Alert archive / Virginia / Severe Thunderstorm Warnings in 2014

Severe Thunderstorm Warning 95, NWS Morristown, TN

June 10, 2014Wise County, City of Norton, Virginia

NWS Morristown, TN issued this severe thunderstorm warning at Jun 10, 2014, 7:17 PM EDT for Wise County, City of Norton, Virginia. It was in force for 43 min. 1 report came from inside the area while it was in force.

The area

The outline as issued, with what was reported inside it.

The facts

Issued: Jun 10, 2014, 7:17 PM EDT (23:17 UTC)
Expired: Jun 10, 2014, 8:00 PM EDT
In force: 43 min
Issued by: NWS Morristown, TN
Area: Storm-based polygon

Counties City of Norton, VA, Wise County, VA

The radar

The Jackson,KY radar (KJKL), 92 km from the middle of the area, began a volume at 23:18 UTC, the scan nearest the moment this went out.

Open the radar archive at this moment

The archived warnings, watches and discussions in force at that minute are drawn over the scan, this one among them.

What was reported inside it

Time	Report	Where	Remark
Jun 10, 7:40 PM EDT	TSTM WND DMG	Wise, VA	TREES DOWN COUNTYWIDE

Local storm reports filed while the alert was in force, from inside its polygon or its counties.

Did it verify

Verified. The Iowa Environmental Mesonet's Cow matched one storm report to this severe thunderstorm warning; the first came 23 minutes after it went out.

Cow counts a report within 15 km of the polygon while the warning was in force: a tornado for a tornado warning; hail of 1 inch or more, a gust of 58 mph or more or wind damage for a severe thunderstorm warning; a flash flood report for a flash flood warning.

The watch it was issued in

The SPC watch in force over the same counties when this warning went out.

Issued	Product	Office	Lasted
Jun 10, 3:24 PM EDT	Severe Thunderstorm Watch	SPC	8 hr

The nearest sounding before it

Greensboro/Hi Pt, NC (KGSO), launched 12:00Z, 11.3 hours before the alert went out and 263 km from the middle of its area. This is the routine balloon launch nearest before it, the air the forecaster had in hand, not a measurement taken for the alert.

Skew-T log-p

Temperature in red, dew point in green, the mixed-layer parcel dashed.

Hodograph

The wind turning with height, colored by layer: ground to 1 km, 1 to 3 km, 3 to 6 km, 6 to 10 km.

Mixed-layer CAPE: 120 J/kg
Mixed-layer CIN: -107 J/kg
Mixed-layer LCL: 851 m above ground
0-6 km bulk shear: 34 kt
0-1 km storm-relative helicity: 18 m²/s²
0-3 km storm-relative helicity: -1 m²/s²
Significant tornado parameter: 0.0
Supercell composite: 0.1

Open this sounding in Storm Lab

The text

As transmitted, in the capitals the NWS used until 2016.

514 
WUUS54 KMRX 102317
SVRMRX
VAC195-720-110000-
/O.NEW.KMRX.SV.W.0095.140610T2317Z-140611T0000Z/

BULLETIN - IMMEDIATE BROADCAST REQUESTED
SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE MORRISTOWN TN
717 PM EDT TUE JUN 10 2014

THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE IN MORRISTOWN  HAS ISSUED A

* SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING FOR...
  WISE COUNTY IN SOUTHWEST VIRGINIA...
  THE CITY OF NORTON IN SOUTHWEST VIRGINIA...

* UNTIL 800 PM EDT

* AT 715 PM EDT...DOPPLER RADAR INDICATED A LINE OF SEVERE
  THUNDERSTORMS CAPABLE OF PRODUCING DAMAGING WINDS IN EXCESS OF 60
  MPH. THESE STORMS WERE LOCATED ALONG A LINE EXTENDING FROM
  LEATHERWOOD TO 7 MILES NORTH OF SURGOINSVILLE...AND MOVING
  NORTHEAST AT 45 MPH. PENNY SIZE HAIL MAY ALSO ACCOMPANY THE
  DAMAGING WINDS.

* LOCATIONS IMPACTED INCLUDE...
  NORTON...WISE...BIG STONE GAP...COEBURN...APPALACHIA...POUND...ST.
  PAUL AND PARDEE.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

THESE STORMS HAVE A HISTORY OF PRODUCING WIND DAMAGE. THIS IS A VERY 
DANGEROUS SITUATION. SEEK SHELTER NOW INSIDE A STURDY STRUCTURE AND 
STAY AWAY FROM WINDOWS.
 
IN ADDITION TO LARGE HAIL AND DAMAGING WINDS...CONTINUOUS CLOUD TO
GROUND LIGHTNING IS OCCURRING WITH THIS STORM. MOVE INDOORS
IMMEDIATELY. LIGHTNING IS ONE OF NATURES LEADING KILLERS. REMEMBER...
IF YOU CAN HEAR THUNDER...YOU ARE CLOSE ENOUGH TO BE STRUCK BY
LIGHTNING.

&&

LAT...LON 3720 8256 3713 8255 3702 8248 3696 8236
      3697 8233 3691 8230 3688 8240 3688 8264
      3682 8270 3683 8275 3681 8277 3690 8288
      3693 8286 3698 8287 3702 8275 3704 8272
      3712 8272
TIME...MOT...LOC 2315Z 237DEG 37KT 3704 8316 3658 8281 

$$

DH

1 follow-up statement

352 
WWUS54 KMRX 102348
SVSMRX

SEVERE WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE MORRISTOWN TN
748 PM EDT TUE JUN 10 2014

VAC195-720-110000-
/O.CON.KMRX.SV.W.0095.000000T0000Z-140611T0000Z/
WISE VA-CITY OF NORTON VA-
748 PM EDT TUE JUN 10 2014

...A SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 800 PM EDT
FOR WISE  AND THE CITY OF NORTON...

AT 747 PM EDT...DOPPLER RADAR INDICATED A LINE OF SEVERE
THUNDERSTORMS CAPABLE OF PRODUCING DAMAGING WINDS IN EXCESS OF 60
MPH. THESE STORMS WERE LOCATED ALONG A LINE EXTENDING FROM NEAR 
EOLIA TO 7 MILES SOUTHEAST OF WISE...MOVING NORTHEAST AT 35 MPH. 
PENNY SIZE HAIL MAY ALSO ACCOMPANY THE DAMAGING WINDS.

LOCATIONS IMPACTED INCLUDE...
NORTON...WISE...BIG STONE GAP...COEBURN...APPALACHIA...POUND...ST.
PAUL AND PARDEE.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

IF YOU ARE IN THE PATH OF THESE STORMS...PREPARE IMMEDIATELY FOR
LARGE HAIL AND DAMAGING WINDS. PEOPLE OUTSIDE SHOULD MOVE TO A
SHELTER...PREFERABLY INSIDE A STRONG BUILDING AND AWAY FROM WINDOWS.

THESE STORMS HAVE A HISTORY OF PRODUCING WIND DAMAGE. THIS IS A VERY
DANGEROUS SITUATION. SEEK SHELTER NOW INSIDE A STURDY STRUCTURE AND
STAY AWAY FROM WINDOWS.
 
IN ADDITION TO LARGE HAIL AND DAMAGING WINDS...CONTINUOUS CLOUD TO
GROUND LIGHTNING IS OCCURRING WITH THIS STORM.  MOVE INDOORS
IMMEDIATELY! LIGHTNING IS ONE OF NATURES LEADING KILLERS. REMEMBER...
IF YOU CAN HEAR THUNDER...YOU ARE CLOSE ENOUGH TO BE STRUCK BY
LIGHTNING.

&&

LAT...LON 3720 8256 3713 8255 3702 8248 3696 8236
      3697 8233 3691 8230 3688 8240 3688 8264
      3682 8270 3683 8275 3681 8277 3690 8288
      3693 8286 3698 8287 3702 8275 3704 8272
      3712 8272
TIME...MOT...LOC 2347Z 239DEG 39KT 3704 8269 3690 8247 

$$

17

What forecasters said that day

The local office's own words before this severe thunderstorm warning went out, as it sent them, from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service text.

NWS Morristown, TN wrote its last area forecast discussion before this severe thunderstorm warning went out at Jun 10, 1:23 PM EDT, 5 hours 54 minutes earlier.

Area forecast discussion, Jun 10, 1:23 PM EDT, 5 hours 54 minutes before

AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE MORRISTOWN TN
123 PM EDT TUE JUN 10 2014

.AVIATION...AN APPROACHING UPPER LOW PRESSURE HAS BROUGHT MOIST
SOUTHWEST FLOW TO THE AREA.  THIS WILL LEAD TO AFTERNOON CONVECTION
AT THE TAF SITES. CONVECTION SHOULD CONTINUE ACROSS THE REGION
THROUGH THE OVERNIGHT AND INTO WEDNESDAY MORNING AS THE UPPER LOW
MOVES IN.  TAF SITES MAY SEE MVFR CONDITIONS WITH LOW
CLOUDS...REDUCE VIS AND POSSIBLY BRIEF GUSTY WINDS AS A SHOWER OR
THUNDERSTORM MOVES THROUGH.

&&

.MRX WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES...
NC...NONE.
TN...NONE.
VA...NONE.
&&

MJB

Hazardous weather outlook, Jun 10, 10:34 AM EDT, 8 hours 43 minutes before

HAZARDOUS WEATHER OUTLOOK
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE MORRISTOWN TN
1034 AM EDT TUE JUN 10 2014

NCZ060-061-TNZ012>018-035>047-067>074-081>087-098>102-VAZ001-002-
005-006-008-111445-
CHEROKEE-CLAY-SCOTT TN-CAMPBELL-CLAIBORNE-HANCOCK-HAWKINS-
SULLIVAN-JOHNSON-MORGAN-ANDERSON-UNION-GRAINGER-HAMBLEN-
NORTHWEST COCKE-COCKE SMOKY MOUNTAINS-NORTHWEST GREENE-
SOUTHEAST GREENE-WASHINGTON TN-UNICOI-NORTHWEST CARTER-
SOUTHEAST CARTER-ROANE-LOUDON-KNOX-JEFFERSON-NW BLOUNT-
BLOUNT SMOKY MOUNTAINS-NORTH SEVIER-SEVIER SMOKY MOUNTAINS-
SEQUATCHIE-BLEDSOE-RHEA-MEIGS-MCMINN-NORTHWEST MONROE-
SOUTHEAST MONROE-MARION-HAMILTON-BRADLEY-WEST POLK-EAST POLK-LEE-
WISE-SCOTT-RUSSELL-WASHINGTON-
1034 AM EDT TUE JUN 10 2014

THIS HAZARDOUS WEATHER OUTLOOK IS FOR PORTIONS OF SOUTHWEST NORTH
CAROLINA...EAST TENNESSEE AND SOUTHWEST VIRGINIA.

.DAY ONE...TODAY AND TONIGHT...

AN AREA OF LOW PRESSURE OVER THE MID MISSISSIPPI VALLEY WILL
CONTINUE TO MOVE SLOWLY EAST TODAY AND TONIGHT. THUNDERSTORMS WILL
LIKELY INCREASE IN COVERAGE AND INTENSITY ACROSS PARTS OF ALABAMA
AND MIDDLE TENNESSEE THIS AFTERNOON. STRONG TO SEVERE STORMS MAY
MOVE NORTHEAST INTO OR DEVELOP OVER THE CUMBERLAND PLATEAU AND
SOUTHEAST TENNESSEE. THE MAIN THREATS WILL BE LOCALLY HEAVY
RAINFALL UP TO 1 INCH PER HOUR...AND DAMAGING WIND GUSTS UP TO 60
MPH WITH THE STRONGEST STORMS.

CONDITIONS WILL BECOME LESS FAVORABLE FOR SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS
AFTER SUNSET...AND THE STORMS ARE EXPECTED TO WEAKEN BEFORE
REACHING NORTHEAST TENNESSEE AND SOUTHWESTERN VIRGINIA.

.DAYS TWO THROUGH SEVEN...WEDNESDAY THROUGH MONDAY...

THUNDERSTORMS REMAIN IN THE FORECAST FOR MOST OF THE PERIOD...
BUT NO HAZARDOUS WEATHER IS EXPECTED AT THIS TIME.

.SPOTTER INFORMATION STATEMENT...

SPOTTER ACTIVATION MAY BE REQUIRED FOR OUR CUMBERLAND PLATEAU AND
SOUTHERN VALLEY COUNTIES OF EAST TENNESSEE...BY LATE AFTERNOON INTO
THE EVENING HOURS.

TG

In the hours before

Local storm report, Jun 10, 6:11 PM EDT, 1 hour 6 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE MORRISTOWN TN
611 PM EDT TUE JUN 10 2014

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0540 PM     TSTM WND DMG     LOUDON                  35.74N 84.36W
06/10/2014                   LOUDON             TN   911 CALL CENTER

            TREES DOWN COUNTYWIDE

0600 PM     TSTM WND DMG     MADISONVILLE            35.52N 84.36W
06/10/2014                   MONROE             TN   911 CALL CENTER

            TREES DOWN COUNTYWIDE

0600 PM     TSTM WND DMG     MURPHY                  35.09N 84.03W
06/10/2014                   CHEROKEE           NC   911 CALL CENTER

            SEVERAL TREES DOWN IN MURPHY

&&

MB

Local storm report, Jun 10, 6:32 PM EDT, 45 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE MORRISTOWN TN
632 PM EDT TUE JUN 10 2014

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0620 PM     TSTM WND DMG     KNOXVILLE               35.97N 83.95W
06/10/2014                   KNOX               TN   911 CALL CENTER

            TREES DOWN COUNTYWIDE

0615 PM     TSTM WND DMG     MAYNARDVILLE            36.25N 83.81W
06/10/2014                   UNION              TN   911 CALL CENTER

            TREES DOWN COUNTYWIDE

&&

MB

Local storm report, Jun 10, 6:40 PM EDT, 37 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE MORRISTOWN TN
640 PM EDT TUE JUN 10 2014

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0630 PM     TSTM WND DMG     ARTHUR                  36.55N 83.67W
06/10/2014                   CLAIBORNE          TN   911 CALL CENTER

            TREES AND POWERLINES DOWN COUNTYWIDE, SMALL HAIL REPORTED
            WESTERN PART OF COUNTY

0630 PM     TSTM WND DMG     MORRISTOWN              36.21N 83.30W
06/10/2014                   HAMBLEN            TN   911 CALL CENTER

            TREES DOWN COUNTYWIDE

&&

MB

Local storm report, Jun 10, 7:02 PM EDT, 15 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE MORRISTOWN TN
702 PM EDT TUE JUN 10 2014

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0630 PM     TSTM WND DMG     ROGERSVILLE             36.41N 83.01W
06/10/2014                   HAWKINS            TN   911 CALL CENTER

            TREES DOWN COUNTYWIDE

0630 PM     TSTM WND DMG     BRISTOL VA              36.61N 82.17W
06/10/2014                   CITY OF BRISTOL    VA   TRAINED SPOTTER

            TREES AND POWERLINES DOWN COUNTYWIDE

0640 PM     TSTM WND DMG     SEVIERVILLE             35.89N 83.58W
06/10/2014                   SEVIER             TN   911 CALL CENTER

            TREES DOWN COUNTYWIDE

0640 PM     TSTM WND DMG     DANDRIDGE               36.02N 83.42W
06/10/2014                   JEFFERSON          TN   911 CALL CENTER

            TREES DOWN COUNTYWIDE

&&

MB

Local storm report, Jun 10, 7:03 PM EDT, 14 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT...SUMMARY
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE MORRISTOWN TN
703 PM EDT TUE JUN 10 2014

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0330 PM     TSTM WND DMG     JASPER                  35.06N 85.63W
06/10/2014                   MARION             TN   PUBLIC

            TREE DOWN AT COURTHOUSE SQUARE IN JASPER, MARION CO

0330 PM     TSTM WND DMG     SOUTH PITTSBURG         35.02N 85.71W
06/10/2014                   MARION             TN   911 CALL CENTER

            TREES AND POWER LINES DOWN ACROSS THE COUNTY. SOME
            REPORTED ON HOMES.

0330 PM     TSTM WND DMG     DECATUR                 35.53N 84.79W
06/10/2014                   MEIGS              TN   911 CALL CENTER

            TREES DOWN COUNTYWIDE AND DIME SIZE HAIL

0350 PM     TSTM WND DMG     SIGNAL MOUNTAIN         35.13N 85.34W
06/10/2014                   HAMILTON           TN   911 CALL CENTER

            TREES DOWN.

0350 PM     TSTM WND DMG     JASPER                  35.06N 85.63W
06/10/2014                   MARION             TN   911 CALL CENTER

            TREES AND POWER LINES DOWN ACROSS THE COUNTY. SOME ON TOP
            OF HOMES.

0400 PM     TSTM WND GST     CLEVELAND               35.18N 84.87W
06/10/2014  E55.00 MPH       BRADLEY            TN   911 CALL CENTER

            WIND GUST 55 MPH, SOME SHINGLES AND DOWNSPOUT OFF OUT
            BUILDING

0405 PM     TSTM WND DMG     DUNLAP                  35.37N 85.39W
06/10/2014                   SEQUATCHIE         TN   911 CALL CENTER

            WIDESPREAD TREES AND POWER LINES DOWN. SOME TREES OVER
            HOMES AND CARS.

0440 PM     TSTM WND DMG     CLEVELAND               35.18N 84.87W
06/10/2014                   BRADLEY            TN   911 CALL CENTER

            TREES AND POWERLINES DOWN COUNTY

0505 PM     TSTM WND DMG     KINGSTON                35.87N 84.51W
06/10/2014                   ROANE              TN   911 CALL CENTER

            TREES DOWN COUNTYWIDE, REPORT OF TREES ACROSS ROADS AND
            ONE TREE DOWN ON CAR-NO ONE WAS IN CAR

0505 PM     TSTM WND GST     CLINTON                 36.09N 84.13W
06/10/2014  E50.00 MPH       ANDERSON           TN   AMATEUR RADIO

            ESTIMATED WINDS 50+

0505 PM     TSTM WND DMG     ATHENS                  35.45N 84.60W
06/10/2014                   MCMINN             TN   TRAINED SPOTTER

            TREES DOWN ACROSS THE CITY PARK

0515 PM     TSTM WND DMG     WARTBURG                36.10N 84.59W
06/10/2014                   MORGAN             TN   911 CALL CENTER

            TREES AND POWERLINES DOWN COUNTYWIDE

0515 PM     TSTM WND DMG     BENTON                  35.18N 84.65W
06/10/2014                   POLK               TN   911 CALL CENTER

            2 TREES DOWN OVER WESTERN PART OF COUNTY

0540 PM     TSTM WND DMG     LOUDON                  35.74N 84.36W
06/10/2014                   LOUDON             TN   911 CALL CENTER

            TREES DOWN COUNTYWIDE

0600 PM     TSTM WND DMG     MURPHY                  35.09N 84.03W
06/10/2014                   CHEROKEE           NC   911 CALL CENTER

            SEVERAL TREES DOWN IN MURPHY

0600 PM     TSTM WND DMG     MADISONVILLE            35.52N 84.36W
06/10/2014                   MONROE             TN   911 CALL CENTER

            TREES DOWN COUNTYWIDE

0615 PM     TSTM WND DMG     MAYNARDVILLE            36.25N 83.81W
06/10/2014                   UNION              TN   911 CALL CENTER

            TREES DOWN COUNTYWIDE

0620 PM     TSTM WND DMG     KNOXVILLE               35.97N 83.95W
06/10/2014                   KNOX               TN   911 CALL CENTER

            TREES DOWN COUNTYWIDE

0630 PM     TSTM WND DMG     MORRISTOWN              36.21N 83.30W
06/10/2014                   HAMBLEN            TN   911 CALL CENTER

            TREES DOWN COUNTYWIDE

0630 PM     TSTM WND DMG     BRISTOL VA              36.61N 82.17W
06/10/2014                   CITY OF BRISTOL    VA   TRAINED SPOTTER

            TREES AND POWERLINES DOWN COUNTYWIDE

0630 PM     TSTM WND DMG     ARTHUR                  36.55N 83.67W
06/10/2014                   CLAIBORNE          TN   911 CALL CENTER

            TREES AND POWERLINES DOWN COUNTYWIDE, SMALL HAIL REPORTED
            WESTERN PART OF COUNTY

0630 PM     TSTM WND DMG     ROGERSVILLE             36.41N 83.01W
06/10/2014                   HAWKINS            TN   911 CALL CENTER

            TREES DOWN COUNTYWIDE

0640 PM     TSTM WND DMG     DANDRIDGE               36.02N 83.42W
06/10/2014                   JEFFERSON          TN   911 CALL CENTER

            TREES DOWN COUNTYWIDE

0640 PM     TSTM WND DMG     SEVIERVILLE             35.89N 83.58W
06/10/2014                   SEVIER             TN   911 CALL CENTER

            TREES DOWN COUNTYWIDE

&&

MB

Local storm report, Jun 10, 7:10 PM EDT, 7 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE MORRISTOWN TN
710 PM EDT TUE JUN 10 2014

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0640 PM     HAIL             4 E MORRISTOWN          36.21N 83.22W
06/10/2014  E1.00 INCH       HAMBLEN            TN   911 CALL CENTER

            QUARTER SIZE HAIL REPORTED AL SLOP CREEK ROAD

&&

MB

The office that day

Everything else NWS Morristown, TN issued on the same UTC day.

Issued	Product	Office	Counties	Lasted
Jun 10, 6:15 PM EDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	MRX	Russell, Scott, Washington, City of Bristol	30 min
Jun 10, 6:26 PM EDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	MRX	Lee	64 min
Jun 10, 6:42 PM EDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	MRX	Russell, Scott, Washington, City of Bristol	63 min
Jun 10, 7:35 PM EDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	MRX	Washington	55 min
Jun 10, 7:45 PM EDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	MRX	Russell, Scott, Washington, City of Bristol	45 min
Jun 10, 7:48 PM EDT	Areal Flood Advisory	MRX	Washington, City of Bristol	3 hr

Nearby

Severe Thunderstorm Warnings in Virginia, 2014 Every severe thunderstorm warning in 2014

Sources

The product and its follow-ups from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service and Storm Prediction Center text; local storm reports from the same archive; the sounding from the Mesonet's radiosonde archive; radar from the NEXRAD Level II archive.