Alert archive / Alabama / Severe Thunderstorm Warnings in 2014

Severe Thunderstorm Warning 57, NWS Birmingham, AL

June 7, 2014Marion County, Winston County, Alabama

NWS Birmingham, AL issued this severe thunderstorm warning at Jun 7, 2014, 8:06 PM CDT for Marion County, Winston County, Alabama. It was in force for 54 min. 2 reports came from inside the area while it was in force.

The area

The outline as issued, with what was reported inside it.

The facts

Issued: Jun 7, 2014, 8:06 PM CDT (01:06 UTC)
Expired: Jun 7, 2014, 9:00 PM CDT
In force: 54 min
Issued by: NWS Birmingham, AL
Area: Storm-based polygon

Counties Marion County, AL, Winston County, AL

The radar

The Columbus AFB radar (KGWX), 51 km from the middle of the area, began a volume at 01:09 UTC, the scan nearest the moment this went out.

Open the radar archive at this moment

The archived warnings, watches and discussions in force at that minute are drawn over the scan, this one among them.

What was reported inside it

Time	Report	Where	Remark
Jun 7, 8:12 PM CDT	HAIL 1	Shottsville, AL
Jun 7, 8:49 PM CDT	HAIL 0.5	Haleyville, AL

Local storm reports filed while the alert was in force, from inside its polygon or its counties.

Did it verify

Verified. The Iowa Environmental Mesonet's Cow matched one storm report to this severe thunderstorm warning; the first came 6 minutes after it went out.

Cow counts a report within 15 km of the polygon while the warning was in force: a tornado for a tornado warning; hail of 1 inch or more, a gust of 58 mph or more or wind damage for a severe thunderstorm warning; a flash flood report for a flash flood warning.

The nearest sounding before it

Birmingham, AL (KBMX), launched 00:00Z, 1.1 hours before the alert went out and 140 km from the middle of its area. This is the routine balloon launch nearest before it, the air the forecaster had in hand, not a measurement taken for the alert.

Skew-T log-p

Temperature in red, dew point in green, the mixed-layer parcel dashed.

Hodograph

The wind turning with height, colored by layer: ground to 1 km, 1 to 3 km, 3 to 6 km, 6 to 10 km.

Mixed-layer CAPE: 2154 J/kg
Mixed-layer CIN: -7 J/kg
Mixed-layer LCL: 1151 m above ground
0-6 km bulk shear: 27 kt
0-1 km storm-relative helicity: 35 m²/s²
0-3 km storm-relative helicity: 47 m²/s²
Significant tornado parameter: 0.3
Supercell composite: 2.4

Open this sounding in Storm Lab

The text

As transmitted, in the capitals the NWS used until 2016.

192 
WUUS54 KBMX 080106
SVRBMX
ALC093-133-080200-
/O.NEW.KBMX.SV.W.0057.140608T0106Z-140608T0200Z/

BULLETIN - IMMEDIATE BROADCAST REQUESTED
SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE BIRMINGHAM AL
806 PM CDT SAT JUN 7 2014

THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE IN BIRMINGHAM HAS ISSUED A

* SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING FOR...
  MARION COUNTY IN NORTHWEST ALABAMA...
  WESTERN WINSTON COUNTY IN NORTHWEST ALABAMA...

* UNTIL 900 PM CDT

* AT 806 PM CDT...THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE INDICATED A LINE OF
  SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS CAPABLE OF PRODUCING QUARTER SIZE HAIL...AND
  DAMAGING WINDS IN EXCESS OF 60 MPH.  THESE STORMS WERE LOCATED
  ALONG A LINE EXTENDING FROM 6 MILES NORTH OF ASHRIDGE TO HACKLEBURG
  TO 6 MILES NORTHEAST OF TREMONT...AND MOVING SOUTH AT 25 MPH.

* LOCATIONS IMPACTED INCLUDE...
  HALEYVILLE...HAMILTON...LYNN...WINFIELD...NEEDMORE...BRINN...WESTON
  AND LAKE BUTTAHATCHEE.

THIS INCLUDES...
US 78 EXIT NUMBERS 3 THROUGH 34...

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

FOR YOUR PROTECTION...MOVE TO AN INTERIOR ROOM ON THE LOWEST FLOOR OF
YOUR HOME OR BUSINESS.

TORRENTIAL RAINFALL IS ALSO OCCURRING WITH THESE STORMS...AND MAY
LEAD TO FLASH FLOODING. DO NOT DRIVE YOUR VEHICLE THROUGH FLOODED
ROADWAYS.

&&

TO REPORT SEVERE WEATHER...
CALL 1-800-856-0758 OR TWEET YOUR REPORT USING HASHTAG ALWX

LAT...LON 3431 8751 3400 8745 3400 8764 3392 8764
      3391 8765 3392 8795 3402 8795 3402 8799
      3405 8799 3406 8821 3432 8818 3433 8813
TIME...MOT...LOC 0106Z 343DEG 20KT 3431 8746 3426 8783
          3430 8818

$$

56

1 follow-up statement

826 
WWUS54 KBMX 080129
SVSBMX

SEVERE WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE BIRMINGHAM AL
829 PM CDT SAT JUN 7 2014

ALC093-133-080200-
/O.CON.KBMX.SV.W.0057.000000T0000Z-140608T0200Z/
MARION AL-WINSTON AL-
829 PM CDT SAT JUN 7 2014

...A SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT FOR WESTERN
WINSTON AND MARION COUNTIES UNTIL 900 PM CDT...

AT 830 PM CDT...NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DOPPLER RADAR INDICATED A
LINE OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS CAPABLE OF PRODUCING QUARTER SIZE
HAIL...AND DAMAGING WINDS IN EXCESS OF 60 MPH.  THESE STORMS WERE
LOCATED ALONG A LINE EXTENDING FROM ASHRIDGE TO BRINN TO 6 MILES
SOUTHEAST OF TREMONT...MOVING SOUTH AT 15 MPH.

LOCATIONS IMPACTED INCLUDE...
  HAMILTON...LYNN...WINFIELD...WESTON...LAKE BUTTAHATCHEE...
  BRILLIANT...ASHBANK...GUIN...GU-WIN AND GLEN ALLEN.

THIS INCLUDES...
US 78 EXIT NUMBERS 3 THROUGH 34...

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

TORRENTIAL RAINFALL IS ALSO OCCURRING WITH THESE STORMS...AND MAY
LEAD TO FLASH FLOODING. DO NOT DRIVE YOUR VEHICLE THROUGH FLOODED
ROADWAYS.

&&

TO REPORT SEVERE WEATHER...CALL 1-800-856-0758.

LAT...LON 3431 8751 3400 8745 3400 8764 3392 8764
      3391 8765 3392 8795 3402 8795 3402 8799
      3405 8799 3406 8821 3432 8818 3433 8813
TIME...MOT...LOC 0129Z 354DEG 14KT 3421 8744 3416 8781
          3420 8816

$$

56

What forecasters said that day

The local office's own words before this severe thunderstorm warning went out, as it sent them, from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service text.

NWS Birmingham, AL wrote its last area forecast discussion before this severe thunderstorm warning went out at Jun 7, 6:31 PM CDT, 1 hour 35 minutes earlier.

Area forecast discussion, Jun 7, 6:31 PM CDT, 1 hour 35 minutes before

AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE BIRMINGHAM AL
631 PM CDT SAT JUN 7 2014

.UPDATE...
FOR 00Z AVIATION.

&&

.DISCUSSION...

THERE APPEARS TO BE AN SLIGHT INCREASE IN THE LIKELIHOOD OF A
SEVERE STORM OR TWO THIS EVENING. THE MAIN SURFACE TROUGH WE HAVE
BEEN DEALING WITH THE PAST SEVERAL DAYS PUSHED SOUTH AND WEST LAST
NIGHT. BUT THE VISIBLE SATELLITE IMAGERY INDICATES THIS BOUNDARY
HAS PUSHED BACK TO THE EAST...WHILE NUMEROUS SMALLER SCALE
BOUNDARIES ARE AROUND. THE LATEST SPC RAP ANALYSIS INDICATES THE SURFACE
BASED CAPES INCREASING INTO THE 3000-3500 RANGE ACROSS WEST
ALABAMA WEST OF THIS SURFACE TROUGH AN. ADDITIONALLY...BULK SHEAR
VALUES ARE THE LARGEST NORTH WHERE A MID LEVEL DISTURBANCE IS
ROTATING EASTWARD NEAR THE MISSISSIPPI AND TENNESSEE STATE LINE
AND MID LEVEL LAPSE RATES INCREASE. THIS ACTIVITY SHOULD BECOME MORE
ORGANIZED SHORTLY AND SEVERE STORMS HAVE BEEN REPORTED. AS THE
EVENING PROGRESSES...CORFIDI VECTORS INDICATE A POTENTIAL EAST
SOUTHEAST PROPAGATION IF SOME ORGANIZATION CAN MAKE IT INTO
ALABAMA. A SECONDARY BOUNDARY WAS LOCATED BACK INTO
ARKANSAS...WHICH IMPACT IS YET TO BE DETERMINED.

THEREFORE...ADDED SEVERAL COUNTIES INTO A LOWER CONFIDENCE SEVERE
FOR TONIGHT...MAINLY THROUGH MIDNIGHT. THIS AREA GENERALLY IS WEST
OF A LINE FROM MONTGOMERY TO ONEONTA. THE STORMS SOUTH OF
INTERSTATE 20 SHOULD BE ISOLATED IN NATURE...WHERE STORMS NORTH
HAVE THE POTENTIAL OF BECOME A BIT MORE ORGANIZED. THE MAIN
THREATS REMAIN DAMAGING STRAIGHT LINE WINDS...LARGE HAIL...AND
HEAVY RAIN. INSTABILITY DECREASES EASTWARD AND THEREFORE
CONFIDENCE IS A BIT LESS THAT ANYTHING WILL BE SUSTAINED
THERE...BUT CERTAINLY A STRONG STORM WOULD BE POSSIBLE.

STAY TUNED FOR UPDATES.

75

&&

.AVIATION...
00Z TAF DISCUSSION.

VERY LOW CONFIDENCE FORECAST FOR THIS PERIOD. TO START...THE
ATMOSPHERE LOOKS AS THOUGH IT IS NOW PRIME FOR CONVECTIVE
DEVELOPMENT...WITH ISOLATED THUNDERSTORMS BEGINNING TO FORM OVER
NORTHERN ALABAMA. MEANWHILE...AND AREA OF THUNDERSTORMS IN
NORTHERN MISSISSIPPI AND WESTERN TENNESSEE WILL LIKELY PUSH TO THE
EAST SOUTHEAST OVER THE NEXT SEVERAL HOURS. FORECAST MODELS ARE
SUGGESTING THAT FURTHER DEVELOPMENT TO THE SOUTH WILL BEGIN TO
AFFECT THE WESTERN TAF TERMINALS BEGINNING SHORTLY AFTER 01Z AND
THEN CONTINUE EASTWARD. DUE TO THE LOW CONFIDENCE...HAVE OPTED TO
ONLY MENTION VCTS FOR TERMINALS ALONG AND WEST OF THE INTERSTATE
65 CORRIDOR. AS THE DEVELOPMENT CONTINUES...AMENDMENTS MAY BECOME
NECESSARY. ANY ACTIVITY THAT DOES MOVE INTO THE TERMINALS WILL
DISSIPATE BY 06Z. THIS WILL LEAVE PREVAILING VFR CONDITIONS AT
MOST LOCATIONS...WITH THE EXCEPTION BEING TOI...WHERE THE LOCAL
FOG DEVELOPMENT APPEARS LIKELY. ADDITIONALLY...ANY LOCATION THAT
EXPERIENCES HEAVY RAINFALL WILL HAVE THE POSSIBILITY FOR FOG
TOMORROW MORNING.

73

&&

.PRELIMINARY POINT TEMPS/POPS...
GADSDEN     70  89  68  89  69 /  40  50  30  30  30
ANNISTON    71  88  69  88  70 /  40  50  20  30  20
BIRMINGHAM  72  89  71  89  72 /  40  50  20  30  30
TUSCALOOSA  72  91  72  90  72 /  40  50  20  30  30
CALERA      72  90  71  89  71 /  40  50  20  30  20
AUBURN      71  87  70  88  70 /  30  50  20  30  20
MONTGOMERY  73  91  72  92  71 /  30  50  20  30  20
TROY        72  92  71  91  70 /  30  50  20  30  20

&&

.BMX WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES...
NONE.

&&

Hazardous weather outlook, Jun 7, 8:02 PM CDT, 4 minutes before

HAZARDOUS WEATHER OUTLOOK
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE BIRMINGHAM AL
802 PM CDT SAT JUN 7 2014

ALZ011>015-017>050-090115-
MARION-LAMAR-FAYETTE-WINSTON-WALKER-BLOUNT-ETOWAH-CALHOUN-CHEROKEE-
CLEBURNE-PICKENS-TUSCALOOSA-JEFFERSON-SHELBY-ST. CLAIR-TALLADEGA-
CLAY-RANDOLPH-SUMTER-GREENE-HALE-PERRY-BIBB-CHILTON-COOSA-TALLAPOOSA-
CHAMBERS-MARENGO-DALLAS-AUTAUGA-LOWNDES-ELMORE-MONTGOMERY-MACON-
BULLOCK-LEE-RUSSELL-PIKE-BARBOUR-
802 PM CDT SAT JUN 7 2014

THIS HAZARDOUS WEATHER OUTLOOK IS FOR THE COUNTIES SERVED BY THE
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE OFFICE IN BIRMINGHAM.

.DAY ONE...TONIGHT.

STRONG TO SEVERE STORMS ARE POSSIBLE THROUGH MIDNIGHT. DAMAGING
WINDS...LARGE HAIL...AND LOCALLY HEAVY RAIN WILL BE THE MAIN
THREATS. BEST CHANCES FOR THIS THUNDERSTORM DEVELOPMENT WILL BE
ALONG AND NORTH OF INTERSTATE 20. A FEW STRONG STORMS BELOW SEVERE
LIMITS ARE POSSIBLE ACROSS THE REMAINDER OF CENTRAL ALABAMA THIS
EVENING. THE STORMS WILL EVENTUALLY WEAKEN BY MIDNIGHT.

.DAYS TWO THROUGH SEVEN...SUNDAY THROUGH FRIDAY.

SEVERE STORMS WILL BE POSSIBLE AGAIN ACROSS ALL OF CENTRAL ALABAMA
ON SUNDAY AFTERNOON AND EVENING WITH BEST CHANCES BETWEEN 2 AND 8
PM. DAMAGING WINDS AND LARGE HAIL WILL BE THE MAIN THREATS.

.SPOTTER INFORMATION STATEMENT...

ACTIVATION OF STORM SPOTTERS AND EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT MAY BE
NEEDED THIS EVENING AND THEN AGAIN ON SUNDAY AFTERNOON AND
EVENING.

In the hours before

Local storm report, Jun 7, 3:42 PM CDT, 4 hours 24 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT...CORRECTED
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE BIRMINGHAM AL
342 PM CDT SAT JUN 07 2014

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0439 PM     TSTM WND DMG     3 NE ABERNANT           33.32N 87.17W
06/06/2014                   TUSCALOOSA         AL   EMERGENCY MNGR

            REPORT OF TREES DOWN ON ROCKHOUSE ROAD.

&&

JTALLEY

Special weather statement, Jun 7, 6:27 PM CDT, 1 hour 39 minutes before

SPECIAL WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE BIRMINGHAM AL
627 PM CDT SAT JUN 7 2014

ALZ011-014-080015-
MARION AL-WINSTON AL-
627 PM CDT SAT JUN 7 2014

...SIGNIFICANT WEATHER ADVISORY FOR WESTERN WINSTON AND NORTHEASTERN
MARION COUNTIES UNTIL 715 PM CDT...

AT 624 PM CDT...THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE WAS TRACKING A STRONG
THUNDERSTORM NEAR HACKLEBURG...OR 9 MILES WEST OF HALEYVILLE...MOVING
EAST AT 15 MPH.

PEA SIZE HAIL AND WIND GUSTS UP TO 40 MPH ARE EXPECTED WITH THIS
STORM...ALONG WITH HEAVY RAIN AND FREQUENT DANGEROUS LIGHTNING.

LOCATIONS IN OR NEAR THE PATH OF THIS STORM INCLUDE...
  HALEYVILLE...
  NEEDMORE...
  ASHRIDGE...
  WINSTON FREE STATE BARN...
  BEAR CREEK...

TORRENTIAL RAIN...WHICH MAY FLOOD LOW LYING AREAS SUCH AS DITCHES AND
UNDERPASSES...IS ALSO LIKELY. DO NOT DRIVE YOUR VEHICLE ON A FLOODED
ROADWAY.

&&

LAT...LON 3431 8766 3431 8756 3429 8736 3405 8745
      3423 8789 3432 8785 3432 8766
TIME...MOT...LOC 2327Z 287DEG 15KT 3426 8776

56

Special weather statement, Jun 7, 7:16 PM CDT, 50 minutes before

SPECIAL WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE BIRMINGHAM AL
716 PM CDT SAT JUN 7 2014

ALZ014-080100-
WINSTON AL-
716 PM CDT SAT JUN 7 2014

...SIGNIFICANT WEATHER ADVISORY FOR WESTERN WINSTON COUNTY UNTIL 800
PM CDT...

AT 712 PM CDT...THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE WAS TRACKING A STRONG
THUNDERSTORM 5 MILES SOUTH OF HALEYVILLE...MOVING EAST AT 10 MPH.

HAIL UP TO ONE-HALF INCH IN DIAMETER AND WIND GUSTS UP TO 40 MPH ARE
EXPECTED WITH THIS STORM...ALONG WITH HEAVY RAIN AND FREQUENT
DANGEROUS LIGHTNING.

LOCATIONS IN OR NEAR THE PATH OF THIS STORM INCLUDE...
  ASHRIDGE...
  WINSTON FREE STATE BARN...
  DOUBLE SPRINGS...
  HOUSTON RECREATIONAL AREA...
  CORINTH REC AREA...

THIS STORM MAY INTENSIFY...SO BE CERTAIN TO MONITOR LOCAL RADIO AND
TV STATIONS...AS WELL AS LOCAL CABLE TV OUTLETS... FOR ADDITIONAL
INFORMATION AND POSSIBLE WARNINGS FROM THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE.

TORRENTIAL RAIN...WHICH MAY FLOOD LOW LYING AREAS SUCH AS DITCHES AND
UNDERPASSES...IS ALSO LIKELY. DO NOT DRIVE YOUR VEHICLE ON A FLOODED
ROADWAY.

&&

LAT...LON 3422 8728 3400 8735 3399 8738 3410 8764
      3424 8763
TIME...MOT...LOC 0016Z 284DEG 9KT 3416 8759

56

The office that day

Everything else NWS Birmingham, AL issued on the same UTC day.

Issued	Product	Office	Counties	Lasted
Jun 7, 7:16 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	BMX	Winston	44 min
Jun 7, 7:40 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	BMX	Winston	50 min
Jun 7, 8:27 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	BMX	Walker, Winston	27 min
Jun 7, 8:52 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	BMX	Lamar, Marion, Winston	53 min
Jun 7, 9:05 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	BMX	Walker, Winston	55 min
Jun 7, 9:21 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	BMX	Fayette, Lamar	54 min
Jun 7, 9:55 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	BMX	Blount, Etowah, St. Clair	65 min
Jun 7, 9:57 PM CDT	Areal Flood Advisory	BMX	Fayette, Lamar, Marion, Walker, Winston	3 hr
Jun 7, 9:59 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	BMX	Jefferson, Walker	46 min
Jun 7, 10:04 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	BMX	Perry	41 min
Jun 7, 10:08 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	BMX	Jefferson	67 min
Jun 7, 10:45 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	BMX	Bibb, Shelby, Tuscaloosa	45 min
Jun 7, 10:48 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	BMX	Jefferson, St. Clair, Shelby	42 min
Jun 7, 10:55 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	BMX	Calhoun, Cherokee, Cleburne	50 min
Jun 7, 11:09 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	BMX	Clay, Talladega	51 min
Jun 7, 11:14 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	BMX	Bibb	46 min
Jun 7, 11:18 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	BMX	Chilton, Clay, Talladega	42 min
Jun 7, 11:28 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	BMX	Clay, Coosa, Talladega, Tallapoosa	47 min
Jun 8, 12:05 AM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	BMX	Clay, Coosa, Elmore, Randolph, Tallapoosa	40 min
Jun 8, 12:08 AM CDT	Special Weather Statement	BMX	Chilton	52 min
Jun 8, 12:24 AM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	BMX	Elmore	36 min
Jun 8, 12:38 AM CDT	Special Weather Statement	BMX	Chambers, Lee	52 min
Jun 8, 12:53 AM CDT	Special Weather Statement	BMX	Macon, Montgomery	52 min
Jun 8, 1:05 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	BMX	Pickens	25 min
Jun 8, 1:28 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	BMX	Greene, Pickens, Tuscaloosa	32 min
Jun 8, 1:53 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	BMX	Greene, Pickens	37 min
Jun 8, 2:16 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	BMX	Hale, Tuscaloosa	29 min
Jun 8, 2:35 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	BMX	Barbour	55 min
Jun 8, 2:47 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	BMX	Bibb	28 min
Jun 8, 3:23 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	BMX	Bibb	37 min
Jun 8, 3:26 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	BMX	Perry	34 min
Jun 8, 3:57 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	BMX	Perry	63 min
Jun 8, 3:59 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	BMX	Chilton	61 min
Jun 8, 4:09 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	BMX	Pike	66 min
Jun 8, 4:17 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	BMX	Autauga, Dallas, Perry	43 min
Jun 8, 5:02 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	BMX	Autauga, Dallas, Lowndes	58 min
Jun 8, 5:21 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	BMX	Bullock, Macon	54 min
Jun 8, 6:07 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	BMX	Talladega	53 min
Jun 8, 6:36 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	BMX	Coosa	39 min
Jun 8, 6:40 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	BMX	Dallas	50 min

Nearby

Severe Thunderstorm Warnings in Alabama, 2014 Every severe thunderstorm warning in 2014

Sources

The product and its follow-ups from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service and Storm Prediction Center text; local storm reports from the same archive; the sounding from the Mesonet's radiosonde archive; radar from the NEXRAD Level II archive.