Alert archive / Nebraska / Severe Thunderstorm Warnings in 2016

Severe Thunderstorm Warning 28, NWS Omaha, NE

May 9, 2016Lancaster County, Nebraska

NWS Omaha, NE issued this severe thunderstorm warning at May 9, 2016, 4:57 PM CDT for Lancaster County, Nebraska. It was in force for 33 min. No storm report in the archive falls inside the area while it was in force.

The area

The outline as issued.

The facts

Issued: May 9, 2016, 4:57 PM CDT (21:57 UTC)
Expired: May 9, 2016, 5:30 PM CDT
In force: 33 min
Issued by: NWS Omaha, NE
Area: Storm-based polygon
Hail: 1.75 in
Wind: 50.0 mph

County Lancaster County, NE

The radar

The Omaha radar (KOAX), 63 km from the middle of the area, began a volume at 21:57 UTC, the scan nearest the moment this went out.

Open the radar archive at this moment

The archived warnings, watches and discussions in force at that minute are drawn over the scan, this one among them.

Did it verify

Not verified. The Iowa Environmental Mesonet's Cow found no qualifying storm report inside this severe thunderstorm warning while it was in force. That is not proof nothing happened: reports are thin where few people live.

Cow counts a report within 15 km of the polygon while the warning was in force: a tornado for a tornado warning; hail of 1 inch or more, a gust of 58 mph or more or wind damage for a severe thunderstorm warning; a flash flood report for a flash flood warning.

The nearest sounding before it

Omaha, NE (KOAX), launched 12:00Z, 10.0 hours before the alert went out and 63 km from the middle of its area. This is the routine balloon launch nearest before it, the air the forecaster had in hand, not a measurement taken for the alert.

Skew-T log-p

Temperature in red, dew point in green, the mixed-layer parcel dashed.

Hodograph

The wind turning with height, colored by layer: ground to 1 km, 1 to 3 km, 3 to 6 km, 6 to 10 km.

Mixed-layer CAPE: 0 J/kg
Mixed-layer CIN: No buoyant parcel
Mixed-layer LCL: 1443 m above ground
0-6 km bulk shear: 49 kt
0-1 km storm-relative helicity: 240 m²/s²
0-3 km storm-relative helicity: 204 m²/s²
Significant tornado parameter: 0.0
Supercell composite: 0.0

Open this sounding in Storm Lab

The text

As transmitted.

999 
WUUS53 KOAX 092157
SVROAX
NEC109-092230-
/O.NEW.KOAX.SV.W.0028.160509T2157Z-160509T2230Z/

BULLETIN - IMMEDIATE BROADCAST REQUESTED
SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE OMAHA/VALLEY NEBRASKA
457 PM CDT MON MAY 9 2016

THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE IN OMAHA HAS ISSUED A

* SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING FOR...
  EAST CENTRAL LANCASTER COUNTY IN SOUTHEASTERN NEBRASKA...

* UNTIL 530 PM CDT

* AT 457 PM CDT...A SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WAS LOCATED 6 MILES SOUTHEAST
  OF LINCOLN...MOVING SOUTHEAST AT 5 MPH.

  HAZARD...GOLF BALL SIZE HAIL. 

  SOURCE...TRAINED WEATHER SPOTTERS. 

  IMPACT...PEOPLE AND ANIMALS OUTDOORS WILL BE INJURED. EXPECT 
           DAMAGE TO ROOFS...SIDING...WINDOWS AND VEHICLES. 

* LOCATIONS IMPACTED INCLUDE...
  SOUTHEASTERN LINCOLN.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

FOR YOUR PROTECTION MOVE TO AN INTERIOR ROOM ON THE LOWEST FLOOR OF A
BUILDING.

&&

LAT...LON 4072 9671 4085 9661 4086 9653 4082 9646
      4081 9646 4076 9648 4079 9654 4068 9667
TIME...MOT...LOC 2157Z 333DEG 5KT 4076 9659 

HAIL...1.75IN
WIND...<50MPH
 
$$

MEAD

1 follow-up statement

601 
WWUS53 KOAX 092206
SVSOAX

SEVERE WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE OMAHA/VALLEY NEBRASKA
506 PM CDT MON MAY 9 2016

NEC109-092230-
/O.CON.KOAX.SV.W.0028.000000T0000Z-160509T2230Z/
LANCASTER NE-
506 PM CDT MON MAY 9 2016

...A SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 530 PM CDT
FOR EAST CENTRAL LANCASTER COUNTY...

AT 506 PM CDT...A SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WAS LOCATED 6 MILES SOUTHEAST
OF LINCOLN...AND IS NEARLY STATIONARY.

THIS IS A VERY DANGEROUS STORM.

HAZARD...SOFTBALL SIZE HAIL. 

SOURCE...TRAINED WEATHER SPOTTERS. 

IMPACT...PEOPLE AND ANIMALS OUTDOORS WILL BE SEVERELY INJURED. 
         EXPECT SHATTERED WINDOWS...EXTENSIVE DAMAGE TO 
         ROOFS...SIDING AND VEHICLES. 

LOCATIONS IMPACTED INCLUDE...
SOUTHEASTERN LINCOLN.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

FOR YOUR PROTECTION MOVE TO AN INTERIOR ROOM ON THE LOWEST FLOOR OF A
BUILDING.

&&

LAT...LON 4072 9671 4085 9661 4086 9653 4082 9646
      4081 9646 4076 9648 4079 9654 4068 9667
TIME...MOT...LOC 2206Z 347DEG 4KT 4076 9659 

HAIL...4.25IN
WIND...<50MPH
 
$$

MEAD

What forecasters said that day

The local office's own words before this severe thunderstorm warning went out, as it sent them, from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service text.

NWS Omaha, NE wrote its last area forecast discussion before this severe thunderstorm warning went out at May 9, 3:39 PM CDT, 1 hour 18 minutes earlier.

Area forecast discussion, May 9, 3:39 PM CDT, 1 hour 18 minutes before

AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE OMAHA/VALLEY NE
339 PM CDT MON MAY 9 2016

.SHORT TERM...(TONIGHT THROUGH THURSDAY)
ISSUED AT 257 PM CDT MON MAY 9 2016

UPPER LOW CURRENTLY OVER SOUTHEAST SOUTH DAKOTA WILL CONTINUE
TO OPEN AND BECOME A NEGATIVELY TILTED TROUGH WITH THE TROUGH
AXIS EXTENDING FROM THE WESTERN DAKOTAS INTO WESTERN
MISSOURI/WESTERN IOWA BY 06Z TONIGHT. A SMALL EMBEDDED VORT MAX
OVER NORTH CENTRAL NEB/SOUTH CENTRAL SOUTH DAKOTA SEEN ON
SATELLITE LOOPS HAS INITIATED SCATTERED TSTMS OVER NORTHEAST
NEBRASKA THIS AFTERNOON. THESE CONTINUE TO MOVE NORTH INTO
SOUTHEAST SOUTH DAKOTA WITH POTENTIAL FOR SMALL HAIL. OTHER
SCATTERED CONVECTION CONTINUES TO DEVELOP ALONG REMNANT OUTFLOW
BOUNDARIES ACROSS THE REGION AND AGAIN...SMALL HAIL WILL BE THE
PRIMARY THREAT THROUGH THE EVENING. BULK SHEAR VALUES REMAIN
FAIRLY WEAK AND DESPITE MLCAPE OF AROUND 1000-1500J/KG. EXPECTING
QUICK UPDRAFTS THAT PRODUCE SMALL HAIL BEFORE THEY WEAKEN AND
DISSIPATE.

THE UPPER TROUGH AXIS WILL SWING EAST OF OUR AREA BY
MORNING...WITH QUIET CONDITIONS FOR MUCH OF TUESDAY. ANOTHER VORT
LOBE WILL ROTATE INTO THE AREA TUESDAY EVENING GIVING THE REGION
ANOTHER GOOD CHANCE FOR SHOWERS AND THUNDERSTORMS ALONG AND NEAR
AN EWD MOVING LOW LEVEL BOUNDARY. SHOWERS MOVE EAST OF THE AREA
BY WEDNESDAY NIGHT AS THE UPPER TROUGH AXIS DRIFTS EAST OF THE
REGION. SFC HIGH PRESSURE WILL BUILD INTO THE AREA BY THURSDAY.

.LONG TERM...(THURSDAY NIGHT THROUGH MONDAY)
ISSUED AT 257 PM CDT MON MAY 9 2016

AREA WILL BE IN NORTHWESTERLY FLOW AT THE START OF THE PERIOD WITH
TEMPERATURES REMAINING BELOW NORMAL THROUGH THE WEEKEND. A WEAK WAVE
WILL DROP THROUGH THE FLOW WHICH COULD PRODUCE A FEW SHOWERS ON
FRIDAY. 850MB TEMPS FLIRT WITH -3C IN OUR NORTHERN AND EASTERN
CWA BY SATURDAY MORNING AND SO WILL BE WATCHING SATURDAY MORNING
LOWS CLOSELY FOR ANY SIGN OF FREEZING SFC TEMPS. A 1024MB SFC
HIGH WILL MOVE IN THROUGH THE DAY SATURDAY WHEN WE HAVE COOL HIGHS
IN THE UPPER 50S TO AROUND 60. RETURN FLOW AND WARM AIR ADVECTION
SET UP AROUND THE HIGH BY LATE SUNDAY. A COUPLE OF WEAK MID LEVEL
WAVES ARE FORECAST TO DROP THROUGH INCREASING ZONAL FLOW. WILL
CARRY LOW CONFIDENCE POPS INTO DAY 7.

&&

.AVIATION...(18Z TAFS FOR KOMA...KLNK...KOFK THROUGH 18Z TUESDAY)
ISSUED AT 1207 PM CDT MON MAY 9 2016

WE EXPECT AN INCREASE IN SHOWERS AND THUNDERSTORMS ACROSS THE
AREA THIS AFTERNOON AND WILL LIKELY AFFECT ALL 3 TAF SITES AT
VARIOUS TIMES. THE SCT NATURE TO THE TSRA WILL CREATE ISSUES FOR
TIMING...BUT DID INCLUDE A TEMPO GROUP FOR THUNDER IN ALL 3 SITES
BUT TIMING MAY NEED TO BE ADJUSTED. OTHERWISE SCT TO BKN CU IS
EXPECTED THROUGH THE AFTERNOON AND SOME OF THIS MAY BE CLOSE TO
THE MVFR RANGE. PRECIP SHOULD CLEAR THE AREA THIS THIS EVNG WITH
CONDS DRY THE REST OF THE PERIOD. MAY SEE SOME MVFR VISBY TUE MRNG
WITH SOME FOG...BUT CONFIDENCE IS LOW AT THIS TIME.

&&

.OAX WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES...
NE...NONE.
IA...NONE.
&&

SHORT TERM...KERN
LONG TERM...KERN
AVIATION...BOUSTEAD

Hazardous weather outlook, May 9, 11:43 AM CDT, 5 hours 14 minutes before

HAZARDOUS WEATHER OUTLOOK
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE OMAHA/VALLEY NE
1143 AM CDT MON MAY 9 2016

IAZ043-055-056-069-079-080-090-091-NEZ011-012-015>018-030>034-
042>045-050>053-065>068-078-088>093-100645-
MONONA-HARRISON-SHELBY-POTTAWATTAMIE-MILLS-MONTGOMERY-FREMONT-
PAGE-KNOX-CEDAR-THURSTON-ANTELOPE-PIERCE-WAYNE-BOONE-MADISON-
STANTON-CUMING-BURT-PLATTE-COLFAX-DODGE-WASHINGTON-BUTLER-
SAUNDERS-DOUGLAS-SARPY-SEWARD-LANCASTER-CASS-OTOE-SALINE-
JEFFERSON-GAGE-JOHNSON-NEMAHA-PAWNEE-RICHARDSON-
1143 AM CDT MON MAY 9 2016

THIS HAZARDOUS WEATHER OUTLOOK IS FOR PORTIONS OF SOUTHWEST
IOWA...WEST CENTRAL IOWA...EAST CENTRAL NEBRASKA...NORTHEAST
NEBRASKA AND SOUTHEAST NEBRASKA.

.DAY ONE...THIS AFTERNOON AND TONIGHT

SCATTERED THUNDERSTORMS ARE EXPECTED TO DEVELOP ACROSS THE REGION
TODAY IN ASSOCIATION WITH AN UPPER-LEVEL DISTURBANCE MOVING
THROUGH THE MID MISSOURI VALLEY. CONDITIONS WILL BE FAVORABLE FOR
A FEW STRONG TO SEVERE STORMS WITH LARGE HAIL BEING THE PRIMARY
HAZARD. STRONG WIND GUSTS AND LOCALIZED FLOODING ARE ALSO
POSSIBLE. THIS SEVERE WEATHER THREAT IS EXPECTED TO DIMINISH THIS
EVENING WITH THE LOSS OF DAYTIME HEATING.

.DAYS TWO THROUGH SEVEN...TUESDAY THROUGH SUNDAY

ANOTHER STORM SYSTEM WILL DIVE SOUTHEASTWARD TUESDAY WITH
SCATTERED SHOWERS AND THUNDERSTORMS POSSIBLE TUESDAY NIGHT AND
WEDNESDAY MORNING. SOME OF THESE STORMS MAY STRONG TO
SEVERE...WITH HAIL AND GUSTY WINDS POSSIBLE.

ISOLATED THUNDERSTORMS WILL REMAIN POSSIBLE MAINLY FRIDAY AND
SUNDAY.

.SPOTTER INFORMATION STATEMENT...

SPOTTER ACTIVATION MAY BE NEEDED THIS AFTERNOON.

In the hours before

Local storm report, May 9, 4:17 PM CDT, 40 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE OMAHA/VALLEY NEBRASKA
417 PM CDT MON MAY 09 2016

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0417 PM     HAIL             3 ESE LINCOLN           40.80N 96.63W
05/09/2016  E0.88 INCH       LANCASTER          NE   TRAINED SPOTTER

&&

JB

Local storm report, May 9, 4:18 PM CDT, 39 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE OMAHA/VALLEY NEBRASKA
418 PM CDT MON MAY 09 2016

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0413 PM     HAIL             LINCOLN                 40.82N 96.69W
05/09/2016  M0.88 INCH       LANCASTER          NE   STORM CHASER

            N 63RD AND VINE ST

&&

DFOBERT

Special weather statement, May 9, 4:29 PM CDT, 28 minutes before

SPECIAL WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE OMAHA/VALLEY NEBRASKA
429 PM CDT MON MAY 9 2016

NEZ066-089-092215-
GAGE NE-LANCASTER NE-
429 PM CDT MON MAY 9 2016

...SIGNIFICANT WEATHER ADVISORY FOR NORTHWESTERN GAGE AND SOUTH
CENTRAL LANCASTER COUNTIES UNTIL 515 PM CDT...

AT 429 PM CDT...DOPPLER RADAR WAS TRACKING A STRONG THUNDERSTORM NEAR
PICKRELL...OR 9 MILES NORTH OF BEATRICE...MOVING NORTH AT 15 MPH.

DIME SIZE HAIL WILL BE POSSIBLE WITH THIS STORM.

LOCATIONS IMPACTED INCLUDE...
FIRTH...CORTLAND...CLATONIA...HALLAM AND PICKRELL.

THIS INCLUDES HIGHWAY 77 IN NEBRASKA BETWEEN MILEMARKERS 29 AND 43.

LAT...LON 4033 9663 4033 9686 4055 9688 4055 9657
TIME...MOT...LOC 2129Z 177DEG 15KT 4041 9675

MEAD

Local storm report, May 9, 4:46 PM CDT, 11 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE OMAHA/VALLEY NEBRASKA
446 PM CDT MON MAY 09 2016

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0445 PM     HAIL             LINCOLN                 40.82N 96.69W
05/09/2016  E1.00 INCH       LANCASTER          NE   TRAINED SPOTTER

            86TH AND HIGHWAY 2

&&

JB

Local storm report, May 9, 4:53 PM CDT, 4 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE OMAHA/VALLEY NEBRASKA
453 PM CDT MON MAY 09 2016

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0451 PM     HAIL             LINCOLN                 40.82N 96.69W
05/09/2016  M1.75 INCH       LANCASTER          NE   TRAINED SPOTTER

            84ST AND HWY 2

&&

DFOBERT

Special weather statement, May 9, 4:53 PM CDT, 4 minutes before

SPECIAL WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE OMAHA/VALLEY NEBRASKA
453 PM CDT MON MAY 9 2016

NEZ091-093-092230-
NEMAHA NE-RICHARDSON NE-
453 PM CDT MON MAY 9 2016

...SIGNIFICANT WEATHER ADVISORY FOR WESTERN RICHARDSON AND
SOUTHEASTERN NEMAHA COUNTIES UNTIL 530 PM CDT...

AT 453 PM CDT...DOPPLER RADAR WAS TRACKING A STRONG THUNDERSTORM OVER
STELLA...OR 12 MILES NORTHWEST OF FALLS CITY...MOVING NORTHEAST AT 30
MPH.

NICKEL SIZE HAIL WILL BE POSSIBLE WITH THIS STORM.

LOCATIONS IMPACTED INCLUDE...
VERDON...STELLA...SHUBERT...NEMAHA...DAWSON...BROWNVILLE...SALEM...THE
HIGHWAY 75 AND 8 JUNCTION AND BROWNVILLE STATE RECREATION AREA.

THIS INCLUDES THE FOLLOWING HIGHWAYS...
 HIGHWAY 136 IN NEBRASKA BETWEEN MILE MARKERS 235 AND 240.
 HIGHWAY 75 IN NEBRASKA BETWEEN MILE MARKERS 4 AND 17.

LAT...LON 4007 9591 4043 9577 4040 9565 4037 9564
      4034 9562 4032 9566 4031 9566 4031 9561
      4030 9559 4030 9556 4029 9555 4026 9556
      4002 9578
TIME...MOT...LOC 2153Z 220DEG 25KT 4021 9575

BOUSTEAD

The office that day

Everything else NWS Omaha, NE issued on the same UTC day.

Issued	Product	Office	Counties	Lasted
May 8, 10:08 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	OAX	Gage, Jefferson, Johnson, Nemaha, Pawnee, Richardson and 1 more	52 min
May 8, 10:22 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	OAX	Antelope, Boone	38 min
May 8, 11:11 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	OAX	Jefferson	49 min
May 8, 11:20 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	OAX	Jefferson, Saline	25 min
May 8, 11:25 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	OAX	Seward	50 min
May 8, 11:30 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	OAX	Madison, Platte	45 min
May 8, 11:38 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	OAX	Cass	52 min
May 9, 12:09 AM CDT	Special Weather Statement	OAX	Johnson	51 min
May 9, 12:22 AM CDT	Special Weather Statement	OAX	Colfax, Stanton	53 min
May 9, 12:45 AM CDT	Special Weather Statement	OAX	Sarpy	45 min
May 9, 1:05 AM CDT	Special Weather Statement	OAX	Jefferson	40 min
May 9, 1:57 AM CDT	Special Weather Statement	OAX	Sarpy	33 min
May 9, 2:38 AM CDT	Special Weather Statement	OAX	Jefferson	37 min
May 9, 3:00 AM CDT	Special Weather Statement	OAX	Gage	30 min
May 9, 10:37 AM CDT	Special Weather Statement	OAX	Butler	23 min
May 9, 11:08 AM CDT	Special Weather Statement	OAX	Platte	37 min
May 9, 1:27 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	OAX	Knox	33 min
May 9, 2:39 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	OAX	Burt	36 min
May 9, 3:32 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	OAX	Lancaster	43 min
May 9, 3:56 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	OAX	Lancaster	34 min
May 9, 4:25 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	OAX	Lancaster	35 min
May 9, 4:29 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	OAX	Gage	46 min
May 9, 4:32 PM CDT	Tornado Warning Tornado observed	OAX	Lancaster	28 min
May 9, 4:50 PM CDT	Tornado Warning	OAX	Lancaster	25 min
May 9, 4:53 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	OAX	Richardson	37 min
May 9, 5:02 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	OAX	Nemaha, Richardson	28 min
May 9, 5:11 PM CDT	Tornado Warning	OAX	Lancaster	34 min
May 9, 5:20 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	OAX	Lancaster	25 min
May 9, 5:24 PM CDT	Flash Flood Warning	OAX	Lancaster	3 hr
May 9, 5:36 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	OAX	Cass	24 min
May 9, 5:39 PM CDT	Tornado Warning	OAX	Cass, Lancaster, Otoe	36 min
May 9, 5:43 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	OAX	Lancaster	32 min
May 9, 5:49 PM CDT	Tornado Warning	OAX	Cass	26 min
May 9, 5:54 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	OAX	Lancaster, Saline, Seward	36 min
May 9, 5:59 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	OAX	Cass	31 min
May 9, 6:01 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	OAX	Saline	44 min
May 9, 6:10 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	OAX	Cass, Lancaster, Otoe	35 min
May 9, 6:14 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	OAX	Gage, Lancaster, Saline	31 min
May 9, 6:14 PM CDT	Tornado Warning Tornado observed	OAX	Cass	16 min
May 9, 6:18 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	OAX	Lancaster	42 min
May 9, 6:28 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	OAX	Cass	32 min
May 9, 6:41 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	OAX	Gage, Lancaster, Saline	34 min
May 9, 6:44 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	OAX	Otoe	46 min
May 9, 6:48 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	OAX	Cass, Lancaster, Otoe	42 min
May 9, 6:51 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	OAX	Jefferson	39 min
May 9, 6:56 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	OAX	Cedar	64 min

Nearby

Severe Thunderstorm Warnings in Nebraska, 2016 Every severe thunderstorm warning in 2016

Sources

The product and its follow-ups from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service and Storm Prediction Center text; the sounding from the Mesonet's radiosonde archive; radar from the NEXRAD Level II archive.