Alert archive / Tennessee / Severe Thunderstorm Warnings in 2014

Severe Thunderstorm Warning 90, NWS Morristown, TN

June 10, 20145 counties in Tennessee; 4 counties in Virginia

NWS Morristown, TN issued this severe thunderstorm warning at Jun 10, 2014, 6:15 PM EDT for 5 counties in Tennessee; 4 counties in Virginia. It was in force for 30 min. 2 reports came from inside the area while it was in force.

The area

The outline as issued, with what was reported inside it.

The facts

Issued: Jun 10, 2014, 6:15 PM EDT (22:15 UTC)
Expired: Jun 10, 2014, 6:45 PM EDT
In force: 30 min
Issued by: NWS Morristown, TN
Area: Storm-based polygon

Counties Greene County, TN, Hamblen County, TN, Hawkins County, TN, Sullivan County, TN, Washington County, TN, City of Bristol, VA, Russell County, VA, Scott County, VA, Washington County, VA

The radar

The Knoxville radar (KMRX), 115 km from the middle of the area, began a volume at 22:17 UTC, the scan nearest the moment this went out.

Open the radar archive at this moment

The archived warnings, watches and discussions in force at that minute are drawn over the scan, this one among them.

What was reported inside it

Time	Report	Where	Remark
Jun 10, 6:30 PM EDT	TSTM WND DMG	Bristol Va, VA	TREES AND POWERLINES DOWN COUNTYWIDE
Jun 10, 6:30 PM EDT	TSTM WND DMG	Rogersville, TN	TREES DOWN COUNTYWIDE

Local storm reports filed while the alert was in force, from inside its polygon or its counties.

Did it verify

Verified. The Iowa Environmental Mesonet's Cow matched 2 storm reports to this severe thunderstorm warning; the first came 15 minutes after it went out.

Cow counts a report within 15 km of the polygon while the warning was in force: a tornado for a tornado warning; hail of 1 inch or more, a gust of 58 mph or more or wind damage for a severe thunderstorm warning; a flash flood report for a flash flood warning.

The watch it was issued in

The SPC watch in force over the same counties when this warning went out.

Issued	Product	Office	Lasted
Jun 10, 3:24 PM EDT	Severe Thunderstorm Watch	SPC	8 hr

The nearest sounding before it

Greensboro/Hi Pt, NC (KGSO), launched 12:00Z, 10.3 hours before the alert went out and 213 km from the middle of its area. This is the routine balloon launch nearest before it, the air the forecaster had in hand, not a measurement taken for the alert.

Skew-T log-p

Temperature in red, dew point in green, the mixed-layer parcel dashed.

Hodograph

The wind turning with height, colored by layer: ground to 1 km, 1 to 3 km, 3 to 6 km, 6 to 10 km.

Mixed-layer CAPE: 120 J/kg
Mixed-layer CIN: -107 J/kg
Mixed-layer LCL: 851 m above ground
0-6 km bulk shear: 34 kt
0-1 km storm-relative helicity: 18 m²/s²
0-3 km storm-relative helicity: -1 m²/s²
Significant tornado parameter: 0.0
Supercell composite: 0.1

Open this sounding in Storm Lab

The text

As transmitted, in the capitals the NWS used until 2016.

853 
WUUS54 KMRX 102215
SVRMRX
TNC059-063-073-163-179-VAC167-169-191-520-102245-
/O.NEW.KMRX.SV.W.0090.140610T2215Z-140610T2245Z/

BULLETIN - IMMEDIATE BROADCAST REQUESTED
SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE MORRISTOWN TN
615 PM EDT TUE JUN 10 2014

THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE IN MORRISTOWN  HAS ISSUED A

* SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING FOR...
  NORTHERN WASHINGTON COUNTY IN EASTERN TENNESSEE...
  EASTERN HAWKINS COUNTY IN EASTERN TENNESSEE...
  EASTERN HAMBLEN COUNTY IN EASTERN TENNESSEE...
  NORTHERN GREENE COUNTY IN EASTERN TENNESSEE...
  SULLIVAN COUNTY IN EASTERN TENNESSEE...
  WASHINGTON COUNTY IN SOUTHWEST VIRGINIA...
  SOUTHEASTERN RUSSELL COUNTY IN SOUTHWEST VIRGINIA...
  SOUTHEASTERN SCOTT COUNTY IN SOUTHWEST VIRGINIA...
  THE CITY OF BRISTOL IN SOUTHWEST VIRGINIA...

* UNTIL 645 PM EDT

* AT 614 PM EDT...DOPPLER RADAR INDICATED A LINE OF SEVERE
  THUNDERSTORMS CAPABLE OF PRODUCING QUARTER SIZE HAIL AND DAMAGING
  WINDS IN EXCESS OF 60 MPH. THESE STORMS WERE LOCATED ALONG A LINE
  EXTENDING FROM 10 MILES SOUTHEAST OF RUSSELLVILLE TO MOUNT ROGERS
  NATIONAL RECREATION AREA...AND MOVING NORTHEAST AT 35 MPH.

* LOCATIONS IMPACTED INCLUDE...
  JOHNSON CITY...KINGSPORT...BRISTOL TN...BRISTOL VA...GREENEVILLE...
  ABINGDON...ROGERSVILLE...GATE CITY...SURGOINSVILLE...WEBER CITY...
  OAK GROVE...SPURGEON...COLONIAL HEIGHTS...WALNUT HILL...GRAY...
  CHURCH HILL...MOUNT CARMEL...MOSHEIM...BLUFF CITY AND GLADE SPRING.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS PRODUCE DAMAGING WINDS...DESTRUCTIVE HAIL...
DEADLY LIGHTNING AND VERY HEAVY RAIN. FOR YOUR PROTECTION...MOVE TO
AN INTERIOR ROOM ON THE LOWEST FLOOR OF YOUR HOME OR BUSINESS. HEAVY
RAINS FLOOD ROADS QUICKLY SO DO NOT DRIVE INTO AREAS WHERE WATER
COVERS THE ROAD.

INTENSE THUNDERSTORM LINES CAN OCCASIONALLY PRODUCE BRIEF TORNADOES
AND WIDESPREAD SIGNIFICANT WIND DAMAGE. ALTHOUGH NOT IMMEDIATELY
LIKELY...FOR YOUR PROTECTION MOVE TO AN INTERIOR ROOM ON THE LOWEST
FLOOR OF YOUR HOME OR BUSINESS. THESE STORMS HAVE THE POTENTIAL TO
CAUSE SERIOUS INJURY AND SIGNIFICANT DAMAGE TO PROPERTY.

&&

LAT...LON 3666 8165 3661 8186 3655 8194 3610 8307
      3613 8314 3648 8299 3693 8185 3679 8170
TIME...MOT...LOC 2214Z 204DEG 32KT 3617 8306 3681 8140 

$$

17

1 follow-up statement

925 
WWUS54 KMRX 102229
SVSMRX

SEVERE WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE MORRISTOWN TN
629 PM EDT TUE JUN 10 2014

TNC059-063-073-163-179-VAC167-169-191-520-102245-
/O.CON.KMRX.SV.W.0090.000000T0000Z-140610T2245Z/
WASHINGTON TN-HAWKINS TN-HAMBLEN TN-GREENE TN-SULLIVAN TN-
WASHINGTON VA-RUSSELL VA-SCOTT VA-CITY OF BRISTOL VA-
629 PM EDT TUE JUN 10 2014

...A SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 645 PM EDT
FOR NORTHERN WASHINGTON...EASTERN HAWKINS...EASTERN HAMBLEN...
NORTHERN GREENE...SULLIVAN...WASHINGTON...SOUTHEASTERN RUSSELL...
SOUTHEASTERN SCOTT COUNTIES AND THE CITY OF BRISTOL...

AT 628 PM EDT...DOPPLER RADAR INDICATED A LINE OF SEVERE
THUNDERSTORMS CAPABLE OF PRODUCING QUARTER SIZE HAIL AND DESTRUCTIVE
WINDS IN EXCESS OF 70 MPH. THESE STORMS WERE LOCATED ALONG A LINE
EXTENDING FROM 6 MILES SOUTH OF ROGERSVILLE TO NEAR MARION
WYTHEVILLE...MOVING NORTHEAST AT 40 MPH.

LOCATIONS IMPACTED INCLUDE...
JOHNSON CITY...KINGSPORT...BRISTOL TN...BRISTOL VA...GREENEVILLE...
ABINGDON...ROGERSVILLE...GATE CITY...SURGOINSVILLE...WEBER CITY...OAK
GROVE...SPURGEON...COLONIAL HEIGHTS...WALNUT HILL...GRAY...CHURCH
HILL...MOUNT CARMEL...MOSHEIM...BLUFF CITY AND GLADE SPRING.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

THESE STORMS HAVE A HISTORY OF PRODUCING WIND DAMAGE. THIS IS A VERY
DANGEROUS SITUATION. SEEK SHELTER NOW INSIDE A STURDY STRUCTURE AND
STAY AWAY FROM WINDOWS.
 
&&

LAT...LON 3666 8165 3661 8186 3655 8194 3610 8307
      3613 8314 3648 8299 3693 8185 3679 8170
TIME...MOT...LOC 2228Z 202DEG 35KT 3632 8301 3695 8135 

$$

17

What forecasters said that day

The local office's own words before this severe thunderstorm warning went out, as it sent them, from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service text.

NWS Morristown, TN wrote its last area forecast discussion before this severe thunderstorm warning went out at Jun 10, 1:23 PM EDT, 4 hours 52 minutes earlier.

Area forecast discussion, Jun 10, 1:23 PM EDT, 4 hours 52 minutes before

AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE MORRISTOWN TN
123 PM EDT TUE JUN 10 2014

.AVIATION...AN APPROACHING UPPER LOW PRESSURE HAS BROUGHT MOIST
SOUTHWEST FLOW TO THE AREA.  THIS WILL LEAD TO AFTERNOON CONVECTION
AT THE TAF SITES. CONVECTION SHOULD CONTINUE ACROSS THE REGION
THROUGH THE OVERNIGHT AND INTO WEDNESDAY MORNING AS THE UPPER LOW
MOVES IN.  TAF SITES MAY SEE MVFR CONDITIONS WITH LOW
CLOUDS...REDUCE VIS AND POSSIBLY BRIEF GUSTY WINDS AS A SHOWER OR
THUNDERSTORM MOVES THROUGH.

&&

.MRX WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES...
NC...NONE.
TN...NONE.
VA...NONE.
&&

MJB

Hazardous weather outlook, Jun 10, 10:34 AM EDT, 7 hours 41 minutes before

HAZARDOUS WEATHER OUTLOOK
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE MORRISTOWN TN
1034 AM EDT TUE JUN 10 2014

NCZ060-061-TNZ012>018-035>047-067>074-081>087-098>102-VAZ001-002-
005-006-008-111445-
CHEROKEE-CLAY-SCOTT TN-CAMPBELL-CLAIBORNE-HANCOCK-HAWKINS-
SULLIVAN-JOHNSON-MORGAN-ANDERSON-UNION-GRAINGER-HAMBLEN-
NORTHWEST COCKE-COCKE SMOKY MOUNTAINS-NORTHWEST GREENE-
SOUTHEAST GREENE-WASHINGTON TN-UNICOI-NORTHWEST CARTER-
SOUTHEAST CARTER-ROANE-LOUDON-KNOX-JEFFERSON-NW BLOUNT-
BLOUNT SMOKY MOUNTAINS-NORTH SEVIER-SEVIER SMOKY MOUNTAINS-
SEQUATCHIE-BLEDSOE-RHEA-MEIGS-MCMINN-NORTHWEST MONROE-
SOUTHEAST MONROE-MARION-HAMILTON-BRADLEY-WEST POLK-EAST POLK-LEE-
WISE-SCOTT-RUSSELL-WASHINGTON-
1034 AM EDT TUE JUN 10 2014

THIS HAZARDOUS WEATHER OUTLOOK IS FOR PORTIONS OF SOUTHWEST NORTH
CAROLINA...EAST TENNESSEE AND SOUTHWEST VIRGINIA.

.DAY ONE...TODAY AND TONIGHT...

AN AREA OF LOW PRESSURE OVER THE MID MISSISSIPPI VALLEY WILL
CONTINUE TO MOVE SLOWLY EAST TODAY AND TONIGHT. THUNDERSTORMS WILL
LIKELY INCREASE IN COVERAGE AND INTENSITY ACROSS PARTS OF ALABAMA
AND MIDDLE TENNESSEE THIS AFTERNOON. STRONG TO SEVERE STORMS MAY
MOVE NORTHEAST INTO OR DEVELOP OVER THE CUMBERLAND PLATEAU AND
SOUTHEAST TENNESSEE. THE MAIN THREATS WILL BE LOCALLY HEAVY
RAINFALL UP TO 1 INCH PER HOUR...AND DAMAGING WIND GUSTS UP TO 60
MPH WITH THE STRONGEST STORMS.

CONDITIONS WILL BECOME LESS FAVORABLE FOR SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS
AFTER SUNSET...AND THE STORMS ARE EXPECTED TO WEAKEN BEFORE
REACHING NORTHEAST TENNESSEE AND SOUTHWESTERN VIRGINIA.

.DAYS TWO THROUGH SEVEN...WEDNESDAY THROUGH MONDAY...

THUNDERSTORMS REMAIN IN THE FORECAST FOR MOST OF THE PERIOD...
BUT NO HAZARDOUS WEATHER IS EXPECTED AT THIS TIME.

.SPOTTER INFORMATION STATEMENT...

SPOTTER ACTIVATION MAY BE REQUIRED FOR OUR CUMBERLAND PLATEAU AND
SOUTHERN VALLEY COUNTIES OF EAST TENNESSEE...BY LATE AFTERNOON INTO
THE EVENING HOURS.

TG

In the hours before

Local storm report, Jun 10, 5:15 PM EDT, 1 hour before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE MORRISTOWN TN
515 PM EDT TUE JUN 10 2014

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0505 PM     TSTM WND DMG     ATHENS                  35.45N 84.60W
06/10/2014                   MCMINN             TN   TRAINED SPOTTER

            TREES DOWN ACROSS THE CITY PARK

&&

MB

Local storm report, Jun 10, 5:16 PM EDT, 59 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT...SUMMARY
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE MORRISTOWN TN
516 PM EDT TUE JUN 10 2014

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0330 PM     TSTM WND DMG     JASPER                  35.06N 85.63W
06/10/2014                   MARION             TN   PUBLIC

            TREE DOWN AT COURTHOUSE SQUARE IN JASPER, MARION CO

0330 PM     TSTM WND DMG     SOUTH PITTSBURG         35.02N 85.71W
06/10/2014                   MARION             TN   911 CALL CENTER

            TREES AND POWER LINES DOWN ACROSS THE COUNTY. SOME
            REPORTED ON HOMES.

0330 PM     TSTM WND DMG     DECATUR                 35.53N 84.79W
06/10/2014                   MEIGS              TN   911 CALL CENTER

            TREES DOWN COUNTYWIDE AND DIME SIZE HAIL

0350 PM     TSTM WND DMG     SIGNAL MOUNTAIN         35.13N 85.34W
06/10/2014                   HAMILTON           TN   911 CALL CENTER

            TREES DOWN.

0350 PM     TSTM WND DMG     JASPER                  35.06N 85.63W
06/10/2014                   MARION             TN   911 CALL CENTER

            TREES AND POWER LINES DOWN ACROSS THE COUNTY. SOME ON TOP
            OF HOMES.

0405 PM     TSTM WND DMG     DUNLAP                  35.37N 85.39W
06/10/2014                   SEQUATCHIE         TN   911 CALL CENTER

            WIDESPREAD TREES AND POWER LINES DOWN. SOME TREES OVER
            HOMES AND CARS.

0440 PM     TSTM WND DMG     CLEVELAND               35.18N 84.87W
06/10/2014                   BRADLEY            TN   911 CALL CENTER

            TREES AND POWERLINES DOWN COUNTY

0505 PM     TSTM WND DMG     ATHENS                  35.45N 84.60W
06/10/2014                   MCMINN             TN   TRAINED SPOTTER

            TREES DOWN ACROSS THE CITY PARK

&&

MB

Local storm report, Jun 10, 5:23 PM EDT, 52 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE MORRISTOWN TN
523 PM EDT TUE JUN 10 2014

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0515 PM     TSTM WND DMG     BENTON                  35.18N 84.65W
06/10/2014                   POLK               TN   911 CALL CENTER

            2 TREES DOWN OVER WESTERN PART OF COUNTY

&&

MB

Local storm report, Jun 10, 5:51 PM EDT, 24 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE MORRISTOWN TN
551 PM EDT TUE JUN 10 2014

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0515 PM     TSTM WND DMG     WARTBURG                36.10N 84.59W
06/10/2014                   MORGAN             TN   911 CALL CENTER

            TREES AND POWERLINES DOWN COUNTYWIDE

0505 PM     TSTM WND DMG     KINGSTON                35.87N 84.51W
06/10/2014                   ROANE              TN   911 CALL CENTER

            TREES DOWN COUNTYWIDE, REPORT OF TREES ACROSS ROADS AND
            ONE TREE DOWN ON CAR-NO ONE WAS IN CAR

0505 PM     TSTM WND GST     CLINTON                 36.09N 84.13W
06/10/2014  E50 MPH          ANDERSON           TN   AMATEUR RADIO

            ESTIMATED WINDS 50+

&&

MB

Local storm report, Jun 10, 5:56 PM EDT, 19 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE MORRISTOWN TN
556 PM EDT TUE JUN 10 2014

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0400 PM     TSTM WND GST     CLEVELAND               35.18N 84.87W
06/10/2014  E55 MPH          BRADLEY            TN   911 CALL CENTER

            WIND GUST 55 MPH, SOME SHINGLES AND DOWNSPOUT OFF OUT
            BUILDING

&&

MB

Local storm report, Jun 10, 6:11 PM EDT, 4 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE MORRISTOWN TN
611 PM EDT TUE JUN 10 2014

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0540 PM     TSTM WND DMG     LOUDON                  35.74N 84.36W
06/10/2014                   LOUDON             TN   911 CALL CENTER

            TREES DOWN COUNTYWIDE

0600 PM     TSTM WND DMG     MADISONVILLE            35.52N 84.36W
06/10/2014                   MONROE             TN   911 CALL CENTER

            TREES DOWN COUNTYWIDE

0600 PM     TSTM WND DMG     MURPHY                  35.09N 84.03W
06/10/2014                   CHEROKEE           NC   911 CALL CENTER

            SEVERAL TREES DOWN IN MURPHY

&&

MB

The office that day

Everything else NWS Morristown, TN issued on the same UTC day.

Issued	Product	Office	Counties	Lasted
Jun 9, 11:30 PM EDT	Special Weather Statement	MRX	Marion, Sequatchie	45 min
Jun 9, 11:46 PM EDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	MRX	Hamilton, Marion, Sequatchie	44 min
Jun 10, 12:29 AM EDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	MRX	Bledsoe, Hamilton, Marion, Rhea, Sequatchie	31 min
Jun 10, 12:59 AM EDT	Special Weather Statement	MRX	Bradley, McMinn, Meigs, Polk, Rhea	46 min
Jun 10, 1:48 AM EDT	Special Weather Statement	MRX	Loudon	57 min
Jun 10, 1:51 AM EDT	Special Weather Statement	MRX	McMinn, Monroe, Polk	54 min
Jun 10, 2:53 AM EDT	Special Weather Statement	MRX	Sevier	52 min
Jun 10, 2:32 PM EDT	Special Weather Statement	MRX	Marion	58 min
Jun 10, 3:05 PM EDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	MRX	Bledsoe, Hamilton, Marion, Sequatchie	55 min
Jun 10, 3:38 PM EDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	MRX	Bledsoe, Bradley, Hamilton, Marion, Meigs, Rhea and 1 more	52 min
Jun 10, 4:13 PM EDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	MRX	Bledsoe, Bradley, Hamilton, McMinn, Meigs, Polk and 1 more	47 min
Jun 10, 4:37 PM EDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	MRX	Loudon, Morgan, Roane, Scott	53 min
Jun 10, 4:52 PM EDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	MRX	Bradley, Loudon, McMinn, Meigs, Monroe, Polk and 1 more	53 min
Jun 10, 5:12 PM EDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	MRX	Anderson, Campbell, Knox, Scott, Union	48 min
Jun 10, 5:40 PM EDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	MRX	Blount, Loudon, Monroe	65 min
Jun 10, 5:57 PM EDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	MRX	Anderson, Campbell, Claiborne, Grainger, Jefferson, Knox and 1 more	63 min
Jun 10, 6:11 PM EDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	MRX	Cocke, Grainger, Greene, Hamblen, Hancock, Hawkins	34 min
Jun 10, 6:17 PM EDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	MRX	Blount, Cocke, Jefferson, Knox, Sevier	58 min
Jun 10, 6:26 PM EDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	MRX	Claiborne, Grainger, Hancock, Hawkins	64 min
Jun 10, 6:42 PM EDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	MRX	Greene, Hawkins, Sullivan, Washington	63 min
Jun 10, 6:59 PM EDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	MRX	Cocke, Greene	26 min
Jun 10, 7:35 PM EDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	MRX	Carter, Johnson, Sullivan, Washington	55 min
Jun 10, 7:45 PM EDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	MRX	Sullivan	45 min
Jun 10, 7:48 PM EDT	Areal Flood Advisory	MRX	Sullivan	3 hr
Jun 10, 7:17 PM EDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	MRX	Wise, City of Norton	43 min

Nearby

Severe Thunderstorm Warnings in Tennessee, 2014 Severe Thunderstorm Warnings in Virginia, 2014 Every severe thunderstorm warning in 2014

Sources

The product and its follow-ups from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service and Storm Prediction Center text; local storm reports from the same archive; the sounding from the Mesonet's radiosonde archive; radar from the NEXRAD Level II archive.