Alert archive / Oklahoma / Severe Thunderstorm Warnings in 2015

Severe Thunderstorm Warning 278, NWS Tulsa, OK

November 5, 2015Osage County, Washington County, Oklahoma

NWS Tulsa, OK issued this severe thunderstorm warning at Nov 5, 2015, 11:28 AM CST for Osage County, Washington County, Oklahoma. It was in force for 32 min. 1 report came from inside the area while it was in force.

The area

The outline as issued, with what was reported inside it.

The facts

Issued: Nov 5, 2015, 11:28 AM CST (17:28 UTC)
Expired: Nov 5, 2015, 12:00 PM CST
In force: 32 min
Issued by: NWS Tulsa, OK
Area: Storm-based polygon
Hail: 1.0 in
Wind: 60.0 mph

Counties Osage County, OK, Washington County, OK

The radar

The Tulsa radar (KINX), 74 km from the middle of the area, began a volume at 17:27 UTC, the scan nearest the moment this went out.

Open the radar archive at this moment

The archived warnings, watches and discussions in force at that minute are drawn over the scan, this one among them.

What was reported inside it

Time	Report	Where	Remark
Nov 5, 11:48 AM CST	HAIL 1	4 W Bartlesville, OK

Local storm reports filed while the alert was in force, from inside its polygon or its counties.

Did it verify

Verified. The Iowa Environmental Mesonet's Cow matched one storm report to this severe thunderstorm warning; the first came 20 minutes after it went out.

Cow counts a report within 15 km of the polygon while the warning was in force: a tornado for a tornado warning; hail of 1 inch or more, a gust of 58 mph or more or wind damage for a severe thunderstorm warning; a flash flood report for a flash flood warning.

The nearest sounding before it

Norman, OK (KOUN), launched 12:00Z, 5.5 hours before the alert went out and 192 km from the middle of its area. This is the routine balloon launch nearest before it, the air the forecaster had in hand, not a measurement taken for the alert.

Skew-T log-p

Temperature in red, dew point in green, the mixed-layer parcel dashed.

Hodograph

The wind turning with height, colored by layer: ground to 1 km, 1 to 3 km, 3 to 6 km, 6 to 10 km.

Mixed-layer CAPE: 541 J/kg
Mixed-layer CIN: -21 J/kg
Mixed-layer LCL: 553 m above ground
0-6 km bulk shear: 61 kt
0-1 km storm-relative helicity: 261 m²/s²
0-3 km storm-relative helicity: 268 m²/s²
Significant tornado parameter: 0.8
Supercell composite: 4.5

Open this sounding in Storm Lab

The text

As transmitted, in the capitals the NWS used until 2016.

106 
WUUS54 KTSA 051728
SVRTSA
OKC113-147-051800-
/O.NEW.KTSA.SV.W.0278.151105T1728Z-151105T1800Z/

BULLETIN - IMMEDIATE BROADCAST REQUESTED
SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE TULSA OK
1128 AM CST THU NOV 5 2015

THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE IN TULSA HAS ISSUED A

* SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING FOR...
  EAST CENTRAL OSAGE COUNTY IN NORTHEASTERN OKLAHOMA...
  WEST CENTRAL WASHINGTON COUNTY IN NORTHEASTERN OKLAHOMA...

* UNTIL NOON CST

* AT 1128 AM CST...SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS WERE LOCATED ALONG A LINE
  EXTENDING FROM 2 MILES SOUTH OF PAWHUSKA TO NEAR HOMINY...MOVING
  NORTHEAST AT 50 MPH.

  HAZARD...60 MPH WIND GUSTS AND QUARTER SIZE HAIL. 

  SOURCE...RADAR INDICATED. 

  IMPACT...HAIL DAMAGE TO VEHICLES IS EXPECTED. EXPECT WIND DAMAGE 
           TO ROOFS...SIDING AND TREES. 

* LOCATIONS IN OR NEAR THE PATH INCLUDE...
  BARTLESVILLE...                   PAWHUSKA...
  HOMINY...                         BARNSDALL...
  WYNONA...                         OKESA...
  OSAGE HILLS STATE PARK...         TALLANT...
  PERSHING...                       NELAGONEY...

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

FOR YOUR PROTECTION MOVE TO AN INTERIOR ROOM ON THE LOWEST FLOOR OF A
BUILDING.

&&

LAT...LON 3682 9599 3663 9603 3645 9613 3640 9650
      3666 9637
TIME...MOT...LOC 1728Z 235DEG 42KT 3663 9634 3643 9642 

HAIL...1.00IN
WIND...60MPH
 
$$

2 follow-up statements

829 
WWUS54 KTSA 051738
SVSTSA

SEVERE WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE TULSA OK
1138 AM CST THU NOV 5 2015

OKC113-147-051800-
/O.CON.KTSA.SV.W.0278.000000T0000Z-151105T1800Z/
OSAGE OK-WASHINGTON OK-
1138 AM CST THU NOV 5 2015

...A SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL NOON CST FOR
EAST CENTRAL OSAGE AND WEST CENTRAL WASHINGTON COUNTIES...

AT 1138 AM CST...SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS WERE LOCATED ALONG A LINE
EXTENDING FROM 3 MILES SOUTH OF OSAGE HILLS STATE PARK TO 3 MILES
SOUTH OF WYNONA...MOVING NORTHEAST AT 50 MPH.

HAZARD...60 MPH WIND GUSTS AND QUARTER SIZE HAIL. 

SOURCE...RADAR INDICATED. 

IMPACT...HAIL DAMAGE TO VEHICLES IS EXPECTED. EXPECT WIND DAMAGE TO 
         ROOFS...SIDING AND TREES. 

LOCATIONS IN OR NEAR THE PATH INCLUDE...
BARTLESVILLE...                   PAWHUSKA...
BARNSDALL...                      WYNONA...
OKESA...                          OSAGE HILLS STATE PARK...
TALLANT...                        PERSHING...
NELAGONEY...                      

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

FOR YOUR PROTECTION MOVE TO AN INTERIOR ROOM ON THE LOWEST FLOOR OF A
BUILDING.

&&

LAT...LON 3682 9599 3663 9603 3645 9613 3645 9641
      3666 9636
TIME...MOT...LOC 1738Z 235DEG 44KT 3670 9620 3649 9631 

HAIL...1.00IN
WIND...60MPH
 
$$

275 
WWUS54 KTSA 051749
SVSTSA

SEVERE WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE TULSA OK
1149 AM CST THU NOV 5 2015

OKC113-147-051800-
/O.CON.KTSA.SV.W.0278.000000T0000Z-151105T1800Z/
OSAGE OK-WASHINGTON OK-
1149 AM CST THU NOV 5 2015

...A SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL NOON CST FOR
EAST CENTRAL OSAGE AND WEST CENTRAL WASHINGTON COUNTIES...

AT 1149 AM CST...SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS WERE LOCATED ALONG A LINE
EXTENDING FROM 2 MILES SOUTH OF OKESA TO 3 MILES SOUTHWEST OF
BARNSDALL...MOVING NORTHEAST AT 40 MPH.

HAZARD...60 MPH WIND GUSTS AND QUARTER SIZE HAIL. 

SOURCE...RADAR INDICATED. 

IMPACT...HAIL DAMAGE TO VEHICLES IS EXPECTED. EXPECT WIND DAMAGE TO 
         ROOFS...SIDING AND TREES. 

LOCATIONS IN OR NEAR THE PATH INCLUDE...
BARTLESVILLE...                   BARNSDALL...
OKESA...                          TALLANT...
NELAGONEY...                      

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

FOR YOUR PROTECTION MOVE TO AN INTERIOR ROOM ON THE LOWEST FLOOR OF A
BUILDING.

&&

LAT...LON 3682 9599 3663 9603 3651 9610 3651 9629
      3671 9622
TIME...MOT...LOC 1749Z 240DEG 33KT 3668 9615 3653 9622 

HAIL...1.00IN
WIND...60MPH
 
$$

What forecasters said that day

The local office's own words before this severe thunderstorm warning went out, as it sent them, from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service text.

NWS Tulsa, OK wrote its last area forecast discussion before this severe thunderstorm warning went out at Nov 5, 10:33 AM CST, 55 minutes earlier.

Area forecast discussion, Nov 5, 10:33 AM CST, 55 minutes before

AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE Tulsa OK
1033 AM CST THU NOV 5 2015

...UPDATE...

.DISCUSSION...
Rain showers with isolated thunderstorms expected to persist
across southeast Oklahoma into western Arkansas this morning.
Severe weather is not expected from this activity. Additional
showers and thunderstorms developing over central and southwest
Oklahoma will continue to track toward the northeast, initially
affecting northeast Oklahoma, and as the day progresses shift
southward as the upper level trough shifts eastward into the
area. A few severe storms are likely from this second area of
precipitation, with hail and damaging winds possible. Also, shear
is sufficient enough to trigger an isolated tornado or two. Heavy
rain will also become a threat where the showers and storms train
across southeast Oklahoma, where between 1-2 inches of rainfall
is possible.

&&

PREV DISCUSSION... /ISSUED 318 AM CST THU NOV 5 2015/

DISCUSSION...
Upper level system moving into the rocky mountain region as of
early this morning. Deep moisture continues to stream out ahead of
this system...and most convection this morning should remain in
the warm conveyor belt extending through SE OK and into NC AR.
POPS will be tailored accordingly for the morning hours...with
lower chances across the far nw zones. Better forcing comes this
afternoon as the upper system and pacific front approach from the
west. Axis of heavier rainfall still expected across SE OK and WC
AR. Will not include any headlines with this forecast packages as
qpf amounts likely to remain below flash flood guidance
thresholds. Instability likely to be limited by areal coverage of
rain...however shear will remain sufficient to support a few
storms capable of producing severe wind gusts. System quickly
races off to the northeast as it enters the plains this
evening...and rain chances will quickly diminish from west to east
overnight. Cooler air behind pacific front moves in for
Friday...with stronger high pressure settling over the area
Saturday. Sfc high parked nearly overhead Saturday night and
Sunday morning...and guidance continues to trend towards colder
overnight temps suggesting freeze potential for parts of NE OK and
NW AR. Given various model solutions towards rain chances next
week near the end of this forecast cycle...will continue with low
POPS areawide for that time frame.

&&

.PRELIMINARY POINT TEMPS/POPS...
TUL   73  48  65  41 /  70  30   0  10
FSM   72  53  70  45 / 100  90  10  10
MLC   72  50  69  43 /  80  60   0  10
BVO   73  42  63  36 /  70  30   0  10
FYV   69  48  62  37 /  90  90   0  10
BYV   68  49  61  40 / 100  90  10  10
MKO   71  50  66  41 /  80  50   0  10
MIO   72  47  62  38 /  70  50   0  10
F10   72  51  65  43 /  70  30   0  10
HHW   72  53  71  48 / 100  90  10  10

&&

.TSA Watches/Warnings/Advisories...
OK...NONE.
AR...NONE.
&&

SHORT TERM...16
LONG TERM....99

Hazardous weather outlook, Nov 5, 10:31 AM CST, 57 minutes before

HAZARDOUS WEATHER OUTLOOK
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE TULSA OK
1031 AM CST THU NOV 5 2015

ARZ001-002-010-011-019-020-029-OKZ049-053>076-061130-
ADAIR OK-BENTON AR-CARROLL AR-CHEROKEE OK-CHOCTAW OK-CRAIG OK-
CRAWFORD AR-CREEK OK-DELAWARE OK-FRANKLIN AR-HASKELL OK-LATIMER OK-
LE FLORE OK-MADISON AR-MAYES OK-MCINTOSH OK-MUSKOGEE OK-NOWATA OK-
OKFUSKEE OK-OKMULGEE OK-OSAGE OK-OTTAWA OK-PAWNEE OK-PITTSBURG OK-
PUSHMATAHA OK-ROGERS OK-SEBASTIAN AR-SEQUOYAH OK-TULSA OK-WAGONER OK-
WASHINGTON OK-WASHINGTON AR-
1031 AM CST THU NOV 5 2015

...ELEVATED SEVERE STORM POTENTIAL THIS AFTERNOON AND EVENING...

THIS OUTLOOK IS FOR NORTHWEST AND WEST CENTRAL ARKANSAS AS WELL AS
MUCH OF EASTERN OKLAHOMA.

.DAY ONE...TODAY AND TONIGHT.
TORNADO.
	RISK...LIMITED.
	AREA...EASTERN OKLAHOMA AND WESTERN ARKANSAS.
	ONSET...AFTER 2 PM.

SEVERE THUNDERSTORM.
	RISK...ELEVATED.
	AREA...EASTERN OKLAHOMA AND WESTERN ARKANSAS.
	ONSET...AFTER 2 PM.

FLASH FLOOD.
	RISK...LIMITED.
	AREA...SOUTHEAST OKLAHOMA AND WEST CENTRAL ARKANSAS.
	ONSET...ONGOING.

HEAVY RAIN.
	RISK...ELEVATED.
	AREA...SOUTHEAST OKLAHOMA AND WEST CENTRAL ARKANSAS.
	ONSET...ONGOING.

DISCUSSION...
AREAS OF SHOWERS AND THUNDERSTORMS WILL CONTINUE LATE THIS
MORNING ACROSS PARTS OF SOUTHEAST OKLAHOMA AND NORTHWEST ARKANSAS.
SEVERE WEATHER IS NOT EXPECTED WITH THIS ACTIVITY...BUT SOME
ISOLATED SPOTS COULD RECEIVE SOME LOCALLY HEAVY RAINFALL.

ADDITIONAL THUNDERSTORMS WILL CONTINUE TO DEVELOP NEAR THE DRY
LINE ACROSS WESTERN AND CENTRAL OKLAHOMA THROUGH THE LATE MORNING
AND EARLY AFTERNOON HOURS. THESE THUNDERSTORMS WILL MOVE INTO
EASTERN OKLAHOMA THIS AFTERNOON AND FINALLY INTO WESTERN ARKANSAS
BY THIS EVENING. FORECAST INSTABILITY REMAINS MARGINAL BUT STRONG
DEEP LAYER SHEAR SHOULD BE SUFFICIENT FOR A FEW SEVERE STORMS
WITH DAMAGING WINDS BEING THE MAIN THREAT. A LIMITED TORNADO
THREAT WILL ALSO EXIST DUE TO THE STRONG SHEAR. WHILE A SMALL
SEVERE WEATHER THREAT WILL EXIST ACROSS THE ENTIRE REGION...THE
BEST CHANCES SHOULD BE ACROSS SOUTHEAST OKLAHOMA. LOCALLY HEAVY
RAINFALL COULD BE A CONCERN AS WELL.

SPOTTER AND EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT ACTION STATEMENT...
ACTIVATION OF THE REGIONAL SPOTTER NETWORK LIKELY.

.DAYS TWO THROUGH SEVEN...FRIDAY THROUGH WEDNESDAY.
FRIDAY THROUGH MONDAY...NO HAZARDS.
TUESDAY AND WEDNESDAY...THUNDERSTORM POTENTIAL.
WEDNESDAY...THUNDERSTORM POTENTIAL.

EXTENDED DISCUSSION...
A COOLER AND DRIER AIRMASS WILL OVERSPREAD THE AREA FOR THIS
WEEKEND...WITH FREEZING TEMPERATURES POSSIBLE BY SUNDAY MORNING
ACROSS A LARGE PORTION OF NORTHEAST OKLAHOMA AND NORTHWEST
ARKANSAS.

ANOTHER UPPER LEVEL SYSTEM WILL BRING INCREASING CHANCES OF
SHOWERS AND THUNDERSTORMS BY TUESDAY OR WEDNESDAY.

WWW.SRH.NOAA.GOV/TULSA CONTAINS ADDITIONAL INFORMATION.

In the hours before

Special weather statement, Nov 5, 10:36 AM CST, 52 minutes before

SPECIAL WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE TULSA OK
1036 AM CST THU NOV 5 2015

OKZ054-059-051715-
PAWNEE OK-OSAGE OK-
1036 AM CST THU NOV 5 2015

...SIGNIFICANT WEATHER ADVISORY FOR CENTRAL OSAGE AND WESTERN PAWNEE
COUNTIES UNTIL 1115 AM CST...

AT 1035 AM CST...STRONG THUNDERSTORMS WERE LOCATED ALONG A LINE
EXTENDING FROM 2 MILES SOUTHEAST OF MORRISON TO 4 MILES NORTHWEST OF
PERKINS...AND MOVING NORTHEAST AT 45 MPH.

DIME SIZE HAIL AND WINDS IN EXCESS OF 45 MPH WILL BE POSSIBLE WITH
THESE STORMS.

LOCATIONS IN OR NEAR THE PATH INCLUDE...
PAWNEE...                         RALSTON...
BLACKBURN...                      MARAMEC...
SKEDEE...

LAT...LON 3664 9647 3616 9668 3616 9682 3624 9682
      3625 9692 3633 9693 3633 9703 3635 9703
TIME...MOT...LOC 1635Z 232DEG 39KT 3628 9698 3600 9710

Special weather statement, Nov 5, 10:54 AM CST, 34 minutes before

SPECIAL WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE TULSA OK
1054 AM CST THU NOV 5 2015

OKZ054-059-051730-
PAWNEE OK-OSAGE OK-
1054 AM CST THU NOV 5 2015

...SIGNIFICANT WEATHER ADVISORY FOR SOUTH CENTRAL OSAGE AND
SOUTHWESTERN PAWNEE COUNTIES UNTIL 1130 AM CST...

AT 1054 AM CST...STRONG THUNDERSTORMS WERE LOCATED ALONG A LINE
EXTENDING FROM 3 MILES NORTHWEST OF SKEDEE TO 7 MILES SOUTHEAST OF
GLENCOE...AND MOVING NORTHEAST AT 45 MPH.

NICKEL SIZE HAIL AND WIND GUSTS UP TO 50 MPH WILL BE POSSIBLE WITH
THESE STORMS.

LOCATIONS IN OR NEAR THE PATH INCLUDE...
PAWNEE...                         HALLETT...
BLACKBURN...                      MARAMEC...
SKEDEE...

LAT...LON 3643 9678 3661 9641 3616 9659 3616 9682
      3624 9682 3625 9686
TIME...MOT...LOC 1654Z 234DEG 39KT 3641 9674 3613 9686

Special weather statement, Nov 5, 11:16 AM CST, 12 minutes before

SPECIAL WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE TULSA OK
1116 AM CST THU NOV 5 2015

OKZ054-059-051800-
PAWNEE OK-OSAGE OK-
1116 AM CST THU NOV 5 2015

...SIGNIFICANT WEATHER ADVISORY FOR SOUTHEASTERN OSAGE AND SOUTH
CENTRAL PAWNEE COUNTIES UNTIL NOON CST...

AT 1116 AM CST...STRONG THUNDERSTORMS WERE LOCATED ALONG A LINE
EXTENDING FROM 9 MILES WEST OF WYNONA TO 3 MILES NORTHWEST OF
HALLETT...AND MOVING NORTHEAST AT 50 MPH.

NICKEL SIZE HAIL AND WIND GUSTS UP TO 50 MPH WILL BE POSSIBLE WITH
THESE STORMS.

LOCATIONS IN OR NEAR THE PATH INCLUDE...
BARTLESVILLE...                   PAWHUSKA...
HOMINY...                         CLEVELAND...
BARNSDALL...                      WYNONA...
HALLETT...                        BLACKBURN...
OSAGE HILLS STATE PARK...         OKESA...
TALLANT...                        PERSHING...
NELAGONEY...

LAT...LON 3678 9600 3642 9616 3616 9671 3663 9651
      3691 9600
TIME...MOT...LOC 1716Z 232DEG 41KT 3656 9650 3627 9662

The office that day

Everything else NWS Tulsa, OK issued on the same UTC day.

Issued	Product	Office	Counties	Lasted
Nov 5, 10:36 AM CST	Special Weather Statement	TSA	Pawnee	39 min
Nov 5, 10:54 AM CST	Special Weather Statement	TSA	Pawnee	36 min
Nov 5, 11:16 AM CST	Special Weather Statement	TSA	Osage	44 min
Nov 5, 11:45 AM CST	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	TSA	Nowata, Osage, Washington	45 min
Nov 5, 12:08 PM CST	Special Weather Statement	TSA	Pawnee	52 min
Nov 5, 12:29 PM CST	Special Weather Statement	TSA	Nowata	16 min
Nov 5, 12:43 PM CST	Special Weather Statement	TSA	Washington	32 min
Nov 5, 12:52 PM CST	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	TSA	Craig, Nowata, Osage, Rogers, Washington	38 min
Nov 5, 1:17 PM CST	Special Weather Statement	TSA	Creek	43 min
Nov 5, 1:30 PM CST	Special Weather Statement	TSA	Craig	30 min
Nov 5, 1:35 PM CST	Special Weather Statement	TSA	Rogers	25 min
Nov 5, 2:05 PM CST	Special Weather Statement	TSA	Okfuskee	25 min
Nov 5, 2:09 PM CST	Special Weather Statement	TSA	Craig	21 min
Nov 5, 2:20 PM CST	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	TSA	McIntosh, Okfuskee, Okmulgee	25 min
Nov 5, 2:28 PM CST	Tornado Warning	TSA	Okfuskee, Okmulgee	32 min
Nov 5, 2:39 PM CST	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	TSA	Creek, McIntosh, Muskogee, Okfuskee, Okmulgee, Tulsa and 1 more	36 min
Nov 5, 2:44 PM CST	Tornado Warning	TSA	Muskogee, Okfuskee, Okmulgee	31 min
Nov 5, 2:59 PM CST	Tornado Warning	TSA	Muskogee, Okmulgee, Wagoner	18 min
Nov 5, 3:06 PM CST	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	TSA	McIntosh, Muskogee, Okfuskee, Okmulgee, Pittsburg	54 min
Nov 5, 3:18 PM CST	Special Weather Statement	TSA	Wagoner	27 min
Nov 5, 3:36 PM CST	Special Weather Statement	TSA	Mayes	24 min
Nov 5, 3:42 PM CST	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	TSA	Cherokee, McIntosh, Muskogee, Sequoyah	48 min
Nov 5, 3:52 PM CST	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	TSA	Craig, Delaware, Mayes	23 min
Nov 5, 4:14 PM CST	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	TSA	Haskell, Muskogee, Pittsburg	31 min
Nov 5, 4:18 PM CST	Special Weather Statement	TSA	Delaware	42 min
Nov 5, 4:21 PM CST	Special Weather Statement	TSA	Adair	24 min
Nov 5, 4:35 PM CST	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	TSA	Haskell, Latimer, Pittsburg, Pushmataha	25 min
Nov 5, 4:40 PM CST	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	TSA	Adair, Delaware	35 min
Nov 5, 4:46 PM CST	Special Weather Statement	TSA	Haskell, Sequoyah	29 min
Nov 5, 4:56 PM CST	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	TSA	Haskell, Latimer, LeFlore, McIntosh, Muskogee, Pittsburg and 2 more	34 min
Nov 5, 5:28 PM CST	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	TSA	Adair, Haskell, Latimer, LeFlore, Pushmataha, Sequoyah	47 min
Nov 5, 5:50 PM CST	Special Weather Statement	TSA	Choctaw, Pushmataha	40 min

Nearby

Severe Thunderstorm Warnings in Oklahoma, 2015 Every severe thunderstorm warning in 2015

Sources

The product and its follow-ups from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service and Storm Prediction Center text; local storm reports from the same archive; the sounding from the Mesonet's radiosonde archive; radar from the NEXRAD Level II archive.