Severe Thunderstorm Warning 183, NWS Louisville, KY

000 
WWUS53 KLMK 181151
SVSLMK

SEVERE WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE LOUISVILLE KY
750 AM EDT THU OCT 18 2007

INC025-037-117-181200-
/O.CON.KLMK.SV.W.0183.000000T0000Z-071018T1200Z/
ORANGE IN-DUBOIS IN-CRAWFORD IN-
750 AM EDT THU OCT 18 2007

...A SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 800 AM
EDT/700 AM CDT/ FOR NORTHWESTERN CRAWFORD...DUBOIS AND ORANGE
COUNTIES...

AT 636 AM CDT...NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DOPPLER RADAR CONTINUED TO
INDICATE A SEVERE THUNDERSTORM CAPABLE OF PRODUCING DAMAGING WINDS IN
EXCESS OF 60 MPH.  THIS STORM WAS LOCATED NEAR ST. ANTHONY...OR ABOUT
27 MILES SOUTHEAST OF PETERSBURG...MOVING NORTHEAST AT 50 MPH.

THE SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WILL BE NEAR...
  GREENBRIER...YOUNGS CREEK...FRENCH LICK AND WEST BADEN SPRINGS BY
  755 AM EDT...
  PAOLI...ABYDEL...SYRIA AND 6 MILES NORTHWEST OF CHAMBERSBURG BY 755
  AM EDT...

A TORNADO WATCH REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 1000 AM EDT THURSDAY
MORNING/900 AM CDT THURSDAY MORNING/ FOR SOUTH CENTRAL INDIANA AND
NORTHWESTERN KENTUCKY.

LAT...LON 3830 8708 3854 8680 3854 8671 3861 8671
      3868 8663 3869 8633 3841 8632 3824 8673
      3825 8679 3821 8680 3819 8685 3819 8697
TIME...MOT...LOC 1150Z 231DEG 52KT 3846 8663

$$

DK

000 
WWUS53 KLMK 181209
SVSLMK

SEVERE WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE LOUISVILLE KY
805 AM EDT THU OCT 18 2007

INC025-037-117-181215-
/O.EXP.KLMK.SV.W.0183.000000T0000Z-071018T1200Z/
ORANGE IN-DUBOIS IN-CRAWFORD IN-
805 AM EDT THU OCT 18 2007

...THE SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING FOR NORTHWESTERN CRAWFORD...DUBOIS
AND ORANGE COUNTIES EXPIRED AT 800 AM EDT/700 AM CDT/...

THE STORMS THAT PROMPTED THE WARNING HAVE WEAKENED AND ARE NO LONGER
SEVERE. HOWEVER STRONG STORMS REMAIN IN THE AREA. THESE ARE CAPABLE 
OF PRODUCING PERIODS OF HEAVY RAIN.

A TORNADO WATCH REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 1000 AM EDT THURSDAY
MORNING/900 AM CDT THURSDAY MORNING/ FOR SOUTH CENTRAL INDIANA AND
NORTHWESTERN KENTUCKY.

LAT...LON 3830 8708 3854 8680 3854 8671 3861 8671
      3868 8663 3869 8633 3841 8632 3824 8673
      3825 8679 3821 8680 3819 8685 3819 8697
TIME...MOT...LOC 1151Z 231DEG 52KT 3847 8661

$$

DK

AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE LOUISVILLE KY
541 AM EDT THU OCT 18 2007

.EARLY MORNING UPDATE...

WE WILL BE ADJUSTING SHORT-TERM GRIDS TO ACCOUNT FOR NEWLY ISSUED
TORNADO WATCH...MAINLY NW OF A LINE FROM BEDFORD...TO
LOUISVILLE...AND TO HARTFORD KY. WILL NEED TO ADJUST WX GRIDS FOR
SEVERE WORDING...BUT EVERYTHING ELSE ON TRACK. WATCH HAS BEEN ISSUED
DUE TO INCREASING CONVECTION UPSTREAM OVER PAHS AREA. STRENGTHENING
LOW-LEVEL JET (55 KTS AT 4KFT) WILL LEAD TO MAINLY A DAMAGING WIND
THREAT WITH THE STRONGEST STORMS...BUT ISOLATED TOR THREAT RESIDES
MAINLY OVER THE WRN PORTION OF THE WATCH AREA.

WILL UPDATE WEB AND HWO ACCORDINGLY. WATCH AND NEW GRIDS/ZONES WILL
BE SENT SHORTLY AS WELL.

AL

&&

.PREVIOUS DISCUSSION...

SHORT TERM (TONIGHT AND TONIGHT)...

...WIDESPREAD STRONG/SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS EXPECTED OVER THE FORECAST
AREA EARLY THIS MORNING AND AGAIN TONIGHT...

MAIN FORECAST CONCERNS FOR THE SHORT TERM ARE THE THUNDERSTORM
EVENTS EARLY THIS MORNING AND AGAIN LATER THIS AFTERNOON AND
TONIGHT...TIMING AND THE SEVERE POTENTIAL.

LOW PRESSURE OVER THE EASTERN PLAINS STATES WILL DEEPEN AS IT MOVES
RAPIDLY NORTHEAST INTO MINNESOTA TODAY AND TONIGHT. TWO IMPULSES
ASSOCIATED WITH THIS STRONG SYSTEM WILL BRING TWO ROUNDS OF
STRONG/SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS TO THE AREA.

THE FIRST IS ONGOING AT FORECAST TIME AND STORMS WILL BE MOVING
ACROSS CENTRAL KENTUCKY AND SOUTH CENTRAL INDIANA EARLY THIS MORNING
AND SHOULD BE EXITING THE AREA BEFORE NOON. DYNAMICS ARE STRONG
ENOUGH THAT SOME STORMS REMAIN SEVERE EVEN IN THE EARLY MORNING
HOURS.

AFTER THIS FIRST SYSTEM MOVES EAST...THE MID LEVEL DRY SLOT WILL
MOVE OVER THE AREA AND THERE WILL BE A PERIOD OF NO OR ONLY SPOTTY
SHOWERS/THUNDERSTORMS. THE NEXT SHORT WAVE...AHEAD OF A COLD
FRONT...WILL APPROACH THE AREA THIS AFTERNOON AND TONIGHT. WITH THE
AFTERNOON HEATING AND THE APPROACHING SHORTWAVE...A NEW LINE OF
THUNDERSTORMS WILL DEVELOP LATE THIS AFTERNOON AND MOVE ACROSS
CENTRAL KENTUCKY KENTUCKY THIS EVENING AND TONIGHT. STORMS MAY START
OUT AS SUPERCELLS THEN EVOLVE INTO LINE SEGMENTS TONIGHT.  EXPECT A
WIDESPREAD THUNDERSTORMS WITH NUMEROUS SEVERE WITH THIS SECOND LINE
AS DYNAMICS REMAIN STRONG. STORMS WILL EXIT THE FORECAST AREA LATE
TONIGHT.

SCHOLZ

LONG TERM (FRIDAY THROUGH WEDNESDAY)...

WITH STRONG THUNDERSTORMS MOVING INTO THE AREA AND ANOTHER ROUND OF
SEVERE TONIGHT...HAVE MADE VERY FEW IF ANY CHANGES TO THE LONGER
TERM PART OF THE FORECAST.

CURRENT GRIDS FOR FRIDAY AND SATURDAY LOOK GOOD AND MADE ONLY MINOR
CHANGES TO BRING TEMPERATURES INTO BETTER AGREEMENT WITH SURROUNDING
OFFICES. REST IF FORECAST UNCHANGED.

SCHOLZ

&&

.AVIATION (FOR 06Z TAFS)...

...LARGE AVIATION CONCERNS FOR THIS 24-TAF PERIOD...

MAIN CONCERNS WITHIN THE FIRST 8 HOURS OR SO WILL BE THE EXPECTED
SHRA/TSRA DEVELOPMENT...AS WELL AS STRONG LOW-LEVEL WIND SHEAR
(LLWS). CURRENTLY...AREA OF SHRA/TSRA MOVING NNE INTO WRN IN/KY/TN.
THIS PRECIP SHOULD AFFECT THE SDF/BWG TAF SITES BY 06Z. WINDS ARE
ALREADY GUSTING OUT OF THE SE FROM 20-25 KTS AND AT SOME POINTS
HIGHER. THESE WINDS MAY GUST OVER 30 KTS WITH ANY STORM...BUT THAT
CONCERN SHOULD BE LATER THIS MORNING BETWEEN 9-12Z AS A STRONGER
LINE OF SHRA/TSRA FUELED BY A STRONG LOW-LEVEL JET APPROACHES A
BWG-SDF LINE. HEAVIER PRECIP COULD LEAD TO MVFR VSBYS AND
CIGS...POSSIBLY IFR VSBYS DURING THAT 09-12Z TIME FRAME.

THOUGH SFC WINDS WILL BE GUSTY THROUGH 14Z...AN INCREASING LOW-LEVEL
JET WILL CREATE STRONG LLWS THIS MORNING. CURRENTLY...THE LOUISVILLE
VWP SHOWS 30 KTS AT 2KFT...45 KTS AT 3KFT...AND 55KTS AT 4KFT. THESE
VALUES ARE HIGHER TO THE SW FROM WHICH THE JET IS ORIGINATING. WILL
BUMP UP LLWS THROUGH 12 OR 14Z TO AT LEAST 50 KTS...MAYBE 60KTS AT
BWG AND SDF. WILL GO SLIGHTLY LOWER AT LEX...THOUGH THE LLWS THREAT
WILL RESIDE THERE AS WELL.

ONCE THE LOW-LEVEL JET WINDS START MIXING DOWN BY ABOUT 15Z AS THE
SHRA/TSRA MOVE OFF TO THE NORTH...THINK THAT OVC/BKN DECK WILL ERODE
ALLOWING SOME SUNSHINE...WHICH WILL GENERATE GRADIENT WINDS (OUT OF
THE SSE) FROM 15-20KTS...WITH GUSTS AS HIGH AS 30-34 KTS POSSIBLE.
MAY NOT GO QUITE THAT HIGH YET SINCE CLEARING IS IN QUESTION.

GENERALLY THE 16Z-00Z TIME FRAME SHOULD BE DRY UNTIL A SQUALL LINE
DEVELOPS AND MOVES EAST TOWARD THE TAF SITES. THIS FAR OUT...WILL
TRY TO PINPOINT THE BEST TIME FOR THE SQUALL LINE...WHICH MAY BE
SEVERE BUT WILL LEAVE SEVERE WIND GUSTS OUT OF TAFS AT THIS TIME.

AL

&&

.LMK WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES...
KY...NONE.
IN...NONE.
&&

HAZARDOUS WEATHER OUTLOOK
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE LOUISVILLE KY
550 AM EDT THU OCT 18 2007

INZ076>079-083-084-089>092-KYZ023>043-045>049-053>057-061>067-
070>078-081-082-190830-
ORANGE IN-WASHINGTON IN-SCOTT IN-JEFFERSON IN-DUBOIS IN-
CRAWFORD IN-PERRY IN-HARRISON IN-FLOYD IN-CLARK IN-HANCOCK KY-
BRECKINRIDGE KY-MEADE KY-OHIO KY-GRAYSON KY-HARDIN KY-BULLITT KY-
JEFFERSON KY-OLDHAM KY-TRIMBLE KY-HENRY KY-SHELBY KY-FRANKLIN KY-
SCOTT KY-HARRISON KY-SPENCER KY-ANDERSON KY-WOODFORD KY-
FAYETTE KY-BOURBON KY-NICHOLAS KY-NELSON KY-WASHINGTON KY-
MERCER KY-JESSAMINE KY-CLARK KY-LARUE KY-MARION KY-BOYLE KY-
GARRARD KY-MADISON KY-BUTLER KY-EDMONSON KY-HART KY-GREEN KY-
TAYLOR KY-CASEY KY-LINCOLN KY-LOGAN KY-WARREN KY-SIMPSON KY-
ALLEN KY-BARREN KY-MONROE KY-METCALFE KY-ADAIR KY-RUSSELL KY-
CUMBERLAND KY-CLINTON KY-
550 AM EDT THU OCT 18 2007

THIS HAZARDOUS WEATHER OUTLOOK IS FOR PORTIONS OF SOUTH CENTRAL
INDIANA AND CENTRAL KENTUCKY.

.DAY ONE...TODAY AND TONIGHT.

...TORNADO WATCH IN EFFECT UNTIL 10 AM EDT FOR LOCATIONS WEST OF A
LINE FROM BEDFORD TO HARTFORD KENTUCKY...INCLUDING THE LOUISVILLE
METRO AREA AND ALL OF SOUTH-CENTRAL INDIANA...

SHOWERS AND THUNDERSTORMS ARE QUICKLY MOVING INTO SOUTH-CENTRAL
INDIANA AND WEST-CENTRAL KENTUCKY. STRONG WINDS PRESENT IN THE
ATMOSPHERE WILL LEAD TO A FEW SEVERE STORMS...WITH DAMAGING WINDS
BEING THE MAIN THREAT. AND BECAUSE OF THE STRENGTH OF THE WINDS...AN
ISOLATED TORNADO OR TWO MAY BE POSSIBLE ACROSS SOUTHERN INDIANA AND
NORTH-CENTRAL KENTUCKY THROUGH ROUGHLY 10 AM EDT.

AFTER A LULL IN THE THUNDERSTORM ACTIVITY THIS AFTERNOON...LINES OF
THUNDERSTORMS DEVELOPING AHEAD OF A COLD FRONT WILL BRING AN
ORGANIZED SEVERE WEATHER THREAT TO CENTRAL KENTUCKY AND SOUTHERN
INDIANA THIS EVENING AND OVERNIGHT. THE MAIN THREAT FROM THESE
SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS WILL BE DAMAGING STRAIGHT LINE WINDS ALONG WITH
DANGEROUS LIGHTNING AND HEAVY DOWNPOURS. ISOLATED TORNADOES WILL
ALSO BE POSSIBLE WITH SOME OF THESE STORMS TONIGHT ALONG THE COLD
FRONT...ESPECIALLY ACROSS WEST CENTRAL KENTUCKY AND SOUTHERN INDIANA.

SINCE THESE SEVERE STORMS ARE EXPECTED TO AFFECT THE OUTLOOK AREA AT
NIGHT...WE HIGHLY ENCOURAGE YOU TO SET YOUR NOAA WEATHER RADIO TO
ALERT MODE SO THAT YOU CAN BE AWAKENED IN THE EVENT THAT A WARNING
IS ISSUED WHILE YOU ARE ASLEEP.

OUTSIDE OF ALL THUNDERSTORM ACTIVITY...SOUTHERLY WINDS ARE EXPECTED
TO BE VERY GUSTY TODAY. GUSTS UP TO 35 MPH WILL BE POSSIBLE ACROSS
THE ENTIRE OUTLOOK REGION...SO MOTORISTS SHOULD USE CAUTION ON
WEST-TO-EAST ROADWAYS.

.DAYS TWO THROUGH SEVEN...FRIDAY THROUGH WEDNESDAY.

WIDELY SCATTERED THUNDERSTORMS WILL BE POSSIBLE AGAIN NEXT MONDAY
AND TUESDAY AS ANOTHER SYSTEM MOVES EAST INTO THE OHIO VALLEY.

.SPOTTER INFORMATION STATEMENT...

SPOTTERS AND EMERGENCY MANAGERS SHOULD KEEP WATCH FOR SEVERE WEATHER
THIS MORNING THROUGH TONIGHT...AND REPORT ANY SIGNIFICANT HAZARDOUS
WEATHER TO THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE.

SCHOLZ/AL

SPECIAL WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE LOUISVILLE KY
258 AM EDT THU OCT 18 2007

INZ083-180745-
DUBOIS-
158 AM CDT THU OCT 18 2007

...LINE OF THUNDERSTORMS MOVING TOWARD WESTERN DUBOIS COUNTY...

AT 157 AM CDT...NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DOPPLER RADAR WAS TRACKING
A LINE OF STRONG THUNDERSTORMS...FROM 8 MILES NORTHEAST OF
WASHINGTON...TO 6 MILES SOUTHWEST OF LYNNVILLE. THIS LINE WAS MOVING
NORTHEAST AT 45 MPH.

OCCASIONAL LIGHTNING...HEAVY RAIN WITH RAINFALL AMOUNTS OF AROUND ONE
INCH PER HOUR REDUCING VISIBILITIES TO LESS THAN ONE MILE...AND
STRONG GUSTY WINDS OF AROUND 45 TO 50 MPH...ARE EXPECTED WITH THIS
LINE OF SHOWERS AND STORMS.

THESE STORMS WILL BE...
  NEAR JASPER BY 235 AM CDT.

THIS LINE WILL AFFECT INTERSTATE 64 IN INDIANA BETWEEN MILE MARKERS
74 AND 86.

STAY TUNED TO NOAA ALL HAZARDS RADIO...WEATHER.GOV/LOUISVILLE ON THE
INTERNET...OR LOCAL MEDIA FOR LATER UPDATES AND POSSIBLE WARNINGS.

AL

SPECIAL WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE LOUISVILLE KY
313 AM EDT THU OCT 18 2007

KYZ026-061-070-180745-
BUTLER-LOGAN-OHIO-
213 AM CDT THU OCT 18 2007

...LINE OF THUNDERSTORMS MOVING INTO OHIO...BUTLER AND LOGAN
COUNTIES...

AT 209 AM CDT...NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DOPPLER RADAR WAS TRACKING
A LINE OF THUNDERSTORMS FROM 6 MILES EAST OF GREENVILLE TO
GUTHRIE...AND MOVING NORTHEAST AT 45 MPH.

OCCASIONAL LIGHTNING...HEAVY RAIN WITH RAINFALL AMOUNTS OF AROUND ONE
HALF INCH PER HOUR REDUCING VISIBILITIES TO LESS THAN ONE MILE...AND
STRONG GUSTY WINDS OF AROUND 45 TO 50 MPH...ARE POSSIBLE WITH THIS
LINE OF STORMS.

THESE STORMS WILL BE...
  NEAR RUSSELLVILLE BY 230 AM CDT.
  NEAR MORGANTOWN BY 240 AM CDT.

STAY TUNED TO NOAA ALL HAZARDS RADIO...WEATHER.GOV/LOUISVILLE ON THE
INTERNET...OR LOCAL MEDIA FOR LATER UPDATES AND POSSIBLE WARNINGS.

AL

SPECIAL WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE LOUISVILLE KY
615 AM EDT THU OCT 18 2007

KYZ071>073-181045-
ALLEN-SIMPSON-WARREN-
515 AM CDT THU OCT 18 2007

...STRONG CELL OVER SIMPSON COUNTY...

AT 512 AM CDT...NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DOPPLER RADAR WAS TRACKING A
STRONG THUNDERSTORM NEAR FRANKLIN...OR 20 MILES SOUTHWEST OF BOWLING
GREEN...AND MOVING NORTHEAST AT 45 MPH.

OCCASIONAL LIGHTNING...MODERATE RAIN WITH RAINFALL AMOUNTS OF AROUND
ONE HALF INCH PER HOUR REDUCING VISIBILITIES TO LESS THAN THREE
MILES...AND STRONG GUSTY WINDS OF AROUND 50 MPH...ARE EXPECTED WITH
THIS STORM.

THIS STORM WILL BE...
  NEAR WOODBURN BY 520 AM CDT.
  NEAR PLANO BY 525 AM CDT.
  NEAR WARREN COUNTY REGIONAL AIRPORT BY 530 AM CDT.
  5 MILES SOUTHEAST OF BOWLING GREEN BY 530 AM CDT.
  NEAR SMITHS GROVE BY 540 AM CDT.

THIS STORM WILL AFFECT INTERSTATE 65 IN KENTUCKY BETWEEN MILE MARKERS
43 AND 48...AND THE CUMBERLAND (NUNN) PARKWAY BETWEEN MILE MARKERS
11 AND 1.

IF YOU ARE IN THE PATH OF THESE STORMS...SEEK SHELTER INDOORS AND
STAY AWAY FROM WINDOWS. STAY TUNED TO NOAA ALL HAZARDS RADIO...
WEATHER.GOV/LOUISVILLE ON THE INTERNET...OR LOCAL MEDIA FOR LATER
UPDATES AND POSSIBLE WARNINGS.

AL

SPECIAL WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE LOUISVILLE KY
627 AM EDT THU OCT 18 2007

INZ083-181115-
DUBOIS-
527 AM CDT THU OCT 18 2007

...LINE OF THUNDERSTORMS HEADED TOWARD DUBOIS COUNTY...

AT 524 AM CDT...NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DOPPLER RADAR WAS TRACKING
A LINE OF STRONG THUNDERSTORMS FROM NEAR HENDERSON KENTUCKY TO
OAKLAND CITY INDIANA...AND MOVING NORTHEAST AT 55 MPH.

STRONG GUSTY WINDS OF AROUND 50 MPH ARE EXPECTED WITH THESE STORMS.
HEAVY RAINFALL WILL ALSO OCCUR...WHICH WILL REDUCE VISIBILITIES.

THESE STORMS WILL BE...
  NEAR ST. HENRY BY 555 AM CDT.
  NEAR FERDINAND AND JASPER BY 600 AM CDT.
  NEAR ST. MARKS BY 605 AM CDT.
  NEAR DUBOIS BY 610 AM CDT.

THESE STORMS WILL ALSO AFFECT INTERSTATE 64 IN INDIANA BETWEEN MILE
MARKERS 74 AND 86.

IF YOU ARE IN THE PATH OF THESE STORMS...SEEK SHELTER INDOORS AND
STAY AWAY FROM WINDOWS. USE EXTRA CAUTION DURING THE MORNING
COMMUTE.

STAY TUNED TO NOAA ALL HAZARDS RADIO...WEATHER.GOV/LOUISVILLE ON THE
INTERNET...OR LOCAL MEDIA FOR LATER UPDATES AND POSSIBLE WARNINGS.

AL

SPECIAL WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE LOUISVILLE KY
716 AM EDT THU OCT 18 2007

INZ083-181200-
DUBOIS-
616 AM CDT THU OCT 18 2007

...STORM WITH STRONG WINDS AFFECTING DUBOIS COUNTY...

AT 615 AM CDT...NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DOPPLER RADAR WAS TRACKING
STRONG THUNDERSTORMS ALONG A LINE FROM 8 MILES SOUTHWEST OF JASPER
TO BOONVILLE...MOVING NORTHEAST AT 45 MPH.

FREQUENT DEADLY LIGHTNING...HEAVY RAIN...AND STRONG GUSTY WINDS OF
45 TO 50 MPH... ARE EXPECTED WITH THESE STORMS.

THESE STORMS WILL BE...
  NEAR JASPER BY 630 AM CDT.
  NEAR DUBOIS BY 640 AM CDT.
  NEAR CRYSTAL BY 645 AM CDT.
  NEAR HILLHAM BY 650 AM CDT.

THESE STORMS WILL AFFECT INTERSTATE 64 IN INDIANA BETWEEN MILE
MARKERS 74 AND 86.

REMEMBER...A TORNADO WATCH IS IN EFFECT UNTIL 900 AM CDT.

STRONG WINDS CAN TOPPLE WEAKLY ROOTED TREES...AND DOWN POWER LINES.
TAKE PRECAUTIONS NOW TO SECURE TRASH CANS...LAWN FURNITURE AND OTHER
LOOSE OUTDOOR OBJECTS. MOTORISTS IN HIGH PROFILE VEHICLES SHOULD USE
CAUTION.

IF YOU ARE IN THE PATH OF THESE STORMS...SEEK SHELTER INDOORS AND
STAY AWAY FROM WINDOWS. STAY TUNED TO NOAA ALL HAZARDS RADIO...
WEATHER.GOV/LOUISVILLE ON THE INTERNET...OR LOCAL MEDIA FOR LATER
UPDATES AND POSSIBLE WARNINGS.

13