Alert archive / South Carolina / Severe Thunderstorm Warnings in 2018

Severe Thunderstorm Warning 79, NWS Greenville-Spartanburg, SC

June 2, 2018Spartanburg County, Union County, South Carolina

NWS Greenville-Spartanburg, SC issued this severe thunderstorm warning at Jun 2, 2018, 3:45 PM EDT for Spartanburg County, Union County, South Carolina. It was in force for 45 min. No storm report in the archive falls inside the area while it was in force.

The area

The outline as issued.

The facts

Issued
Jun 2, 2018, 3:45 PM EDT (19:45 UTC)
Expired
Jun 2, 2018, 4:30 PM EDT
In force
45 min
Issued by
NWS Greenville-Spartanburg, SC
Area
Storm-based polygon
Hail
1.0 in
Wind
60.0 mph

Counties Spartanburg County, SC, Union County, SC

The radar

The Greer radar (KGSP), 45 km from the middle of the area, began a volume at 19:47 UTC, the scan nearest the moment this went out.

Open the radar archive at this moment

The archived warnings, watches and discussions in force at that minute are drawn over the scan, this one among them.

Did it verify

Not verified. The Iowa Environmental Mesonet's Cow found no qualifying storm report inside this severe thunderstorm warning while it was in force. That is not proof nothing happened: reports are thin where few people live.

Cow counts a report within 15 km of the polygon while the warning was in force: a tornado for a tornado warning; hail of 1 inch or more, a gust of 58 mph or more or wind damage for a severe thunderstorm warning; a flash flood report for a flash flood warning.

The nearest sounding before it

Greensboro/Hi Pt, NC (KGSO), launched 12:00Z, 7.8 hours before the alert went out and 224 km from the middle of its area. This is the routine balloon launch nearest before it, the air the forecaster had in hand, not a measurement taken for the alert.

Skew-T log-pSkew-T log-p diagram, Greensboro/Hi Pt, NC at 12:00Z on 2018-06-02Temperature and dew point through the depth of the atmosphere, with the mixed-layer parcel. CAPE 21 joules per kilogram.LCLLFCEL10008507005003002001001 km2 km3 km6 km9 km12 km15 km-30°-20°-10°0°10°20°30°40°
Temperature in red, dew point in green, the mixed-layer parcel dashed.
HodographHodograph, Greensboro/Hi Pt, NC at 12:00Z on 2018-06-02The wind through the lowest 10 kilometers. Zero to 1 km storm-relative helicity -77 square meters per square second.193958Sfc1 km3 km6 km9 kmRMLM
The wind turning with height, colored by layer: ground to 1 km, 1 to 3 km, 3 to 6 km, 6 to 10 km.
Mixed-layer CAPE
21 J/kg
Mixed-layer CIN
-38 J/kg
Mixed-layer LCL
1009 m above ground
0-6 km bulk shear
8 kt
0-1 km storm-relative helicity
-77 m²/s²
0-3 km storm-relative helicity
12 m²/s²
Significant tornado parameter
0.0
Supercell composite
0.0

Open this sounding in Storm Lab

The text

As transmitted.

548 
WUUS52 KGSP 021945
SVRGSP
SCC083-087-022030-
/O.NEW.KGSP.SV.W.0079.180602T1945Z-180602T2030Z/

BULLETIN - IMMEDIATE BROADCAST REQUESTED
Severe Thunderstorm Warning
National Weather Service Greenville-Spartanburg SC
345 PM EDT SAT JUN 2 2018

The National Weather Service in Greenville-Spartanburg has issued a

* Severe Thunderstorm Warning for...
  Southeastern Spartanburg County in Upstate South Carolina...
  Central Union County in Upstate South Carolina...

* Until 430 PM EDT.

* At 345 PM EDT, a severe thunderstorm was located 7 miles west of
  Union, or 4 miles northwest of Buffalo, moving southeast at 10 mph.

  HAZARD...60 mph wind gusts and quarter size hail.

  SOURCE...Radar indicated.

  IMPACT...Minor hail damage to vehicles is expected. Expect wind 
           damage to trees and power lines.

* Locations impacted include...
  Union, Monarch Mill, Buffalo, Jonesville, Rose Hill State Park,
  Cross Keys, Sedalia and Croft State Park.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

A few trees and power lines will be blown down in the warned area.
Hail can cause major property damage, especially to vehicles. Seek
shelter inside an interior room.

Please report damaging winds, hail, or flooding to the National
Weather Service Greenville-Spartanburg by calling toll free, 1, 800,
2 6 7, 8 1 0 1, or by posting on our Facebook page, or Tweet it using
hashtag nwsgsp. Your message should describe the event and the
specific location where it occurred.

&&

LAT...LON 3477 8189 3488 8182 3486 8171 3469 8148
      3456 8174
TIME...MOT...LOC 1945Z 326DEG 8KT 3476 8175 

HAIL...1.00IN
WIND...60MPH
 
$$

MOORE
1 follow-up statement
654 
WWUS52 KGSP 022010
SVSGSP

Severe Weather Statement
National Weather Service Greenville-Spartanburg SC
410 PM EDT SAT JUN 2 2018

SCC083-087-022030-
/O.CON.KGSP.SV.W.0079.000000T0000Z-180602T2030Z/
Spartanburg SC-Union SC-
410 PM EDT SAT JUN 2 2018

...A SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 430 PM EDT
FOR SOUTHEASTERN SPARTANBURG AND CENTRAL UNION COUNTIES...

At 409 PM EDT, a severe thunderstorm was located 5 miles west of 
Union, or near Buffalo, moving southeast at 10 mph. Another severe 
thunderstorm was located between Pauline and Jonesville...also 
moving southeast at 10 mph.

HAZARD...60 mph wind gusts and quarter size hail.

SOURCE...Radar indicated.

IMPACT...Minor hail damage to vehicles is expected. Expect wind 
         damage to trees and power lines.

Locations impacted include...
Union, Monarch Mill, Buffalo, Jonesville, Rose Hill State Park, Cross
Keys, Sedalia and Croft State Park.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

A few trees and power lines will be blown down in the warned area.
Hail can cause major property damage, especially to vehicles. Seek
shelter inside an interior room.

This storms is also producing extremely heavy rainfall. Flooding of
drainage ditches and low lying areas may occur. Small streams will
rise rapidly. Do not drive through areas where water is flowing over
the road.

Please report damaging winds, hail, or flooding to the National
Weather Service Greenville-Spartanburg by calling toll free, 1, 800,
2 6 7, 8 1 0 1, or by posting on our Facebook page, or Tweet it using
hashtag nwsgsp. Your message should describe the event and the
specific location where it occurred.

&&

LAT...LON 3477 8189 3488 8182 3486 8171 3469 8148
      3456 8174
TIME...MOT...LOC 2009Z 326DEG 8KT 3471 8171 

HAIL...1.00IN
WIND...60MPH
 
$$

MOORE

What forecasters said that day

The local office's own words before this severe thunderstorm warning went out, as it sent them, from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service text.

NWS Greenville-Spartanburg, SC wrote its last area forecast discussion before this severe thunderstorm warning went out at Jun 2, 2:47 PM EDT, 58 minutes earlier.

Area forecast discussion, Jun 2, 2:47 PM EDT, 58 minutes before
Area Forecast Discussion
National Weather Service Greenville-Spartanburg SC
247 PM EDT Sat Jun 2 2018

.SYNOPSIS...
A warm and moist airmass will persist through the weekend keeping
a chance of showers and thunderstorms in the forecast. A drier and
seasonable air mass will arrive behind a passing cold front early
next week. Moisture returns ahead of another cold front late in
the week.

&&

.NEAR TERM /THROUGH SUNDAY/...
As of 2:15pm EDT Saturday:  Increased POPs for the round of showers
and thunderstorms currently under way as initial radar coverage is
running closer to the more optimistic HRRR.  Scattered showers and
thunderstorms will continue through the afternoon.  MLCAPE is
currently around 1500 j/kg with little wind shear.  Storms are
embedded in northwesterly flow on back side of system that brought a
surface trough through the area yesterday.  Though back side of
system is less favorable for convection, enough instability exists
for some thunder today, assisted by the passage of a weak frontal
boundary, with the greatest threat being severe wind gusts.

Weak frontal system will continue the process of veering the winds
and reducing moisture overnight.  However, airmass will recover some
in advance of next (and stronger) front that will be entering the
area Sunday afternoon.  This front will bring another chance for
diurnal showers and thunderstroms that will have about the same
level of CAPE to work with as today, but will have better focusing
along the front and slightly wind shear.  CAMs also have stronger
updrafts with some storms Sunday afternoon.

Temperatures will continue on the warm side through Sunday, running
about 10 degrees above normal.  Winds will remain relatively light
at 5 to 10 kts and become northwesterly this afternoon and a little
stronger with the FROPA Sunday afternoon/evening.

&&

.SHORT TERM /SUNDAY NIGHT THROUGH TUESDAY/...
As of 225 pm Saturday: A much-welcomed pattern change will be
completed during the short term, as an anomalously strong long wave
trough sets up along the East Coast, resulting in a drying deep
northwest flow across the western Carolinas and northeast GA. Thus,
after lingering convection dissipates Sunday evening, the remainder
of the period will be convection-free. Although temps will be very
close to normal (perhaps a degree or two below climo), the more
significant change will be the 50s dewpoints, which will probably
feel downright pleasant after the last couple of weeks.

&&

.LONG TERM /TUESDAY NIGHT THROUGH FRIDAY/...
As of 300 PM Saturday: The extended forecast has not changed
significantly since the previous issuance.  On Wednesday, a
shortwave trough diving into the Lower Mississippi River Valley
will amplify a longwave trough over the eastern ConUS as a cold
front drops into the Mid-Atlantic.  Guidance is still bullish
on this front "backdooring" its way into the region during the
day on Wednesday, but it is also persistently keeping the weak
frontal passage mostly dry, save for an isolated shower or two
Wednesday afternoon/evening.  The forecast becomes more unsettled
later in the week as a strong ridge of high pressure sets up over
the Southern Plains while strong shortwave energy emerges from
the northern Rockies Thursday into Friday.  The associated cold
front is forecast to approach our region late Saturday into Sunday,
though it is of little surprise that guidance is not in agreement
on frontal timing or the coverage of showers and thunderstorms.
Nevertheless, moisture will increase Friday into Sunday as high
pressure shifts south and east of the southern Appalachians
and with rounds of energy embedded in the northwest flow aloft
ahead of the front, slight chance to chance pops predominate the
forecast area during this time.  High temperatures through the
period generally range from near normal to slightly above normal;
however, low temperatures will begin near-normal Wednesday morning
but increase each night through the extended to about 5-7 degrees
above normal by Sunday morning in response to the anticipated
increase in low-level moisture.

&&

.AVIATION /19Z SATURDAY THROUGH THURSDAY/...
At KCLT and elsewhere:  Scattered showers and thunderstorms this
afternoon are starting early with some lightning already on radar.
These showers will continue through the afternoon moving from the
northwest and becoming more numerous before dying around sunset.
Showers are in northwesterly flow aloft and will have some risk for
strong gusty outflows, mostly from the northwesterly direction, and
will also temporarily reduced visibility.  Winds will continue to
veer so as to become more northerly to northwesterly at 5 to 10 kts,
through the afternoon. Northwesterly flow will also reduce moisture
and have not included any fog for Sunday morning.

Outlook: Scattered afternoon/evening showers and thunderstorms, are
expected again on Sunday. Then drier high pressure will build in
from the NW on Monday, resulting in lower convective potential and
less potential for restrictions thru the middle of next week.

Confidence Table...

            18-24Z        00-06Z        06-12Z        12-18Z
KCLT       High 100%     High 100%     High 100%     High 100%
KGSP       High 100%     High 100%     High 100%     High 100%
KAVL       High 100%     High 100%     Med   74%     High  94%
KHKY       High 100%     High 100%     High 100%     High 100%
KGMU       High 100%     High 100%     High 100%     High 100%
KAND       High 100%     High 100%     High 100%     High 100%

The percentage reflects the number of guidance members agreeing
with the scheduled TAF issuance flight rule category. Complete hourly
experimental aviation forecast consistency tables and ensemble forecasts
are available at the following link:

www.weather.gov/gsp/aviation

&&

.GSP WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES...
GA...None.
NC...None.
SC...None.

&&

SYNOPSIS...JMP
NEAR TERM...WJM
SHORT TERM...JDL
LONG TERM...JMP
AVIATION...WJM
Hazardous weather outlook, Jun 2, 4:30 AM EDT, 11 hours 15 minutes before
Hazardous Weather Outlook
National Weather Service Greenville-Spartanburg SC
430 AM EDT Sat Jun 2 2018

GAZ010-017-018-026-028-029-NCZ033-035>037-048>053-056>059-062>065-
068>072-082-501>510-SCZ001>014-019-030830-
Rabun-Habersham-Stephens-Franklin-Hart-Elbert-Avery-Alexander-
Iredell-Davie-Madison-Yancey-Mitchell-Swain-Haywood-Buncombe-Catawba-
Rowan-Graham-Northern Jackson-Macon-Southern Jackson-Transylvania-
Henderson-Cleveland-Lincoln-Gaston-Mecklenburg-Cabarrus-Union-
Caldwell Mountains-Greater Caldwell-Burke Mountains-Greater Burke-
McDowell Mountains-Eastern McDowell-Rutherford Mountains-
Greater Rutherford-Polk Mountains-Eastern Polk-Oconee Mountains-
Pickens Mountains-Greenville Mountains-Greater Oconee-
Greater Pickens-Greater Greenville-Spartanburg-Cherokee-York-
Anderson-Abbeville-Laurens-Chester-Greenwood-
430 AM EDT Sat Jun 2 2018

This Hazardous Weather Outlook is for northeast Georgia, piedmont
North Carolina, western North Carolina and upstate South Carolina.

.DAY ONE...Today and Tonight.

Isolated to scattered thunderstorms are expected this afternoon and
evening. While gusty winds, cloud to ground lightning, and brief,
heavy rainfall can be expected with any thunderstorm, one or two of
the storms could produce damaging wind gusts.

.DAYS TWO THROUGH SEVEN...Sunday through Friday.

..Sunday...No hazardous weather is expected at this time.
..Monday...No hazardous weather is expected at this time.
..Tuesday...No hazardous weather is expected at this time.
..Wednesday...No hazardous weather is expected at this time.
..Thursday...No hazardous weather is expected at this time.
..Friday...No hazardous weather is expected at this time.

.SPOTTER INFORMATION STATEMENT...

None.

In the hours before

Special weather statement, Jun 2, 2:23 PM EDT, 1 hour 22 minutes before
Special Weather Statement
National Weather Service Greenville-Spartanburg SC
223 PM EDT SAT JUN 2 2018

NCZ070-071-SCZ009-021900-
Gaston NC-Mecklenburg NC-York SC-
223 PM EDT SAT JUN 2 2018

...A STRONG THUNDERSTORM WILL IMPACT SOUTHWESTERN MECKLENBURG...
SOUTHEASTERN GASTON AND NORTHEASTERN YORK COUNTIES UNTIL 300 PM
EDT...

At 222 PM EDT, Doppler radar was tracking a strong thunderstorm 6
miles southeast of Gastonia, or near Cramerton, moving southeast at
20 mph.

Locations to be impacted include...
Gastonia, Southwest Charlotte, Belmont, Tega Cay, Cramerton, Lake
Wylie, Mcadenville, Freedom Park and Charlotte Douglas Airport.

Wind gusts up to 45 mph and pea size hail will be possible in these
areas.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

Lake Wylie is in the path of this storm. Cloud to ground lightning
and gusty winds will create dangerous boating conditions. Move to
shore immediately.

&&

LAT...LON 3515 8120 3527 8109 3519 8084 3500 8105
TIME...MOT...LOC 1822Z 307DEG 17KT 3520 8108

LANE
Special weather statement, Jun 2, 2:33 PM EDT, 1 hour 12 minutes before
Special Weather Statement
National Weather Service Greenville-Spartanburg SC
233 PM EDT SAT JUN 2 2018

SCZ002-021900-
Pickens Mountains SC-
233 PM EDT SAT JUN 2 2018

...A STRONG THUNDERSTORM WILL IMPACT NORTH CENTRAL PICKENS COUNTY
UNTIL 300 PM EDT...

At 233 PM EDT, Doppler radar was tracking a strong thunderstorm 8
miles north of Pickens, or near Table Rock State Park, moving south
at 15 mph.

Locations to be impacted include...
Table Rock State Park, Jocassee Gorges, Sunset, Pumpkintown, Rocky
Bottom and Sassafras Mountain.

Wind gusts up to 50 mph and dime size hail will be possible in these
areas.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

The combination of gusty winds and saturated soil conditions will
cause scattered trees and power lines to fall. Seek shelter inside an
interior room.

&&

LAT...LON 3504 8283 3506 8276 3505 8275 3505 8274
      3506 8273 3505 8272 3506 8271 3506 8267
      3494 8261 3489 8274 3485 8281
TIME...MOT...LOC 1833Z 339DEG 14KT 3500 8273

LANE
Special weather statement, Jun 2, 2:54 PM EDT, 51 minutes before
Special Weather Statement
National Weather Service Greenville-Spartanburg SC
254 PM EDT SAT JUN 2 2018

NCZ071-082-021930-
Union NC-Mecklenburg NC-
254 PM EDT SAT JUN 2 2018

...A STRONG THUNDERSTORM WILL IMPACT SOUTHEASTERN MECKLENBURG AND
NORTHWESTERN UNION COUNTIES UNTIL 330 PM EDT...

At 253 PM EDT, Doppler radar was tracking a strong thunderstorm 7
miles southeast of Uptown Charlotte, or near Matthews, moving
southeast at 15 mph.

Locations to be impacted include...
South Charlotte, East Charlotte, Matthews, Mint Hill, Indian Trail,
Stallings, Lake Park, Hemby Bridge, Southpark Mall and Weddington.

Wind gusts up to 50 mph and half inch hail will be possible in these
areas.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

Gusty winds can blow down trees that are dead, or that have weakened
root systems. Outdoor furniture and similar items can be tossed
around if not anchored. Seek shelter indoors.

&&

LAT...LON 3501 8070 3515 8083 3523 8077 3521 8056
      3520 8053
TIME...MOT...LOC 1853Z 296DEG 14KT 3516 8074

LANE
Special weather statement, Jun 2, 3:14 PM EDT, 31 minutes before
Special Weather Statement
National Weather Service Greenville-Spartanburg SC
314 PM EDT SAT JUN 2 2018

NCZ064-SCZ001-002-004-005-021945-
Transylvania NC-Pickens Mountains SC-Greater Pickens SC-
Greater Oconee SC-Oconee Mountains SC-
314 PM EDT SAT JUN 2 2018

...A STRONG THUNDERSTORM WILL IMPACT SOUTHWESTERN TRANSYLVANIA...
NORTHWESTERN PICKENS AND NORTHEASTERN OCONEE COUNTIES UNTIL 345 PM
EDT...

At 313 PM EDT, Doppler radar was tracking a strong thunderstorm 11
miles northwest of Pickens, or near Jocassee Gorges, moving south at
15 mph.

A severe thunderstorm warning remains in effect until 345 pm for
central Pickens County.

Locations to be impacted include...
Six Mile, Salem, Lake Toxaway, Lake Keowee, Jocassee Gorges, Lake
Jocassee, Devils Fork State Park, Gorges State Park, Keowee Toxaway
State Park and Bad Creek.

Wind gusts up to 40 mph and pea size hail will be possible in these
areas.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

The combination of gusty winds and saturated soil conditions will
cause scattered trees and power lines to fall. Seek shelter inside an
interior room.

This storm may intensify, so be certain to monitor local radio and tv
stations, as well as local cable tv outlets for additional
information and possible warnings from the National Weather Service.

Lake Jocassee and Lake Keowee are in the path of this storm. Cloud
to ground lightning and gusty winds will create dangerous boating
conditions.
Move to shore immediately.

&&

LAT...LON 3502 8302 3503 8301 3504 8302 3515 8295
      3507 8278 3477 8278 3472 8302
TIME...MOT...LOC 1913Z 347DEG 12KT 3496 8289

MOORE
Local storm report, Jun 2, 3:23 PM EDT, 22 minutes before
PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GREENVILLE-SPARTANBURG SC
323 PM EDT SAT JUN 2 2018

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0312 PM     TSTM WND DMG     2 NNW FORT MILL         35.04N 80.97W
06/02/2018                   YORK               SC   911 CALL CENTER

            DISPATCH REPORTED A TREE BLOWN DOWN ON CAROLINA PLACE.
            AT LEAST ONE OTHER TREE DOWN IN THE AREA.

&&
Special weather statement, Jun 2, 3:28 PM EDT, 17 minutes before
Special Weather Statement
National Weather Service Greenville-Spartanburg SC
328 PM EDT SAT JUN 2 2018

NCZ071-082-022000-
Union NC-Mecklenburg NC-
328 PM EDT SAT JUN 2 2018

...A STRONG THUNDERSTORM WILL IMPACT SOUTHEASTERN MECKLENBURG AND
UNION COUNTIES UNTIL 400 PM EDT...

At 327 PM EDT, Doppler radar was tracking a strong thunderstorm 6
miles northwest of Monroe, or near Lake Park, moving southeast at 10
mph. Several other thunderstorms were developing across the southern
part of the Charlotte metro area, including one west of Weddington
and another southeast of Wingate.

Locations to be impacted include...
Monroe, South Charlotte, Matthews, Indian Trail, Weddington,
Stallings, Unionville, Wesley Chapel, Wingate and Waxhaw.

Wind gusts up to 45 mph, pea size hail and very heavy rainfall rates
up to 2 inches per hour will be possible in these areas.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

This storm may intensify, so be certain to monitor local radio and tv
stations, as well as local cable tv outlets for additional
information and possible warnings from the National Weather Service.

&&

LAT...LON 3485 8032 3492 8077 3506 8089 3516 8071
      3517 8054 3504 8029
TIME...MOT...LOC 1927Z 327DEG 9KT 3505 8062

MOORE

The office that day

Everything else NWS Greenville-Spartanburg, SC issued on the same UTC day.

IssuedProductOfficeCountiesLasted
Jun 1, 8:07 PM EDTFlash Flood WarningGSPCherokee, Chester, York3 hr
Jun 1, 8:49 PM EDTSpecial Weather StatementGSPYork26 min
Jun 1, 9:17 PM EDTSpecial Weather StatementGSPYork28 min
Jun 2, 10:40 AM EDTAreal Flood AdvisoryGSPAnderson, Oconee7 days
Jun 2, 1:51 PM EDTSpecial Weather StatementGSPGreenville24 min
Jun 2, 2:33 PM EDTSpecial Weather StatementGSPPickens27 min
Jun 2, 2:42 PM EDTSevere Thunderstorm WarningGSPPickens63 min
Jun 2, 3:04 PM EDTSevere Thunderstorm WarningGSPYork41 min
Jun 2, 3:14 PM EDTSpecial Weather StatementGSPPickens31 min
Jun 2, 3:50 PM EDTSpecial Weather StatementGSPYork25 min
Jun 2, 4:05 PM EDTSpecial Weather StatementGSPAnderson25 min
Jun 2, 4:14 PM EDTSpecial Weather StatementGSPOconee31 min
Jun 2, 4:19 PM EDTSevere Thunderstorm WarningGSPOconee41 min
Jun 2, 4:33 PM EDTSpecial Weather StatementGSPUnion42 min
Jun 2, 4:51 PM EDTSpecial Weather StatementGSPSpartanburg24 min
Jun 2, 4:58 PM EDTSevere Thunderstorm WarningGSPSpartanburg47 min
Jun 2, 5:00 PM EDTSpecial Weather StatementGSPYork30 min

Nearby

Severe Thunderstorm Warnings in South Carolina, 2018Every severe thunderstorm warning in 2018

Sources

The product and its follow-ups from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service and Storm Prediction Center text; the sounding from the Mesonet's radiosonde archive; radar from the NEXRAD Level II archive.