Alert archive / Tennessee / Tornado Warnings in 2018

Tornado Warning 5, NWS Morristown, TN

July 20, 2018Bledsoe County, Meigs County, Rhea County, Tennessee

NWS Morristown, TN issued this tornado warning at Jul 20, 2018, 10:10 PM CDT for Bledsoe County, Meigs County, Rhea County, Tennessee. It was in force for 50 min. 1 report came from inside the area while it was in force.

The area

The outline as issued, with what was reported inside it.

The facts

Issued: Jul 20, 2018, 10:10 PM CDT (03:10 UTC)
Expired: Jul 20, 2018, 11:00 PM CDT
In force: 50 min
Issued by: NWS Morristown, TN
Area: Storm-based polygon
Tornado: Radar indicated
Hail: 1.0 in

Counties Bledsoe County, TN, Meigs County, TN, Rhea County, TN

The radar

The Northeast Alabama radar (KHTX), 132 km from the middle of the area, began a volume at 03:11 UTC, the scan nearest the moment this went out.

Open the radar archive at this moment

The archived warnings, watches and discussions in force at that minute are drawn over the scan, this one among them.

What was reported inside it

Time	Report	Where	Remark
Jul 20, 10:40 PM CDT	TSTM WND DMG	Spring City, TN	DAMAGE TO A HOME IN SPRING CITY. TIME IS ESTIMATED.

Local storm reports filed while the alert was in force, from inside its polygon or its counties.

Did it verify

Not verified. The Iowa Environmental Mesonet's Cow found no qualifying storm report inside this tornado warning while it was in force. That is not proof nothing happened: reports are thin where few people live.

Cow counts a report within 15 km of the polygon while the warning was in force: a tornado for a tornado warning; hail of 1 inch or more, a gust of 58 mph or more or wind damage for a severe thunderstorm warning; a flash flood report for a flash flood warning.

The watch it was issued in

The SPC watch in force over the same counties when this warning went out.

Issued	Product	Office	Lasted
Jul 20, 7:02 PM CDT	Tornado Watch	SPC	7 hr

The nearest sounding before it

Nashville Metro, TN (KBNA), launched 00:00Z, 3.2 hours before the alert went out and 156 km from the middle of its area. This is the routine balloon launch nearest before it, the air the forecaster had in hand, not a measurement taken for the alert.

Skew-T log-p

Temperature in red, dew point in green, the mixed-layer parcel dashed.

Hodograph

The wind turning with height, colored by layer: ground to 1 km, 1 to 3 km, 3 to 6 km, 6 to 10 km.

Mixed-layer CAPE: 3305 J/kg
Mixed-layer CIN: -1 J/kg
Mixed-layer LCL: 1217 m above ground
0-6 km bulk shear: 53 kt
0-1 km storm-relative helicity: 90 m²/s²
0-3 km storm-relative helicity: 169 m²/s²
Significant tornado parameter: 2.2
Supercell composite: 11.6

Open this sounding in Storm Lab

The text

As transmitted.

772 
WFUS54 KMRX 210310
TORMRX
TNC007-121-143-210400-
/O.NEW.KMRX.TO.W.0005.180721T0310Z-180721T0400Z/

BULLETIN - EAS ACTIVATION REQUESTED
Tornado Warning
National Weather Service Morristown TN
1110 PM EDT FRI JUL 20 2018

The National Weather Service in Morristown has issued a

* Tornado Warning for...
  Central Rhea County in east Tennessee...
  Northeastern Bledsoe County in east Tennessee...
  Northeastern Meigs County in east Tennessee...

* Until midnight EDT/1100 PM CDT/.
    
* At 1109 PM EDT/1009 PM CDT/, a severe thunderstorm capable of
  producing a tornado was located 8 miles northwest of Spring City,
  or 14 miles northeast of Pikeville, moving southeast at 20 mph.

  HAZARD...Tornado and quarter size hail.

  SOURCE...Radar indicated rotation.

  IMPACT...Flying debris will be dangerous to those caught without 
           shelter. Mobile homes will be damaged or destroyed. 
           Damage to roofs, windows, and vehicles will occur.  Tree 
           damage is likely.

* This dangerous storm will be near...
  Spring City around 1135 PM EDT.

Other locations impacted by this tornadic thunderstorm include Old
Washington, Piney Falls State Park, Peakland and Stinging Fork Falls
State Park.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

TAKE COVER NOW! Move to a basement or an interior room on the lowest
floor of a sturdy building. Avoid windows. If you are outdoors, in a
mobile home, or in a vehicle, move to the closest substantial shelter
and protect yourself from flying debris.

&&

LAT...LON 3570 8509 3575 8502 3577 8494 3565 8471
      3552 8490
TIME...MOT...LOC 0309Z 314DEG 16KT 3574 8500 

TORNADO...RADAR INDICATED
HAIL...1.00IN

$$

SR

2 follow-up statements

333 
WWUS54 KMRX 210333
SVSMRX

Severe Weather Statement
National Weather Service Morristown TN
1133 PM EDT FRI JUL 20 2018

TNC007-210342-
/O.CAN.KMRX.TO.W.0005.000000T0000Z-180721T0400Z/
Bledsoe TN-
1133 PM EDT FRI JUL 20 2018

...THE TORNADO WARNING FOR NORTHEASTERN BLEDSOE COUNTY IS
CANCELLED...
    
The tornadic thunderstorm which prompted the warning has moved out 
of the warned area. Therefore, the warning has been cancelled.

A Tornado Watch remains in effect until 400 AM EDT for east
Tennessee.

LAT...LON 3566 8501 3569 8497 3570 8491 3570 8481
      3565 8471 3552 8490
TIME...MOT...LOC 0332Z 314DEG 16KT 3567 8491 

$$

TNC121-143-210400-
/O.CON.KMRX.TO.W.0005.000000T0000Z-180721T0400Z/
Rhea TN-Meigs TN-
1133 PM EDT FRI JUL 20 2018

...A TORNADO WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL MIDNIGHT EDT FOR CENTRAL
RHEA AND NORTHEASTERN MEIGS COUNTIES...
    
At 1132 PM EDT, a severe thunderstorm capable of producing a tornado
was located over Spring City, or 11 miles northwest of Decatur,
moving southeast at 20 mph.

HAZARD...Tornado and quarter size hail.

SOURCE...Radar indicated rotation.

IMPACT...Flying debris will be dangerous to those caught without 
         shelter. Mobile homes will be damaged or destroyed. Damage 
         to roofs, windows, and vehicles will occur.  Tree damage is 
         likely.

This tornadic thunderstorm will remain over mainly rural areas of
central Rhea and northeastern Meigs Counties, including the following
locations... Peakland and Old Washington.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

TAKE COVER NOW! Move to a basement or an interior room on the lowest
floor of a sturdy building. Avoid windows. If you are outdoors, in a
mobile home, or in a vehicle, move to the closest substantial shelter
and protect yourself from flying debris.

&&

LAT...LON 3566 8501 3569 8497 3570 8491 3570 8481
      3565 8471 3552 8490
TIME...MOT...LOC 0332Z 314DEG 16KT 3567 8491 

TORNADO...RADAR INDICATED
HAIL...1.00IN

$$

SR

289 
WWUS54 KMRX 210356
SVSMRX

Severe Weather Statement
National Weather Service Morristown TN
1156 PM EDT FRI JUL 20 2018

TNC121-143-210406-
/O.EXP.KMRX.TO.W.0005.000000T0000Z-180721T0400Z/
Rhea TN-Meigs TN-
1156 PM EDT FRI JUL 20 2018

...THE TORNADO WARNING FOR CENTRAL RHEA AND NORTHEASTERN MEIGS
COUNTIES WILL EXPIRE AT MIDNIGHT EDT...
    
The tornado threat has diminished and the Tornado Warning has been
cancelled. However, large hail and damaging winds remain likely and a
Severe Thunderstorm Warning remains in effect for the area.  

A Tornado Watch remains in effect until 400 AM EDT for east
Tennessee.

LAT...LON 3566 8501 3569 8497 3570 8491 3570 8481
      3565 8471 3552 8490
TIME...MOT...LOC 0356Z 314DEG 16KT 3560 8482 

$$

SR

What forecasters said that day

The local office's own words before this tornado warning went out, as it sent them, from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service text.

NWS Morristown, TN wrote its last area forecast discussion before this tornado warning went out at Jul 20, 7:38 PM CDT, 2 hours 32 minutes earlier.

Area forecast discussion, Jul 20, 7:38 PM CDT, 2 hours 32 minutes before

Area Forecast Discussion
National Weather Service Morristown TN
838 PM EDT Fri Jul 20 2018

.DISCUSSION...Showers and storms currently across southeastern KY
and the northern Cumberland Plateau will continue to drift east
southeast into the TN Valley this evening. The highest
instability values remain across the central TN Valley and
westward back toward the Cumberland Plateau. This area of moderate
instability combined with 40 to 50 Knots of effective bulk shear
will allow storms to maintain their strength as they drop down
into our area. Low level shear is lacking right now so expect any
rotation to remain confined to the mid levels unless a storm can
latch onto a good boundary. Models do show low level shear
increasing here in a few hours though, thus allowing for the
current tornado watch. Wind damage and large hail will be the
main threats with these storms but there is also the possibility
of an isolated tornado due to the shear in place. Models still
uncertain what happens later tonight after this first wave of
storms rolls. However, thinking as of now is this line that is
currently moving in will be the main show. New zones issued for
tornado watch wording.

&&

.PRELIMINARY POINT TEMPS/POPS...
Chattanooga Airport, TN             72  89  70  85 /  60  60  60  50
Knoxville McGhee Tyson Airport, TN  70  85  68  82 /  60  60  60  70
Oak Ridge, TN                       70  85  68  82 /  70  60  60  70
Tri Cities Airport, TN              66  82  65  79 /  60  70  70  70

&&

.MRX WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES...
NC...None.
TN...None.
VA...None.
&&

SR

Hazardous weather outlook, Jul 20, 2:21 PM CDT, 7 hours 49 minutes before

Hazardous Weather Outlook
National Weather Service Morristown TN
321 PM EDT Fri Jul 20 2018

NCZ060-061-TNZ012>018-035>047-067>074-081>087-098>102-VAZ001-002-
005-006-008-211930-
Cherokee-Clay-Scott TN-Campbell-Claiborne-Hancock-Hawkins-
Sullivan-Johnson-Morgan-Anderson-Union-Grainger-Hamblen-
Northwest Cocke-Cocke Smoky Mountains-Northwest Greene-
Southeast Greene-Washington TN-Unicoi-Northwest Carter-
Southeast Carter-Roane-Loudon-Knox-Jefferson-NW Blount-
Blount Smoky Mountains-North Sevier-Sevier Smoky Mountains-
Sequatchie-Bledsoe-Rhea-Meigs-McMinn-Northwest Monroe-
Southeast Monroe-Marion-Hamilton-Bradley-West Polk-East Polk-Lee-
Wise-Scott-Russell-Washington-
321 PM EDT Fri Jul 20 2018 /221 PM CDT Fri Jul 20 2018/

This Hazardous Weather Outlook is for portions of Southwest North
Carolina...East Tennessee and Southwest Virginia.

.DAY ONE...This Afternoon and Tonight

Showers and thunderstorms are likely tonight across much of the
area, some of which may reach severe levels. The strongest storms
are expected to move out of Kentucky into middle and east
Tennessee late tonight, moving quickly into southeast Tennessee
and southwest North Carolina into early morning Saturday. Some of
these thunderstorms will be capable of producing damaging winds,
large hail, and brief heavy rainfall. An isolated tornado cannot
be ruled out, particularly across southern portions of the
Tennessee Valley.

.DAYS TWO THROUGH SEVEN...Saturday through Thursday

The atmosphere will remain unstable into Saturday and strong to
severe thunderstorms will again be possible Saturday afternoon
into the evening. The main threats with any stronger storms will
be damaging winds, large hail and brief heavy rainfall.

.SPOTTER INFORMATION STATEMENT...

Spotter activation will likely be needed tonight.

In the hours before

Local storm report, Jul 20, 9:23 PM CDT, 47 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE MORRISTOWN TN
1023 PM EDT FRI JUL 20 2018

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

1023 PM     TSTM WND DMG     BEAN STATION            36.34N 83.28W
07/20/2018                   GRAINGER           TN   911 CALL CENTER

            SEVERAL TREES DOWN IN GRAINGER COUNTY, TENNESSEE.

&&

DH

Local storm report, Jul 20, 9:28 PM CDT, 42 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE MORRISTOWN TN
1028 PM EDT FRI JUL 20 2018

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

1027 PM     TSTM WND DMG     MAYNARDVILLE            36.25N 83.81W
07/20/2018                   UNION              TN   911 CALL CENTER

            SEVERAL TREES DOWN ACROSS THE MAYNARDVILLE, TENNESEE
            AREA.

&&

DH

Local storm report, Jul 20, 9:38 PM CDT, 32 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE MORRISTOWN TN
1038 PM EDT FRI JUL 20 2018

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

1038 PM     TSTM WND DMG     KINGSPORT               36.53N 82.56W
07/20/2018                   SULLIVAN           TN   AMATEUR RADIO

            TRAFFIC SIGNALS AND WIRES DOWN IN KINGSPORT DUE TO THE
            HIGH WINDS.

&&

DH

Local storm report, Jul 20, 9:39 PM CDT, 31 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT...SUMMARY
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE MORRISTOWN TN
1039 PM EDT FRI JUL 20 2018

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0933 PM     TSTM WND DMG     JONESVILLE              36.69N 83.12W
07/20/2018                   LEE                VA   911 CALL CENTER

            SEVERAL TREES DOWN ACROSS THE COUNTY.

0938 PM     TSTM WND DMG     PENNINGTON GAP          36.76N 83.03W
07/20/2018                   LEE                VA   911 CALL CENTER

            SEVERAL TREES DOWN ACROSS THE COUNTY.

0949 PM     TSTM WND DMG     LA FOLLETTE             36.37N 84.13W
07/20/2018                   CAMPBELL           TN   911 CALL CENTER

            TREE DOWN ON SOUTH HIGHWAY 25.

1023 PM     TSTM WND DMG     BEAN STATION            36.34N 83.28W
07/20/2018                   GRAINGER           TN   911 CALL CENTER

            SEVERAL TREES DOWN IN GRAINGER COUNTY, TENNESSEE.

1027 PM     TSTM WND DMG     MAYNARDVILLE            36.25N 83.81W
07/20/2018                   UNION              TN   911 CALL CENTER

            SEVERAL TREES DOWN ACROSS THE MAYNARDVILLE, TENNESEE
            AREA.

1038 PM     TSTM WND DMG     KINGSPORT               36.53N 82.56W
07/20/2018                   SULLIVAN           TN   AMATEUR RADIO

            TRAFFIC SIGNALS AND WIRES DOWN IN KINGSPORT DUE TO THE
            HIGH WINDS.

&&

DH

Local storm report, Jul 20, 9:47 PM CDT, 23 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE MORRISTOWN TN
1047 PM EDT FRI JUL 20 2018

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

1045 PM     TSTM WND DMG     HALLS                   36.08N 83.93W
07/20/2018                   KNOX               TN   911 CALL CENTER

            SEVERAL TREES DOWN. ONE TREE OVER A CAR.

&&

DH

Local storm report, Jul 20, 9:57 PM CDT, 13 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE MORRISTOWN TN
1057 PM EDT FRI JUL 20 2018

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

1050 PM     TSTM WND GST     4 NE MORRISTOWN         36.26N 83.25W
07/20/2018  M73 MPH          HAMBLEN            TN   AMATEUR RADIO

            MEASURED REPORT OF 73 MPH AT WHITESBURG, TN.

&&

DH

The office that day

Everything else NWS Morristown, TN issued on the same UTC day.

Issued	Product	Office	Counties	Lasted
Jul 20, 8:02 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	MRX	Claiborne, Hancock	58 min
Jul 20, 8:12 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	MRX	Campbell, Claiborne, Scott	48 min
Jul 20, 8:42 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	MRX	Grainger, Hamblen, Hawkins	63 min
Jul 20, 8:56 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	MRX	Anderson, Campbell, Claiborne, Union	49 min
Jul 20, 9:10 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	MRX	Cocke, Greene, Jefferson, Sullivan, Unicoi, Washington	65 min
Jul 20, 9:17 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	MRX	Anderson, Blount, Knox, Sevier	58 min
Jul 20, 9:31 PM CDT	Tornado Warning	MRX	Bledsoe, Rhea	44 min
Jul 20, 9:44 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	MRX	Hamblen	16 min
Jul 20, 9:48 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	MRX	Carter, Johnson, Unicoi	57 min
Jul 20, 10:13 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	MRX	Cocke, Sevier	32 min
Jul 20, 10:18 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	MRX	Bledsoe, Rhea	42 min
Jul 20, 10:42 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	MRX	Bradley, McMinn, Meigs, Rhea	48 min
Jul 20, 10:47 PM CDT	Areal Flood Advisory	MRX	Bledsoe, Meigs, Rhea, Roane	3 hr
Jul 20, 11:02 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	MRX	Bledsoe	43 min
Jul 20, 11:11 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	MRX	Bledsoe, Hamilton, Rhea, Sequatchie	49 min
Jul 20, 11:14 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	MRX	Scott	46 min
Jul 20, 11:24 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	MRX	Bradley, McMinn, Meigs, Polk	51 min
Jul 20, 11:55 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	MRX	Bledsoe, Hamilton, Meigs, Rhea	50 min
Jul 20, 11:58 PM CDT	Areal Flood Advisory	MRX	McMinn, Meigs, Rhea	3 hr
Jul 20, 11:58 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	MRX	Polk	62 min
Jul 21, 12:16 AM CDT	Areal Flood Advisory	MRX	Bledsoe, Rhea	3 hr
Jul 21, 12:21 AM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	MRX	Bledsoe, Rhea	39 min
Jul 21, 12:27 AM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	MRX	Anderson, Campbell, Claiborne, Scott	48 min
Jul 21, 12:28 AM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	MRX	Bradley, McMinn	47 min
Jul 21, 1:02 AM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	MRX	Bradley, Polk	28 min
Jul 21, 1:11 AM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	MRX	Anderson, Campbell, Morgan, Roane, Scott	52 min
Jul 21, 1:16 AM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	MRX	Anderson, Campbell, Claiborne, Grainger, Knox, Union	59 min
Jul 21, 1:39 AM CDT	Areal Flood Advisory	MRX	Bradley, McMinn, Polk	3 hr
Jul 21, 1:54 AM CDT	Special Weather Statement	MRX	Blount, Loudon, Roane	66 min
Jul 21, 2:06 AM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	MRX	Bledsoe, Rhea	39 min
Jul 21, 2:10 AM CDT	Special Weather Statement	MRX	Cocke, Grainger, Hamblen, Jefferson	50 min
Jul 21, 2:30 AM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	MRX	Bledsoe, Hamilton, Meigs, Rhea	45 min
Jul 21, 2:36 AM CDT	Areal Flood Warning	MRX	Bledsoe, Bradley, Hamilton, McMinn, Meigs, Rhea	3 hr
Jul 21, 2:41 AM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	MRX	Hamilton, Marion, Sequatchie	48 min
Jul 21, 2:53 AM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	MRX	McMinn, Monroe	41 min
Jul 21, 3:05 AM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	MRX	Bradley, Hamilton, McMinn, Polk	40 min
Jul 21, 3:33 AM CDT	Areal Flood Advisory	MRX	Bradley, Hamilton, Marion, Polk	117 min
Jul 21, 5:39 AM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	MRX	Bledsoe	36 min
Jul 21, 6:05 AM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	MRX	Bledsoe, Hamilton, Meigs, Rhea	25 min
Jul 21, 6:24 AM CDT	Special Weather Statement	MRX	Bradley, Polk	36 min
Jul 21, 3:06 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	MRX	Knox	39 min
Jul 21, 3:17 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	MRX	Monroe	43 min
Jul 21, 3:45 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	MRX	Hancock, Hawkins	60 min
Jul 21, 3:47 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	MRX	Sevier	58 min
Jul 21, 4:12 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	MRX	Bradley	63 min
Jul 21, 4:19 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	MRX	Bradley, Hamilton, McMinn, Meigs	56 min
Jul 21, 4:33 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	MRX	Monroe	42 min
Jul 21, 4:44 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	MRX	Grainger	46 min
Jul 21, 4:49 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	MRX	Bradley	26 min
Jul 21, 4:53 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	MRX	Bradley, Hamilton	37 min
Jul 21, 5:07 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	MRX	Polk	53 min
Jul 21, 5:24 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	MRX	Monroe	51 min
Jul 21, 5:26 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	MRX	Polk	49 min
Jul 21, 6:00 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	MRX	Blount	30 min
Jul 21, 6:15 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	MRX	Blount, Sevier	34 min

Nearby

Tornado Warnings in Tennessee, 2018 Every tornado warning in 2018 Tornadoes in 2018

Sources

The product and its follow-ups from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service and Storm Prediction Center text; local storm reports from the same archive; the sounding from the Mesonet's radiosonde archive; radar from the NEXRAD Level II archive.