Alert archive / Texas / Tornado Warnings in 2008

Tornado Warning 37, NWS Fort Worth, TX

April 25, 2008Bell County, Texas

NWS Fort Worth, TX issued this tornado warning at Apr 25, 2008, 6:39 PM CDT for Bell County, Texas. It was in force for 51 min. 10 reports came from inside the area while it was in force.

The area

The outline as issued, with what was reported inside it.

The facts

Issued: Apr 25, 2008, 6:39 PM CDT (23:39 UTC)
Expired: Apr 25, 2008, 7:30 PM CDT
In force: 51 min
Issued by: NWS Fort Worth, TX
Area: Storm-based polygon

County Bell County, TX

The radar

The Ft Hood radar (KGRK), 27 km from the middle of the area, began a volume at 23:39 UTC, the scan nearest the moment this went out.

Open the radar archive at this moment

The archived warnings, watches and discussions in force at that minute are drawn over the scan, this one among them.

What was reported inside it

Time	Report	Where	Remark
Apr 25, 6:43 PM CDT	HAIL 1.75	Belton, TX	N BELTON
Apr 25, 6:44 PM CDT	HAIL 1.75	2 E Salado, TX	2 E SALADO
Apr 25, 6:49 PM CDT	HAIL 1.75	4 Se Belton, TX	BETWEEN BELTON AND LITTLE RIVER ACADEMY.
Apr 25, 6:58 PM CDT	HAIL 1.75	Little River-Academy, TX
Apr 25, 7:00 PM CDT	HAIL 1.5	Temple, TX
Apr 25, 7:15 PM CDT	HAIL 0.88	Little River-Academy, TX	NICKEL SIZE HAIL IN LITTLE RIVER
Apr 25, 7:23 PM CDT	HAIL 0.88	2 W Holland, TX	NICKEL HAIL 2 WEST OF HOLLAND
Apr 25, 7:26 PM CDT	HAIL 0.88	Little River-Academy, TX	NICKEL HAIL 3 SOUTH OF LITTLE RIVER
Apr 25, 7:31 PM CDT	HAIL 0.88	Little River-Academy, TX
Apr 25, 7:34 PM CDT	HAIL 0.88	5 Sw Temple, TX	NICKEL HAIL 5 SW TEMPLE

Local storm reports filed while the alert was in force, from inside its polygon or its counties.

Did it verify

Not verified. The Iowa Environmental Mesonet's Cow found no qualifying storm report inside this tornado warning while it was in force. That is not proof nothing happened: reports are thin where few people live.

Cow counts a report within 15 km of the polygon while the warning was in force: a tornado for a tornado warning; hail of 1 inch or more, a gust of 58 mph or more or wind damage for a severe thunderstorm warning; a flash flood report for a flash flood warning.

The watch it was issued in

The SPC watch in force over the same counties when this warning went out.

Issued	Product	Office	Lasted
Apr 25, 3:26 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Watch	SPC	7 hr

The nearest sounding before it

Fort Worth, TX (KFWD), launched 12:00Z, 11.7 hours before the alert went out and 209 km from the middle of its area. This is the routine balloon launch nearest before it, the air the forecaster had in hand, not a measurement taken for the alert.

Skew-T log-p

Temperature in red, dew point in green, the mixed-layer parcel dashed.

Hodograph

The wind turning with height, colored by layer: ground to 1 km, 1 to 3 km, 3 to 6 km, 6 to 10 km.

Mixed-layer CAPE: 1802 J/kg
Mixed-layer CIN: -149 J/kg
Mixed-layer LCL: 545 m above ground
0-6 km bulk shear: 24 kt
0-1 km storm-relative helicity: 280 m²/s²
0-3 km storm-relative helicity: 387 m²/s²
Significant tornado parameter: 0.7
Supercell composite: 4.2

Open this sounding in Storm Lab

The text

As transmitted, in the capitals the NWS used until 2016.

000
WFUS54 KFWD 252342
TORFWD
TXC027-260030-
/O.NEW.KFWD.TO.W.0037.080425T2339Z-080426T0030Z/

BULLETIN - EAS ACTIVATION REQUESTED
TORNADO WARNING
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE FORT WORTH TX
639 PM CDT FRI APR 25 2008

THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE IN FORT WORTH HAS ISSUED A

* TORNADO WARNING FOR...
  CENTRAL BELL COUNTY IN NORTH CENTRAL TEXAS...

* UNTIL 730 PM CDT

* AT 639 PM CDT...A SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WITH A HISTORY OF PRODUCING  
  TORNADOES WAS 4 MILES SOUTH OF BELTON..MOVING SOUTH AT 18 MPH.     
  STORM SPOTTERS WERE REPORTING STRONG ROTATION JUST SOUTH OF BELTON.

* THE TORNADO WILL BE NEAR...
  SALADO BY 650 PM CDT...
  HOLLAND BY 705 PM CDT...

TAKE COVER IN A BASEMENT...OR ON THE LOWEST FLOOR OF YOUR HOME IN AN
INTERIOR CLOSET OR BATHROOM. USE BLANKETS OR PILLOWS FOR COVER.

IN ADDITION TO TORNADOES...LARGE HAIL UP TO BASEBALL SIZE ARE LIKELY 
WITH THIS STORM.

IF YOU ARE CAUGHT OUTSIDE...SEEK SHELTER IN A REINFORCED BUILDING. AS
A LAST RESORT...LIE FLAT IN A DITCH OR LOW SPOT AND COVER YOUR HEAD.

A SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WATCH REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 1000 PM CDT
FRIDAY EVENING FOR EASTERN TEXAS.

LAT...LON 3088 9765 3117 9755 3117 9732 3089 9727
      3076 9732
TIME...MOT...LOC 2339Z 358DEG 15KT 3099 9746

$$

13

2 follow-up statements

000 
WWUS54 KFWD 252356
SVSFWD

SEVERE WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE FORT WORTH TX
655 PM CDT FRI APR 25 2008

TXC027-260030-
/O.CON.KFWD.TO.W.0037.000000T0000Z-080426T0030Z/
BELL TX-
655 PM CDT FRI APR 25 2008

...A TORNADO WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 730 PM CDT FOR CENTRAL
BELL COUNTY...

AT 655 PM CDT...NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE METEOROLOGISTS WERE
MONITORING A SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WITH A HISTORY OF PRODUCING ONE OR 
MORE TORNADOS.  A DEVELOPING TORNADO WAS LOCATED 4 MILES EAST OF 
SALADO...MOVING SOUTH AT 17 MPH. 

THE TORNADO WILL BE NEAR...
  HOLLAND BY 705 PM CDT...

IN ADDITION TO TORNADOES, LARGE HAIL UP TO SOFTBALL SIZE IS LIKELY 
WITH THIS STORM.

IF YOU ARE CAUGHT OUTSIDE...SEEK SHELTER IN A REINFORCED BUILDING. AS
A LAST RESORT...LIE FLAT IN A DITCH OR LOW SPOT AND COVER YOUR HEAD.

DO NOT LEAVE SHELTER TO USE YOUR CAR TO OUTRUN A TORNADO. CARS ARE
EASILY TOSSED AND CRUSHED BY TORNADO WINDS.

A SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WATCH REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 1000 PM CDT
FRIDAY EVENING FOR EASTERN TEXAS.

LAT...LON 3088 9765 3117 9755 3117 9732 3089 9727
      3076 9732
TIME...MOT...LOC 2355Z 358DEG 15KT 3092 9746

$$

13

000 
WWUS54 KFWD 260002
SVSFWD

SEVERE WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE FORT WORTH TX
701 PM CDT FRI APR 25 2008

TXC027-260030-
/O.CON.KFWD.TO.W.0037.000000T0000Z-080426T0030Z/
BELL TX-
701 PM CDT FRI APR 25 2008

...A TORNADO WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 730 PM CDT FOR SOUTH
CENTRAL BELL COUNTY...

AT 701 PM CDT...NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE METEOROLOGISTS WERE
MONITORING A SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WITH A HISTORY OF PRODUCING ONE OR 
MORE TORNADOS.  A DEVELOPING TORNADO WAS LOCATED 4 MILES NORTHWEST 
OF HOLLAND...MOVING SOUTH AT 21 MPH.

THE TORNADO WILL BE NEAR...
  RURAL SOUTHERN BELL COUNTY AT 720 PM CDT

TAKE COVER IN A BASEMENT...OR ON THE LOWEST FLOOR OF YOUR HOME IN AN
INTERIOR CLOSET OR BATHROOM. USE BLANKETS OR PILLOWS FOR COVER.

IN ADDITION TO TORNADOES, LARGE HAIL IS LIKELY WITH THIS STORM. 
SOFTBALL SIZE HAIL WAS REPORTED WITH THIS STORM IN LITTLE RIVER 
ACADEMY AT 658 PM CDT.

A SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WATCH REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 1000 PM CDT
FRIDAY EVENING FOR EASTERN TEXAS.

LAT...LON 3088 9765 3109 9757 3106 9730 3101 9729
      3100 9730 3099 9729 3089 9727 3076 9732
TIME...MOT...LOC 0001Z 359DEG 18KT 3089 9745

$$

13

What forecasters said that day

The local office's own words before this tornado warning went out, as it sent them, from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service text.

NWS Fort Worth, TX wrote its last area forecast discussion before this tornado warning went out at Apr 25, 4:14 PM CDT, 2 hours 25 minutes earlier.

Area forecast discussion, Apr 25, 4:14 PM CDT, 2 hours 25 minutes before

AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION...CORRECTED
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE FORT WORTH TX
414 PM CDT FRI APR 25 2008

.UPDATE...
CORRECTED 414 PM
SVR TSTORM WATCH #233 ISSUED FOR SE 1/2 OF N TX THROUGH 10 PM CDT.
EMBEDDED...MARGINALLY SEVERE STORMS POSSIBLE NOW THRU EARLY TO MID
EVENING...AS COLD FRONT MOVES SE THROUGH THE AREA. FORECASTS SENT.

&&

.PREV DISCUSSION... /ISSUED 242 PM CDT FRI APR 25 2008/

DISCUSSION...
SCATTERED THUNDERSTORMS FINALLY DEVELOPED JUST BEFORE 2 PM...AND NOW
EXTENDED ALONG A BROKEN LINE FROM N OF HILLSBORO...TO WAXAHACHIE...TO
MESQUITE/BALCH SPRINGS...TO ROCKWALL AND NEAR GREENVILLE. COLD FRONT
WAS GENERALLY FROM SHERMAN...TO DALLAS...TO LAKE WHITNEY...TO
BETWEEN HAMILTON AND LAMPASAS...MOVING ESE NEAR 20 KTS.

BY EVENING...EXPECT BROKEN LINE OF SCATTERED STORMS TO GENERALLY
EXTEND ALONG/AHEAD OF COLD FRONT FROM EMORY...TO WACO...TO KILLEEN
WITH CHANCE POPS CONTINUE THIS EVENING AREAS SE OF THIS LINE...AS
FRONT LOSES ITS POP AND BEGINS STALLING AS IT HEADS TOWARD
SE/CENTRAL TX. WILL LINGER LOW POPS OVER S/SW 1/2 OF N TX LATE
TONIGHT AND THROUGH SATURDAY...AS OLD FRONT MIXES BACK NORTH.
KEEPING TREND OF STRONG COLD FRONT MOVING INTO N TX LATER SAT NIGHT
AND DRIVING OUT OF SE COUNTIES BY SAT AFTERNOON.

STRONG DISTURBANCE ALOFT WILL DEEPEN OVER THE CENTRAL SOUTHERN PLAINS
LATE SAT NIGHT AND MOVE READILY EAST TOWARD MS VALLEY ON SUNDAY.
EXPECT WIDESPREAD RAIN/STORMS TO BREAK OUT MAINLY BEHIND THE COLD
FRONT...AS LIFT TRAILS THE FRONT. ANY STORMS EMBEDDED IN RAIN AREAS
TO BE ELEVATED IN NATURE. MAIN THREATS SHOULD BE LOCALLY HEAVY
RAINFALL/FLOODING AND MARGINALLY SEVERE HAIL/LIGHTNING WITH
STRONGEST OF ACTIVITY. HEAVY RAIN PAST FEW DAYS HAS BEEN VERY
LOCALIZED AND SPOTTY...THUS COMBINED WITH PROGRESSIVE NATURE OF SAT
NIGHT SYSTEM...WILL NOT ISSUE A FLASH FLOOD WATCH/FFA/ ON THIS
PACKAGE...THOUGH SOME LOCALIZED FLASH FLOODING IS HIGHLY POSSIBLE.

BY SUNDAY EVENING AND THROUGH THE MIDDLE OF THE WORK WEEK...A DRY AND
SEASONABLE FORECAST IN STORE FOR N TX...AS COLD FRONT DRIVES GOOD
MOISTURE WELL OFF THE GULF COAST LATE SUNDAY AND NW FLOW DOMINATES
THROUGH EARLY TUESDAY...BEFORE BECOMING ZONAL. NEXT DISTURBANCE
APPROACHES FOR LATE IN THE WEEK AND HAVE INTRODUCED SOME LOW POPS
DUE TO LOW CONFIDENCE ON SYSTEM EVOLUTION...AS MODELS DIFFER QUITE A
BIT. A WARM UP WILL ENSUE HOWEVER THROUGH THE WEEK BACK INTO THE 80S.

&&

.PRELIMINARY POINT TEMPS/POPS...
DALLAS-FT. WORTH, TX  57  79  51  68  48 /  10  10  90  30   0
WACO, TX              60  81  54  67  44 /  30  20  90  60   0
PARIS, TX             52  75  49  65  44 /  10  10  70  20   5
DENTON, TX            53  74  48  68  46 /  10  10  80  20   0
MCKINNEY, TX          53  76  47  67  46 /  10  10  80  20   0
DALLAS, TX            57  78  51  66  49 /  10  10  90  30   0
TERRELL, TX           56  79  50  66  45 /  20  10  90  40   5
CORSICANA, TX         60  79  53  66  47 /  40  10  90  60   5
TEMPLE, TX            63  82  54  68  44 /  50  20  90  70   5

&&

.FWD WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES...
NONE.
&&

99/05

Hazardous weather outlook, Apr 25, 3:51 PM CDT, 2 hours 48 minutes before

HAZARDOUS WEATHER OUTLOOK
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE FORT WORTH TX
351 PM CDT FRI APR 25 2008

TXZ091>095-100>107-115>123-129>135-141>148-156>162-174-175-261100-
MONTAGUE-COOKE-GRAYSON-FANNIN-LAMAR-YOUNG-JACK-WISE-DENTON-COLLIN-
HUNT-DELTA-HOPKINS-STEPHENS-PALO PINTO-PARKER-TARRANT-DALLAS-
ROCKWALL-KAUFMAN-VAN ZANDT-RAINS-EASTLAND-ERATH-HOOD-SOMERVELL-
JOHNSON-ELLIS-HENDERSON-COMANCHE-MILLS-HAMILTON-BOSQUE-HILL-
NAVARRO-FREESTONE-ANDERSON-LAMPASAS-CORYELL-BELL-MCLENNAN-FALLS-
LIMESTONE-LEON-MILAM-ROBERTSON-
351 PM CDT FRI APR 25 2008

THIS HAZARDOUS WEATHER OUTLOOK IS FOR NORTH TEXAS.

.DAY ONE...THIS AFTERNOON AND TONIGHT.

SCATTERED THUNDERSTORMS WILL CONTINUE THIS EVENING AND TONIGHT
ALONG A COLD FRONT MAINLY ACROSS SOUTHEAST PORTIONS OF NORTH TEXAS
FROM PARIS TO CORSICANA TO KILLEEN. SOME STORMS MAY BECOME SEVERE
WITH LARGE HAIL AND DAMAGING WINDS MAINLY THROUGH THE EVENING.

.DAYS TWO THROUGH SEVEN...SATURDAY THROUGH THURSDAY.

SCATTERED TO NUMEROUS SHOWERS AND THUNDERSTORMS ARE EXPECTED
ACROSS ALL OF NORTH TEXAS SATURDAY AFTERNOON INTO EARLY SUNDAY.
SOME OF THE STORMS WILL BE SEVERE WITH LARGE HAIL AND DAMAGING
WINDS. IN ADDITION TO ANY SEVERE WEATHER...LOCALLY HEAVY RAINFALL
WILL BE POSSIBLE ACROSS THE ENTIRE AREA. SOME AREAS COULD RECEIVE
IN EXCESS OF 3 INCHES OF RAIN THROUGH SUNDAY.

.SPOTTER INFORMATION STATEMENT...

SPOTTER ACTIVATION WILL LIKELY BE REQUESTED THROUGH THE EVENING.

DUNN

In the hours before

Local storm report, Apr 25, 6:13 PM CDT, 26 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE FORT WORTH TX
613 PM CDT FRI APR 25 2008

..TIME..    ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE..    ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0608 PM     HAIL             MORGANS POINT RESORT   31.16N  97.45W
04/25/2008  E2.75 INCH       BELL               TX   AMATEUR RADIO

            MORGANS POINT

Local storm report, Apr 25, 6:14 PM CDT, 25 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE FORT WORTH TX
614 PM CDT FRI APR 25 2008

..TIME..    ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE..    ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0610 PM     HAIL             MORGANS POINT RESORT   31.16N  97.45W
04/25/2008  E2.50 INCH       BELL               TX   AMATEUR RADIO

Local storm report, Apr 25, 6:20 PM CDT, 19 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE FORT WORTH TX
620 PM CDT FRI APR 25 2008

..TIME..    ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE..    ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0620 PM     TORNADO          BELTON                  31.07N  97.46W
04/25/2008                   BELL               TX   BROADCAST MEDIA

            MEDIA REPORTS TORNADO ON GROUND NEAR FIRE STATION 2 IN
            BELTON

Local storm report, Apr 25, 6:31 PM CDT, 8 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE FORT WORTH TX
631 PM CDT FRI APR 25 2008

..TIME..    ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE..    ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0629 PM     TORNADO          BELTON                  31.07N  97.46W
04/25/2008                   BELL               TX   AMATEUR RADIO

            CONFIRMED TORNADO TOUCHDOWN NEAR 190 AND I-35

Local storm report, Apr 25, 6:34 PM CDT, 5 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE FORT WORTH TX
634 PM CDT FRI APR 25 2008

..TIME..    ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE..    ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0634 PM     HAIL             BELTON                  31.07N  97.46W
04/25/2008  E1.75 INCH       BELL               TX   AMATEUR RADIO

Local storm report, Apr 25, 6:38 PM CDT, 1 minute before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE FORT WORTH TX
638 PM CDT FRI APR 25 2008

..TIME..    ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE..    ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0636 PM     HAIL             BELTON                  31.07N  97.46W
04/25/2008  E2.75 INCH       BELL               TX   BROADCAST MEDIA

            GOLFBALL TO BASEBALL REPORTED BY BROADCAST MEDIA

The office that day

Everything else NWS Fort Worth, TX issued on the same UTC day.

Issued	Product	Office	Counties	Lasted
Apr 24, 8:14 PM CDT	River Flood Warning	FWD	Henderson, Navarro	49 hr
Apr 25, 1:44 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	FWD	Dallas	31 min
Apr 25, 1:52 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	FWD	Dallas	38 min
Apr 25, 2:10 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	FWD	Ellis	35 min
Apr 25, 2:26 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	FWD	Rockwall	34 min
Apr 25, 2:44 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	FWD	Ellis	31 min
Apr 25, 3:06 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	FWD	Kaufman	24 min
Apr 25, 3:13 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	FWD	Ellis	32 min
Apr 25, 3:23 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	FWD	Ellis, Henderson, Kaufman, Navarro	52 min
Apr 25, 3:34 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	FWD	Kaufman	41 min
Apr 25, 3:37 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	FWD	Ellis, Hill, Navarro	53 min
Apr 25, 3:45 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	FWD	Hill	30 min
Apr 25, 4:02 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	FWD	Bosque, Hill, McLennan	28 min
Apr 25, 4:06 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	FWD	Lamar	24 min
Apr 25, 4:12 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	FWD	Bosque, Hill, McLennan	48 min
Apr 25, 4:15 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	FWD	Navarro	30 min
Apr 25, 4:25 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	FWD	Henderson, Navarro	50 min
Apr 25, 4:27 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	FWD	Navarro	63 min
Apr 25, 4:38 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	FWD	Lamar	37 min
Apr 25, 4:50 PM CDT	Tornado Warning	FWD	Hill, Limestone, Navarro	40 min
Apr 25, 4:58 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	FWD	Bell, Coryell, McLennan	62 min
Apr 25, 5:11 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	FWD	Anderson, Freestone, Henderson, Navarro	64 min
Apr 25, 5:29 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	FWD	Freestone, Limestone, Navarro	47 min
Apr 25, 5:37 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	FWD	Bell, Coryell, Falls, McLennan	53 min
Apr 25, 5:53 PM CDT	Tornado Warning	FWD	Bell	52 min
Apr 25, 6:07 PM CDT	Tornado Warning	FWD	Bell	38 min
Apr 25, 6:34 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	FWD	Navarro	41 min
Apr 25, 6:42 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	FWD	Falls, Milam, Robertson	48 min
Apr 25, 6:50 PM CDT	Areal Flood Advisory	FWD	Bell	115 min

Nearby

Tornado Warnings in Texas, 2008 Every tornado warning in 2008 Tornadoes in 2008

Sources

The product and its follow-ups from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service and Storm Prediction Center text; local storm reports from the same archive; the sounding from the Mesonet's radiosonde archive; radar from the NEXRAD Level II archive.