>035-043>047-058-059-
WVZ042>044-507-508-112215-
Ashe-Alleghany NC-Surry-Stokes-Rockingham-Caswell-Watauga-Wilkes-
Yadkin-Tazewell-Smyth-Bland-Giles-Wythe-Pulaski-Montgomery-Grayson-
Carroll-Floyd-Craig-Alleghany VA-Bath-Roanoke-Botetourt-Rockbridge-
Patrick-Franklin-Bedford-Amherst-Henry-Pittsylvania-Campbell-
Appomattox-Buckingham-Halifax-Charlotte-Mercer-Summers-Monroe-
Eastern Greenbrier-Western Greenbrier-
606 PM EDT Thu May 10 2018

This Hazardous Weather Outlook is for north central North Carolina,
northwest North Carolina, central Virginia, south central Virginia,
southwest Virginia, west central Virginia and southeast West
Virginia.

.DAY ONE...Tonight.

The probability for widespread hazardous weather is low.

.DAYS TWO THROUGH SEVEN...Friday through Wednesday.

The probability for widespread hazardous weather is low.

.SPOTTER INFORMATION STATEMENT...

Spotter activation is not expected at this time.

In the hours before

Local storm report, May 10, 5:29 PM EDT, 54 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE BLACKSBURG VA
529 PM EDT THU MAY 10 2018

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0450 PM     TSTM WND DMG     5 N TURBEVILLE          36.68N 79.03W
05/10/2018                   HALIFAX            VA   911 CALL CENTER

            ONE TREE BLOWN DOWN AT THE INTERSECTION OF JONES FERRY
            ROAD AND RIVER ROAD.

&&

HYSELL

Local storm report, May 10, 5:31 PM EDT, 52 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE BLACKSBURG VA
531 PM EDT THU MAY 10 2018

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0453 PM     TSTM WND DMG     4 SSW SOUTH BOSTON      36.65N 78.92W
05/10/2018                   HALIFAX            VA   911 CALL CENTER

            ONE TREE DOWN AT THE 3000 BLOCK OF OLD CLUSTER SPRINGS
            ROAD.

&&

HYSELL

Local storm report, May 10, 5:53 PM EDT, 30 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE BLACKSBURG VA
553 PM EDT THU MAY 10 2018

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0335 PM     TSTM WND DMG     3 SSE NEW CANTON        37.66N 78.28W
05/10/2018                   BUCKINGHAM         VA   911 CALL CENTER

            TREE DOWN ON CARTERSVILLE RD

&&

SK

Local storm report, May 10, 5:55 PM EDT, 28 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE BLACKSBURG VA
555 PM EDT THU MAY 10 2018

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0353 PM     TSTM WND DMG     1 NNW SHEPPARDS         37.40N 78.49W
05/10/2018                   BUCKINGHAM         VA   911 CALL CENTER

            TREE DOWN ON FORK RD NEAR HOLLAND RD

&&

SK

Special weather statement, May 10, 6:03 PM EDT, 20 minutes before

Special Weather Statement
National Weather Service BLACKSBURG VA
603 PM EDT THU MAY 10 2018

NCZ001-002-VAZ009-015-102245-
Ashe-Alleghany-Grayson-Smyth-
603 PM EDT THU MAY 10 2018

...A STRONG THUNDERSTORM WILL AFFECT
NORTHWESTERN ALLEGHANY AND NORTHEASTERN ASHE COUNTIES IN NORTHWESTERN
NORTH CAROLINA...CENTRAL SMYTH AND WESTERN GRAYSON COUNTIES IN
SOUTHWESTERN VIRGINIA...

Until 645 PM EDT

At 603 PM EDT, a strong thunderstorm was located over Marion, moving
south at 25 mph.

Winds in excess of 40 mph and half inch hail are possible with this
storm.

Locations impacted include...
Marion...
Sparta...
Lansing...
Mouth Of Wilson...
and Mount Rogers National Recreation Area.

This storm may intensify, so be certain to monitor local radio
stations and available television stations for additional information
and possible warnings from the National Weather Service.

Persons in campgrounds should consider seeking sturdy shelter until
this storm passes.

LAT...LON 3688 8165 3694 8137 3651 8113 3645 8153
TIME...MOT...LOC 2203Z 344DEG 21KT 3682 8148

Loconto

Special weather statement, May 10, 6:12 PM EDT, 11 minutes before

Special Weather Statement
National Weather Service BLACKSBURG VA
612 PM EDT THU MAY 10 2018

VAZ023-024-034-035-102300-
Botetourt-Amherst-Bedford-Rockbridge-
612 PM EDT THU MAY 10 2018

...A STRONG THUNDERSTORM WILL AFFECT
SOUTHWESTERN ROCKBRIDGE...WEST CENTRAL AMHERST...NORTHEASTERN BEDFORD
AND NORTHEASTERN BOTETOURT COUNTIES...

Until 700 PM EDT

At 611 PM EDT, a strong thunderstorm was located over Eagle Rock,
moving east at 35 mph.

Winds in excess of 40 mph and half inch hail are possible with this
storm.

Locations impacted include...
Buchanan...
Natural Bridge...
Glasgow...
Big Island...
and Eagle Rock.

This storm may intensify, so be certain to monitor local radio
stations and available television stations for additional information
and possible warnings from the National Weather Service.

LAT...LON 3756 7988 3774 7966 3760 7920 3737 7934
TIME...MOT...LOC 2211Z 289DEG 28KT 3758 7966

Loconto

The office that day

Everything else NWS Blacksburg, VA issued on the same UTC day.

Issued	Product	Office	Counties	Lasted
May 10, 11:46 AM EDT	Special Weather Statement	RNK	Bath	59 min
May 10, 12:03 PM EDT	Special Weather Statement	RNK	City of Covington	57 min
May 10, 12:45 PM EDT	Special Weather Statement	RNK	Bath	30 min
May 10, 1:24 PM EDT	Special Weather Statement	RNK	Carroll	36 min
May 10, 1:25 PM EDT	Special Weather Statement	RNK	Amherst	35 min
May 10, 1:33 PM EDT	Special Weather Statement	RNK	Botetourt	27 min
May 10, 1:45 PM EDT	Special Weather Statement	RNK	Amherst, City of Buena Vista	30 min
May 10, 1:48 PM EDT	Special Weather Statement	RNK	Tazewell	42 min
May 10, 1:58 PM EDT	Special Weather Statement	RNK	City of Lynchburg	32 min
May 10, 2:01 PM EDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	RNK	Amherst, Bedford, Botetourt, Rockbridge	44 min
May 10, 2:16 PM EDT	Special Weather Statement	RNK	Patrick	59 min
May 10, 2:18 PM EDT	Areal Flood Advisory	RNK	Amherst, Bedford, Rockbridge, City of Buena Vista	94 min
May 10, 2:18 PM EDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	RNK	Amherst, Bedford, Campbell, City of Lynchburg	57 min
May 10, 2:35 PM EDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	RNK	Patrick	55 min
May 10, 2:40 PM EDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	RNK	Amherst, Buckingham	65 min
May 10, 2:46 PM EDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	RNK	Amherst, Appomattox, Buckingham	59 min
May 10, 2:52 PM EDT	Areal Flood Advisory	RNK	Amherst, Bedford, City of Lynchburg	53 min
May 10, 2:52 PM EDT	Special Weather Statement	RNK	Carroll	53 min
May 10, 3:14 PM EDT	Special Weather Statement	RNK	Henry, City of Martinsville	46 min
May 10, 3:25 PM EDT	Special Weather Statement	RNK	Giles, Roanoke	35 min
May 10, 3:29 PM EDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	RNK	Henry, Patrick, Pittsylvania, City of Danville, City of Martinsville	61 min
May 10, 3:35 PM EDT	Special Weather Statement	RNK	Campbell	55 min
May 10, 3:38 PM EDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	RNK	Appomattox, Buckingham	26 min
May 10, 3:42 PM EDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	RNK	Appomattox, Campbell, Charlotte	63 min
May 10, 3:53 PM EDT	Special Weather Statement	RNK	City of Salem	52 min
May 10, 3:57 PM EDT	Areal Flood Advisory	RNK	Appomattox, Campbell, Charlotte	63 min
May 10, 4:23 PM EDT	Special Weather Statement	RNK	Franklin	37 min
May 10, 4:27 PM EDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	RNK	Halifax, Pittsylvania, City of Danville	48 min
May 10, 4:57 PM EDT	Special Weather Statement	RNK	Bedford, City of Lynchburg	48 min
May 10, 5:02 PM EDT	Special Weather Statement	RNK	Campbell	43 min
May 10, 5:16 PM EDT	Special Weather Statement	RNK	Smyth	44 min
May 10, 6:03 PM EDT	Special Weather Statement	RNK	Grayson, Smyth	42 min
May 10, 6:12 PM EDT	Special Weather Statement	RNK	Botetourt	48 min
May 10, 6:49 PM EDT	Special Weather Statement	RNK	Floyd	41 min

Nearby

Severe Thunderstorm Warnings in Virginia, 2018 Every severe thunderstorm warning in 2018

Sources

The product and its follow-ups from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service and Storm Prediction Center text; the sounding from the Mesonet's radiosonde archive; radar from the NEXRAD Level II archive.