Alert archive / South Dakota / Severe Thunderstorm Warnings in 2008

Severe Thunderstorm Warning 64, NWS Sioux Falls, SD

June 4, 2008Yankton County, South Dakota

NWS Sioux Falls, SD issued this severe thunderstorm warning at Jun 4, 2008, 4:43 PM CDT for Yankton County, South Dakota. It was in force for 47 min. 1 report came from inside the area while it was in force.

The area

The outline as issued, with what was reported inside it.

The facts

Issued
Jun 4, 2008, 4:43 PM CDT (21:43 UTC)
Expired
Jun 4, 2008, 5:30 PM CDT
In force
47 min
Issued by
NWS Sioux Falls, SD
Area
Storm-based polygon

County Yankton County, SD

The radar

The Sioux Falls radar (KFSD), 93 km from the middle of the area, began a volume at 21:43 UTC, the scan nearest the moment this went out.

Open the radar archive at this moment

The archived warnings, watches and discussions in force at that minute are drawn over the scan, this one among them.

What was reported inside it

TimeReportWhereRemark
Jun 4, 5:10 PM CDTHAIL 0.885 Nw Yankton, SD

Local storm reports filed while the alert was in force, from inside its polygon or its counties.

Did it verify

Not verified. The Iowa Environmental Mesonet's Cow found no qualifying storm report inside this severe thunderstorm warning while it was in force. That is not proof nothing happened: reports are thin where few people live.

Cow counts a report within 15 km of the polygon while the warning was in force: a tornado for a tornado warning; hail of 1 inch or more, a gust of 58 mph or more or wind damage for a severe thunderstorm warning; a flash flood report for a flash flood warning.

The nearest sounding before it

Omaha, NE (KOAX), launched 12:00Z, 9.7 hours before the alert went out and 191 km from the middle of its area. This is the routine balloon launch nearest before it, the air the forecaster had in hand, not a measurement taken for the alert.

Skew-T log-pSkew-T log-p diagram, Omaha, NE at 12:00Z on 2008-06-04Temperature and dew point through the depth of the atmosphere, with the mixed-layer parcel. CAPE 167 joules per kilogram.LCLLFCEL10008507005003002001001 km2 km3 km6 km9 km12 km15 km-30°-20°-10°0°10°20°30°40°
Temperature in red, dew point in green, the mixed-layer parcel dashed.
HodographHodograph, Omaha, NE at 12:00Z on 2008-06-04The wind through the lowest 10 kilometers. Zero to 1 km storm-relative helicity 51 square meters per square second.19395878Sfc1 km3 km6 km9 kmRMLM
The wind turning with height, colored by layer: ground to 1 km, 1 to 3 km, 3 to 6 km, 6 to 10 km.
Mixed-layer CAPE
167 J/kg
Mixed-layer CIN
-157 J/kg
Mixed-layer LCL
739 m above ground
0-6 km bulk shear
46 kt
0-1 km storm-relative helicity
51 m²/s²
0-3 km storm-relative helicity
142 m²/s²
Significant tornado parameter
0.0
Supercell composite
0.0

Open this sounding in Storm Lab

The text

As transmitted, in the capitals the NWS used until 2016.

000 
WUUS53 KFSD 042143
SVRFSD
SDC135-042230-
/O.NEW.KFSD.SV.W.0064.080604T2143Z-080604T2230Z/

BULLETIN - EAS ACTIVATION REQUESTED
SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE SIOUX FALLS SD
443 PM CDT WED JUN 4 2008

THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE IN SIOUX FALLS HAS ISSUED A

* SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING FOR...
  SOUTHERN YANKTON COUNTY IN SOUTHEAST SOUTH DAKOTA

* UNTIL 530 PM CDT

* AT 443 PM CDT...NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DOPPLER RADAR INDICATED A
  SEVERE THUNDERSTORM CAPABLE OF PRODUCING QUARTER SIZE HAIL.  THIS
  STORM WAS LOCATED 5 MILES SOUTH OF UTICA...OR 7 MILES WEST OF
  YANKTON...MOVING EAST AT 15 MPH.

* THE SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WILL BE NEAR...
  UTICA AROUND 450 PM CDT...
  YANKTON AROUND 505 PM CDT...
  MISSION HILL AROUND 530 PM CDT...

THIS STORM HAS A HISTORY OF PRODUCING DAMAGING WIND. GO INSIDE A
STURDY BUILDING AND STAY AWAY FROM WINDOWS.

LAT...LON 4283 9723 4285 9724 4285 9728 4286 9731
      4286 9741 4284 9745 4286 9750 4285 9759
      4303 9760 4304 9717 4284 9717
TIME...MOT...LOC 2143Z 250DEG 13KT 4291 9750

$$

SCHUMACHER
3 follow-up statements
000 
WWUS53 KFSD 042208
SVSFSD

SEVERE WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE SIOUX FALLS SD
507 PM CDT WED JUN 4 2008

SDC135-042230-
/O.CON.KFSD.SV.W.0064.000000T0000Z-080604T2230Z/
YANKTON SD-
507 PM CDT WED JUN 4 2008

...A SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 530 PM CDT
FOR SOUTHERN YANKTON COUNTY...

AT 507 PM CDT...NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DOPPLER RADAR CONTINUED TO
INDICATE A SEVERE THUNDERSTORM CAPABLE OF PRODUCING NICKEL SIZE HAIL.
THIS STORM WAS LOCATED 3 MILES WEST OF YANKTON AIRPORT...MOVING EAST 
AT 15 MPH.

THE SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WILL BE NEAR...
   YANKTON THROUGH 515 PM CDT...
   MISSION HILL AROUND 525 PM CDT...

THIS STORM HAS A HISTORY OF PRODUCING LARGE HAIL. GO INSIDE A STURDY
BUILDING AND STAY AWAY FROM WINDOWS.

LAT...LON 4283 9723 4285 9724 4285 9728 4286 9731
      4286 9741 4284 9745 4286 9750 4285 9759
      4303 9760 4304 9717 4284 9717
TIME...MOT...LOC 2207Z 250DEG 13KT 4294 9739

$$

SCHUMACHER
000 
WWUS53 KFSD 042215
SVSFSD

SEVERE WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE SIOUX FALLS SD
514 PM CDT WED JUN 4 2008

SDC135-042230-
/O.CON.KFSD.SV.W.0064.000000T0000Z-080604T2230Z/
YANKTON SD-
514 PM CDT WED JUN 4 2008

...A SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 530 PM CDT
FOR SOUTHERN YANKTON COUNTY...

AT 514 PM CDT...NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DOPPLER RADAR CONTINUED TO
INDICATE A SEVERE THUNDERSTORM CAPABLE OF PRODUCING NICKEL SIZE HAIL.
THIS STORM WAS LOCATED NEAR YANKTON...MOVING EAST AT 12 MPH.

THE SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WILL BE NEAR...
   YANKTON AROUND 520 PM CDT...
   MISSION HILL AROUND 530 PM CDT...

THIS STORM HAS A HISTORY OF PRODUCING LARGE HAIL. GO INSIDE A STURDY
BUILDING AND STAY AWAY FROM WINDOWS.

HAIL UP TO NICKEL SIZE HAS BEEN REPORTED 4 MILES NORTHWEST OF 
YANKTON AT 510 PM CDT WITH THIS STORM. IF YOU ARE IN THE PATH OF THE 
STORM...TAKE IMMEDIATE ACTION TO PROTECT LIFE AND PROPERTY.

LAT...LON 4283 9723 4285 9724 4285 9728 4286 9731
      4286 9741 4284 9745 4286 9750 4285 9759
      4303 9760 4304 9717 4284 9717
TIME...MOT...LOC 2214Z 256DEG 10KT 4292 9743

$$

SCHUMACHER
000 
WWUS53 KFSD 042230
SVSFSD

SEVERE WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE SIOUX FALLS SD
529 PM CDT WED JUN 4 2008

SDC135-042238-
/O.EXP.KFSD.SV.W.0064.000000T0000Z-080604T2230Z/
YANKTON SD-
529 PM CDT WED JUN 4 2008

...THE SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING FOR SOUTHERN YANKTON COUNTY WILL
EXPIRE AT 530 PM CDT...

THE STORM IS NO LONGER SEVERE. LOCALLY HEAVY RAINS AND SMALL HAIL 
CAN STILL BE EXPECTED NORTH OF YANKTON THROUGH 600 PM.

LAT...LON 4283 9723 4285 9724 4285 9728 4286 9731
      4286 9741 4284 9745 4286 9750 4285 9759
      4303 9760 4304 9717 4284 9717
TIME...MOT...LOC 2228Z 256DEG 10KT 4293 9738

$$

CHAPMAN

What forecasters said that day

The local office's own words before this severe thunderstorm warning went out, as it sent them, from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service text.

NWS Sioux Falls, SD wrote its last area forecast discussion before this severe thunderstorm warning went out at Jun 4, 10:59 AM CDT, 5 hours 44 minutes earlier.

Area forecast discussion, Jun 4, 10:59 AM CDT, 5 hours 44 minutes before
AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION FOR SOUTHEAST SD/SOUTHWEST MN/NORTHWEST IA
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE SIOUX FALLS SD
1059AM CDT WED JUN 4 2008

.DISCUSSION...
VERY ACTIVE 36 HOURS COMING UP AS A POTENT UPPER LEVEL WAVE DIVES
INTO THE FOUR CORNERS REGION TODAY. FOR TODAY...PRECIPITATION SHOULD
CLEAR OUT OF MOST AREAS...BUT WITH WEAK UPPER LEVEL SUPPORT AND A
MOIST PROFILE...CANNOT RULE OUT ADDITIONAL SHOWERS AND ISOLATED
THUNDERSTORMS THROUGHOUT THE DAY. IN FACT...SOME OF THIS UPPER LEVEL
SUPPORT MOVING ONTO THE WESTERN HIGH PLAINS AND COULD SEE SOME OF
THIS PRECIPITATION MOVE INTO THE WESTERN CWA THIS AFTERNOON. WILL
TAKE OUT THREAT OF TORNADOES/LAND SPOUTS FOR THIS AFTERNOON AND
EVENING WITH THE LACK OF A DECENT BOUNDARY AND LACK OF
HEATING...ESPECIALLY NOW THAT THE CLOUD COVER IN THE WEST IS
EXPANDING PRETTY RAPIDLY.

OTHERWISE...HEADING INTO TONIGHT...PRETTY GOOD CHANCE THAT A FLOOD
WATCH WILL NEED TO BE ISSUED FOR MOST OF SOUTHEAST SOUTH DAKOTA AS
MODELS CONTINUE TO CONVERGE ON A SOLUTION THAT BRINGS HEAVY RAIN
INTO CENTRAL/SOUTHEAST SOUTH DAKOTA TONIGHT INTO THURSDAY
MORNING...WITH ADDITIONAL DEVELOPMENT LIKELY ON THURSDAY AFTERNOON
AND EVENING. SEVERE THREAT TONIGHT PRETTY MUCH JUST HAIL AND MAINLY
LATE. BETTER CHANCES FOR SEVERE SHOULD BE SOUTH OF THE CWA.

08

&&

AVIATION...
SHOULD REMAIN PRETTY MUCH LOW END MVFR TO OCCASIONAL IFR IN FOG
AND THUNDERSTORMS FOR THE NEXT 24 TO 36 HOURS.

&&

.PREV DISCUSSION...
ADVECTION SHOWERS WITH EMBEDDED THUNDER SPREADING EWRD EARLY THIS
MORNING. LOOKS LIKE MUCH OF THE CWA SHOULD BE ABLE TO SQUEEZE OUT
MEASURABLE PRECIP. SHOULD DRY OUT FOR A TIME LATER THIS MORNING
INTO THE EARLY AFTERNOON AS BEST MID LEVEL FORCING SLIDES EAST OF
THE AREA...HOWEVER CONVOLUTED MOIST WRLY FLOW MAKES IT HARD TO
COMPLETELY DISCOUNT SHOWERS ANYWHERE DURING THE REMAINDER OF THE
DAY. NOT ANTICIPATING MUCH IN THE WAY OF SUNSHINE TODAY AS SFC
HEATING WOULD MOSTLY BE SELF DESTRUCTIVE PROVIDED THE ABUNDANCE OF
SFC MOISTURE...WITH THE EXCEPTION POSSIBLY IN THE WEST.

SEVERE THUNDERSTORM THREAT NON EXISTENT THROUGH THE EARLY
AFTERNOON...BUT MAY HAVE TO WATCH WRN AREAS LATER THIS AFTERNOON
AND EARLY EVENING. MOISTURE AND TEMPERATURE ADVECTION IN THE LOWEST
LEVELS AND SOME OF DRYING IN THE 700 TO 500 MB LAYER SHOULD
DESTABILIZE THE ATMOSPHERE ENOUGH BY LATE AFTERNOON FOR THUNDERSTORM
DEVELOPMENT...ESPECIALLY IN PLACES WHICH DO SEE A BIT OF SUNSHINE.
SHOULD TIMING BE RIGHT WITH S/WV PASSAGE...ENHANCEMENT OF CONVECTION
CAN BE EXPECTED. NAM AND GFS DIFFER ON THE EXTENT OF CAPE WITH THE
GFS YIELDING MORE ROBUST MU CAPE VALUES THIS AFTERNOON...ALTHOUGH ML
CAPES ARE SOMEWHAT SIMILAR IN THE 800 TO 1400 J/KG RANGE BY 00Z THIS
EVENING IN THE JAMES VALLEY WEST. DEEP LAYER DIRECTION SHEAR DOES
SUPPORT THE POTENTIAL FOR SUPERCELL THUNDERSTORMS IN THESE AREA LATE
TODAY INTO EARLY EVENING...HOWEVER BUFKIT SOUNDINGS INDICATED TALL
SKINNY CAPE...WHICH DOES NOT SUPPORT VIGOROUS UPDRAFTS. SO...MAINLY
THINKING MARGINAL SEVERE STORMS POSSIBLE WITH THE POTENTIAL FOR HAIL
IN THE LOW END SEVERE RANGE. ONE OTHER THING TO WATCH WILL BE THE
POTENTIAL FOR LANDSPOUTS WITH THESE STORMS. PROGGED 2 KM VGP VALUES
IN THE .1 TO .4 RANGE AND LAPSE RATES AROUND 7 DEG/KM. SHOULD THERE
BE ENOUGH SURFACE HEATING...WHICH REMAINS A QUESTION AT THIS
TIME...THEN A FEW LANDSPOUTS ARE CERTAINLY A POSSIBILITY.

BETTER CHANCES FOR SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WILL BE LATER TONIGHT AND
THEN AGAIN LATE THU AFTERNOON INTO THU EVENING. STRONG ELEVATED WARM
FRONT WILL MOVE NORTH ACROSS THE CWA AFTER MIDNIGHT TONIGHT.
THUNDERSTORMS ARE ANTICIPATED TO DEVELOP ALONG THIS FRONT WITH SOME
STORMS LIKELY BECOMING SEVERE. MAIN SEVERE THREAT WITH THESE
ELEVATED STORMS WILL HAIL TO THE SIZE OF GOLF BALLS...AND POSSIBLY
LARGER. THESE STORM SHOULD MOVE FROM THE SRN CWA AROUND
MIDNIGHT...TO THE NRN EXTEND OF THE CWA TOWARDS SUNRISE. THEN
GENERALLY SHOULD SEE A BREAK IN THE THUNDERSTORM ACTIVITY LATER IN
THE MORNING AND INTO MID AFTERNOON. SET UP FOR LATE THU
AFTERNOON/EVENING IS A POTENTIALLY VOLATILE ONE. SEVERE THREAT WILL
LARGELY DEPEND ON PLACEMENT OF UPPER TROUGH AND SFC WARM FRONT.
MODELS HAVING DIFFERENT IDEAS ON PLACEMENT AND TIMING BUT LIKELY
THERE WILL BE HIGH THREAT OF SEVERE WX ALONG AND EAST OF I29 AND
POSSIBLY AS FAR WEST AS THE WRN CWA BORDER. VERY LARGE
HAIL...DAMAGING WIND GUSTS...AND STRONG TORNADOES WILL BE POSSIBLE.
THE MAIN TORNADO THREAT WILL BE ALONG THE SFC WARM FRONT...WHICH AT
THIS TIME IS EXPECTED TO BE DRAPED ACROSS SE SD AND SW MN. WILL ALSO
HAVE TO MONITOR THE FLOOD POTENTIAL WITH THUNDERSTORMS TONIGHT AND
AGAIN TOMORROW.

THINGS DRY OUT ON FRIDAY AND STRONG COLD FRONT PUSHES EAST OF THE
AREA. MODELS HAVE SHIFTED UPPER LOW FARTHER NORTH...SO LOWER THE
CHANCES FOR POP FRI MORNING. RESIDUAL MOISTURE AND COOLER
TEMPERATURES ALOFT...COULD SEE SOME SHOWERS/ISOLATED THUNDERSTORMS
LATE IN THE DAY FRI. OTHERWISE OVERALL WET WX PATTERN TO CONTINUE
INTO THE FORESEEABLE FUTURE.

&&

.FSD WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES...
SD...NONE.
MN...NONE.
IA...NONE.
NE...NONE.

&&

LIEBL/RYRHOLM
Hazardous weather outlook, Jun 4, 11:28 AM CDT, 5 hours 15 minutes before
HAZARDOUS WEATHER OUTLOOK
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE SIOUX FALLS SD
1128 AM CDT WED JUN 04 2008

SDZ038>040-050-052>071-MNZ071-072-080-081-089-090-097-098-
IAZ001>003-012>014-020>022-031-032-NEZ013-014-051200-
AURORA-BEADLE-BON HOMME-BROOKINGS-BRULE-BUENA VISTA IA-
CHARLES MIX-CHEROKEE IA-CLAY-CLAY IA-COTTONWOOD MN-DAKOTA NE-
DAVISON-DICKINSON IA-DIXON NE-DOUGLAS-GREGORY-HANSON-HUTCHINSON-
IDA IA-JACKSON MN-JERAULD-KINGSBURY-LAKE-LINCOLN-LINCOLN MN-
LYON IA-LYON MN-MCCOOK-MINER-MINNEHAHA-MOODY-MURRAY MN-NOBLES MN-
OBRIEN IA-OSCEOLA IA-PIPESTONE MN-PLYMOUTH IA-ROCK MN-SANBORN-
SIOUX IA-TURNER-UNION-WOODBURY IA-YANKTON-
1128 AM CDT WED JUN 04 2008

THIS HAZARDOUS WEATHER OUTLOOK IS FOR SOUTHEAST SOUTH DAKOTA...
SOUTHWEST MINNESOTA...NORTHWEST IOWA...AND NORTHEAST NEBRASKA.

.DAY ONE...TODAY AND TONIGHT

THUNDERSTORMS...
RAIN AND THUNDERSTORMS ARE EXPECTED TO REDEVELOP OVER NEBRASKA
AND SOUTHERN SOUTH DAKOTA TONIGHT AND LIFT NORTHWARD. SOME OF THE
STORMS WILL BE CAPABLE OF PRODUCING HAIL TO THE SIZE OF
QUARTERS...ESPECIALLY LATE.

FLOODING...
THE LITTLE SIOUX RIVER FROM AROUND SPENCER TO LINN GROVE IS
EXPECTED TO CREST AT OR JUST SLIGHTLY ABOVE FLOOD STAGE BY LATE
THIS WEEK.

MINOR TO MODERATE FLOODING IS EXPECTED ALONG PORTIONS OF THE
VERMILLION RIVER THE NEXT FEW DAY. RAINS FROM THUNDERSTORMS ARE
EXPECTED OVER THE NEXT FEW DAYS...WHICH COULD BE CAUSE FOR
CONTINUED OR ADDITIONAL FLOODING.

HEAVY RAIN WILL MOVE INTO SOUTHERN SOUTH DAKOTA TONIGHT AND
CONTINUE INTO TUESDAY MORNING. RAINFALL AMOUNTS OF 1 TO 3 INCHES
WILL BE POSSIBLE...ESPECIALLY ALONG AND WEST OF THE JAMES RIVER
VALLEY. THIS COULD CREATE SOME LOCALIZED FLASH FLOODING ISSUES AS
WELL AS INCREASE THE THREAT OF ADDITIONAL FLOODING ON
CREEKS...STREAMS AND RIVERS.

.DAYS TWO THROUGH SEVEN...THURSDAY THROUGH TUESDAY

HEAVY RAIN AND SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS WILL AGAIN BE POSSIBLE
THURSDAY AFTERNOON AND NIGHT. THE BEST CHANCE FOR SEVERE
THUNDERSTORMS SHOULD BE SOUTH AND EAST OF A BROOKINGS TO YANKTON
LINE WITH GOLF BALL SIZED HAIL...WIND GUSTS TO 70 MPH AND STRONG
TORNADOES ALL THREATS. HEAVY RAIN WILL ALSO BE A THREAT TO THE
WEST OF THIS LINE WITH AN ADDITIONAL ONE TO TWO INCHES OF RAIN
LIKELY ACROSS MUCH OF THE AREA THROUGH LATE THURSDAY NIGHT.

.SPOTTER INFORMATION STATEMENT...

SPOTTER ACTIVATION WILL NOT BE NEEDED TODAY AND TONIGHT.
SPOTTER ACTIVATION WILL BE POSSIBLE AFTER
SPOTTER ACTIVATION WILL BE LIKELY AFTER

&&

FOR MORE INFORMATION PLEASE VISIT OUR WEBSITE AT
WWW.CRH.NOAA.GOV/FSD. THIS INCLUDES THE GRAPHICAL HAZARDOUS
WEATHER OUTLOOK.

In the hours before

Local storm report, Jun 4, 4:37 PM CDT, 6 minutes before
PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE SIOUX FALLS SD
437 PM CDT WED JUN 04 2008

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0422 PM     HAIL             5 SW UTICA              42.93N 97.56W
06/04/2008  E1.50 INCH       YANKTON            SD   TRAINED SPOTTER

&&

BT
Local storm report, Jun 4, 4:40 PM CDT, 3 minutes before
PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE SIOUX FALLS SD
440 PM CDT WED JUN 04 2008

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0435 PM     FLASH FLOOD      2 S TABOR               42.91N 97.66W
06/04/2008                   BON HOMME          SD   TRAINED SPOTTER

            FIELDS WASHED OUT SOUTH OF TABOR

&&

MG

The office that day

Everything else NWS Sioux Falls, SD issued on the same UTC day.

IssuedProductOfficeCountiesLasted
Jun 4, 3:00 PM CDTFlash Flood WatchFSDAurora, Beadle, Bon Homme, Brookings, Brule, Charles Mix and 18 more12 hr
Jun 4, 3:19 PM CDTRiver Flood WarningFSDLincoln, Union12 days
Jun 4, 3:19 PM CDTRiver Flood WarningFSDUnion13 days
Jun 4, 3:41 PM CDTFlash Flood WarningFSDBon Homme, Yankton2 hr
Jun 4, 4:08 PM CDTSevere Thunderstorm WarningFSDBon Homme, Yankton37 min
Jun 4, 4:25 PM CDTFlash Flood WarningFSDYankton2 hr

Nearby

Severe Thunderstorm Warnings in South Dakota, 2008Every severe thunderstorm warning in 2008

Sources

The product and its follow-ups from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service and Storm Prediction Center text; local storm reports from the same archive; the sounding from the Mesonet's radiosonde archive; radar from the NEXRAD Level II archive.