Alert archive / North Carolina / Severe Thunderstorm Warnings in 2006

Severe Thunderstorm Warning 321, NWS Raleigh, NC

July 15, 2006Wayne County, North Carolina

NWS Raleigh, NC issued this severe thunderstorm warning at Jul 15, 2006, 4:49 PM EDT for Wayne County, North Carolina. It was in force for 41 min. No storm report in the archive falls inside the area while it was in force.

The area

The outline as issued.

The facts

Issued: Jul 15, 2006, 4:49 PM EDT (20:49 UTC)
Expired: Jul 15, 2006, 5:30 PM EDT
In force: 41 min
Issued by: NWS Raleigh, NC
Area: Counties, with a storm outline in the text

County Wayne County, NC

The radar

The Raleigh/Durham radar (KRAX), 51 km from the middle of the area, began a volume at 20:51 UTC, the scan nearest the moment this went out.

Open the radar archive at this moment

The archived warnings, watches and discussions in force at that minute are drawn over the scan, this one among them.

Did it verify

Not verified. The Iowa Environmental Mesonet's Cow found no qualifying storm report inside this severe thunderstorm warning while it was in force. That is not proof nothing happened: reports are thin where few people live.

Cow counts a report within 15 km of the polygon while the warning was in force: a tornado for a tornado warning; hail of 1 inch or more, a gust of 58 mph or more or wind damage for a severe thunderstorm warning; a flash flood report for a flash flood warning.

The nearest sounding before it

Newport, NC (KMHX), launched 12:00Z, 8.8 hours before the alert went out and 127 km from the middle of its area. This is the routine balloon launch nearest before it, the air the forecaster had in hand, not a measurement taken for the alert.

Skew-T log-p

Temperature in red, dew point in green, the mixed-layer parcel dashed.

Hodograph

The wind turning with height, colored by layer: ground to 1 km, 1 to 3 km, 3 to 6 km, 6 to 10 km.

Mixed-layer CAPE: 1046 J/kg
Mixed-layer CIN: -74 J/kg
Mixed-layer LCL: 895 m above ground
0-6 km bulk shear: 15 kt
0-1 km storm-relative helicity: 93 m²/s²
0-3 km storm-relative helicity: 80 m²/s²
Significant tornado parameter: 0.0
Supercell composite: 0.0

Open this sounding in Storm Lab

The text

As transmitted, in the capitals the NWS used until 2016.

000 
WUUS52 KRAH 152049
SVRRAH
NCC191-152130-
/O.NEW.KRAH.SV.W.0321.060715T2049Z-060715T2130Z/

BULLETIN - EAS ACTIVATION REQUESTED
SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE RALEIGH NC
449 PM EDT SAT JUL 15 2006

THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE IN RALEIGH HAS ISSUED A

* SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING FOR...
  NORTHERN WAYNE COUNTY IN CENTRAL NORTH CAROLINA

* UNTIL 530 PM EDT

* AT 443 PM EDT...NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DOPPLER RADAR INDICATED A
  SEVERE THUNDERSTORM OVER NAHUNTA...OR ABOUT 13 MILES NORTHWEST OF
  GOLDSBORO...MOVING SOUTHEAST AT 20 MPH. PENNY SIZED HAIL AND WINDS
  IN EXCESS OF 58 MPH ARE LIKELY WITH THIS STORM.

* LOCATIONS IMPACTED INCLUDE...
  NAHUNTA...
  FREMONT...
  PIKEVILLE...
  EUREKA...

A SEVERE THUNDERSTORM CAN PRODUCE LARGE DAMAGING HAIL...DAMAGING
WINDS OF 58 MPH AND GREATER...DEADLY LIGHTNING...AND VERY HEAVY RAIN.
GO INSIDE A STURDY SHELTER. MOVE TO AN INTERIOR ROOM AND STAY AWAY
FROM WINDOWS.

LAT...LON 3545 7813 3553 7808 3555 7808 3558 7806
      3557 7802 3557 7785 3556 7784 3540 7784
      3539 7785 3532 7785

$$

MWS

2 follow-up statements

000 
WWUS52 KRAH 152118
SVSRAH

SEVERE WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE RALEIGH NC
514 PM EDT SAT JUL 15 2006

NCC191-152130-
/O.CON.KRAH.SV.W.0321.000000T0000Z-060715T2130Z/
WAYNE NC-
514 PM EDT SAT JUL 15 2006

...A SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 530 PM EDT
FOR NORTHEASTERN WAYNE COUNTY...

ALTHOUGH THIS THUNDERSTORM HAS WEAKENED...AT 508 PM EDT...NATIONAL 
WEATHER SERVICE DOPPLER RADAR CONTINUED TO INDICATE THE THUNDERSTORM 
IS SEVERE.  THIS STORM WAS LOCATED NEAR PIKEVILLE...OR ABOUT 6 MILES 
NORTH OF GOLDSBORO...MOVING SOUTHEAST AT 20 MPH.

PLEASE SEND YOUR REPORTS OF PENNY OR LARGER SIZED HAIL...AS WELL AS 
WIND DAMAGE...INCLUDING TREES OR LARGE LIMBS DOWNED BY CALLING YOUR 
LOCAL LAW ENFORCEMENT OR THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE TOLL FREE 
AT...1...8 0 0...4 4 4...7 9 2 8.

LAT...LON 3545 7813 3553 7808 3555 7808 3558 7806
      3557 7802 3557 7785 3556 7784 3540 7784
      3539 7785 3532 7785

$$

MWS

000 
WWUS52 KRAH 152130
SVSRAH

SEVERE WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE RALEIGH NC
529 PM EDT SAT JUL 15 2006

NCC191-152139-
/O.CAN.KRAH.SV.W.0321.000000T0000Z-060715T2130Z/
WAYNE NC-
529 PM EDT SAT JUL 15 2006

...THE SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING FOR NORTHEASTERN WAYNE COUNTY IS
CANCELLED...

THE THUNDERSTORM THAT PROMPTED THE WARNING HAS CONTINUED TO WEAKEN 
AND HAS MOVED OUT OF THE COUNTY.

LAT...LON 3545 7813 3553 7808 3555 7808 3558 7806
      3557 7802 3557 7785 3556 7784 3540 7784
      3539 7785 3532 7785

$$

MWS

What forecasters said that day

The local office's own words before this severe thunderstorm warning went out, as it sent them, from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service text.

NWS Raleigh, NC wrote its last area forecast discussion before this severe thunderstorm warning went out at Jul 15, 2:39 PM EDT, 2 hours 10 minutes earlier.

Area forecast discussion, Jul 15, 2:39 PM EDT, 2 hours 10 minutes before

AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE RALEIGH NC
239 PM EDT SAT JUL 15 2006

.SHORT TERM /TONIGHT THROUGH TUESDAY/...
SHOWERS AND THUNDERSTORMS ASSOC WITH APPROACHING H5 TROF AND VORT
MAX SHOULD COMMENCE SHORTLY AND PROGRESS THROUGH THE AREA DURING THE
EVENING AND OVERNIGHT HOURS. NAM/GFS BOTH SHOW THE H5 TROF AND
ENERGY MOVING SOUTH AND EAST OF THE AREA BY 06-12Z SUNDAY MORNING.
AS SUCH...WILL TAPER AND EVENTUALLY REMOVE POPS FROM WEST TO EAST
DURING THIS TIME FRAME.

THE NAM APPEARS MORE PROGRESSIVE NOW WITH THE FUTURE EVOLUTION OF H5
ENERGY CROSSING THROUGH THE AREA TODAY. WHERE PREVIOUS NAM RUNS
TRIED TO HANG UP THE ENERGY ALONG THE COAST TOMORROW...THE 12Z RUN
TODAY NOW KICKS THE ENERGY OFF FURTHER INTO THE ATLANTIC BEFORE
BECOMING A RETROGRADING CUTOFF LOW OFF THE MID-ATLANTIC SEABOARD.
THE GFS HAS BEEN SHOWING THIS KIND OF A SCENARIO THE PAST FEW
RUNS...AND NOW IT SEEMS THAT THE NAM IS COMING MORE INTO AGREEMENT
WITH THIS. WILL REMOVE ANY CHANCES FOR PRECIP TOMORROW WITH VERY
DEEP H5 RIDGE OVER THE CENTRAL US CONTROLLING THE WEATHER FOR THE
UPCOMING WEEK. SYNOPTIC SUBSIDENCE AND DRYING ALOFT WILL LIKELY
PRECLUDE ANY CHANCES FOR PRECIP THROUGH TUESDAY. AS SUCH...HAVE
REMOVED ANY CHANCES FOR PRECIP DURING THIS TIME FRAME AS WELL. HIGH
TEMPS THROUGH TUESDAY IN THE MID 90S WITH LOW TEMPS IN THE LOWER
TO MID 70S.

&&

.LONG TERM /TUESDAY NIGHT THROUGH SATURDAY/...
HIGH PRESSURE SURFACE AND ALOFT WILL DOMINATE THE WEATHER OF CENTRAL
NORTH CAROLINA THROUGH THE LONG-TERM PERIOD.  MAIN ISSUE FOR THE
LONG-TERM WILL BE THE HEAT.  DAILY HIGHS ARE CURRENTLY EXPECTED TO
BE IN THE MID AND UPPER 90S...SUPPORTED BY THE LOCAL TEMPERATURE
SCHEME USING 1000-850MB THICKNESSES WHICH FORECAST THESE VALUES FOR
MID WEEK GIVEN FULL SUN.  TREND OF THE OPERATIONAL GFS MOS WAS
WARMER FOR ITS LAST COUPLE OF RUNS PRIOR TO THE 06Z RUN...SHOWING
HIGHS OVER 100 AT RDU TUESDAY AND WEDNESDAY...AND THE AVERAGE OF THE
OPERATIONAL GFS WAS GENERALLY HIGHER THAN THE ENSEMBLES.  IF THE
CANADIAN VERIFIES WITH ITS STRONGER RIDGE ALOFT...WOULD NOT BE
SURPRISED IF TEMPERATURES REACH TRIPLE DIGITS IN NUMEROUS LOCATIONS.
WOULD LIKE TO SEE SLIGHTLY HIGHER THICKNESS AND 700MB TEMPERATURE
VALUES TO BE MORE CONFIDENT IN SUCH HEAT IN THE EXTENDED...AND AT
THIS POINT WILL CONTINUE THE FORECAST OF MAXES IN THE MID AND UPPER
90S WITH OVERNIGHT LOWS IN THE LOWER AND MID 70S.  06Z GFS MOS WAS
NOTICEABLY COOLER THAN THE 12Z MEX.

GFS FORECAST DEW POINTS...IN THE UPPER 60S WEST TO 70-75 EAST...
SUGGEST THE POTENTIAL FOR HIGH HEAT INDICES TO ACCOMPANY THE HOT
TEMPERATURES.  98/72 GIVES A HEAT INDEX OF 107.  WOULD NEED TRIPLE
DIGITS TO GIVE A HEAT INDEX OF 110 WITH A DEW POINT IN THE LOWER
70S.  STAY TUNED TO THE LATEST NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE STATEMENTS
ON EXPECTED HEAT INDICES BY THE MIDDLE OF THE UPCOMING WORK WEEK.

WITH RIDGING IN PLACE...DO NOT EXPECT CHANCES FOR SHOWERS AND
THUNDERSTORMS TO BE VERY HIGH.  GFS FORECASTS A SHORTWAVE MOVING
THROUGH THE RIDGE THURSDAY...WITH A SLIGHTLY STRONGER WAVE BRUSHING
CENTRAL NORTH CAROLINA TO THE NORTHEAST SATURDAY AS A SURFACE FRONT
SETTLES OVER VIRGINIA.  MEX MOS AND ENSEMBLES SHOWS CHANCES FOR
SHOWERS BASICALLY BELOW CLIMATOLOGY UNTIL FRIDAY AND SATURDAY.
ALREADY HAD SLIGHT CHANCE OF SHOWERS IN THE DIGITAL FORECAST FOR
FRIDAY...AND WILL CONTINUE THAT FOR SATURDAY GIVEN THE APPROACH OF
THE SHORTWAVE.  HPC POPS ARE BELOW CLIMATOLOGY AS WELL.  WOULD NOT
RULE OUT SOME ISOLATED SHOWER OR THUNDERSTORM...BUT CHANCE NOT
ENOUGH TO MENTION AT THIS TIME.

&&

.AVIATION...
VFR CONDITIONS WILL BE THE RULE IN CENTRAL NORTH CAROLINA OUTSIDE OF
SHOWERS AND THUNDERSTORMS.  WITH BETTER MSAS ANALYZED SURFACE
CONVERGENCE AND FORECAST LIFT OVER SOUTHERN ZONES DURING THE LATE
AFTERNOON AND EARLY EVENING HOURS...OPTED TO FORECAST TEMPO THUNDER
AT KFAY BETWEEN 22Z AND 02Z.  ALTHOUGH CONVERGENCE WAS WEAKENING
INTO THE TRIAD FROM THE MOUNTAINS...RADAR TREND FROM KFCX RESULTED
IN THE NEED TO FORECAST A TEMPO FOR THUNDER AT KINT AS WELL AS
ECHOES SLIP TO THE SOUTHEAST.  AFTER SCATTERED TO NUMEROUS SHOWERS
AND THUNDERSTORMS MOVE OFF TO THE EAST...NAM FORECASTS DRIER AND
MORE STABLE AIR IN THE MEAN TO MOVE INTO CENTRAL NORTH CAROLINA
OVERNIGHT.  DEW POINTS DO NOT FALL OFF QUICKLY...AND BASICALLY
FOLLOWED PERSISTENCE IN A MOIST AIR MASS WITH LITTLE WIND...SHOWING
IFR FOG AT KRWI AND KFAY LATE TONIGHT...MVFR AT RDU.  STABLE AIR
MASS THROUGH THE DAYLIGHT HOURS OF THE MORNING SUNDAY WITH
ONLY A FEW LINGERING CIRRUS OR CUMULUS EXPECTED...ALONG WITH A
NORTH-TO-NORTHEAST WIND.

&&

.RAH WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES...
NONE.
&&

SHORT TERM...VINCENT
LONG TERM...DJF
AVIATION...DJF

Hazardous weather outlook, Jul 15, 9:34 AM EDT, 7 hours 15 minutes before

HAZARDOUS WEATHER OUTLOOK...UPDATED
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE RALEIGH NC
934 AM EDT SAT JUL 15 2006

NCZ007>011-021>028-038>043-073>078-083>086-088-089-161345-
PERSON-GRANVILLE-VANCE-WARREN-HALIFAX-FORSYTH-GUILFORD-ALAMANCE-
ORANGE-DURHAM-FRANKLIN-NASH-EDGECOMBE-DAVIDSON-RANDOLPH-CHATHAM-
WAKE-JOHNSTON-WILSON-STANLY-MONTGOMERY-MOORE-LEE-HARNETT-WAYNE-
ANSON-RICHMOND-SCOTLAND-HOKE-CUMBERLAND-SAMPSON-
934 AM EDT SAT JUL 15 2006

THIS HAZARDOUS WEATHER OUTLOOK IS FOR PORTIONS OF CENTRAL NORTH
CAROLINA.

.DAY ONE...THIS AFTERNOON AND TONIGHT

THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS OVER CENTRAL NORTH
CAROLINA THIS AFTERNOON. THE PRIMARY THREAT WILL BE FROM DAMAGING
STRAIGHT LINE WINDS...VERY INTENSE LIGHTNING AND HEAVY RAIN. THE
BEST TIME FOR SEVERE STORMS WILL BE FROM 1 PM THROUGH 10 PM.
HEAVY RAINFALL WILL POSE A THREAT OF FLOODING IN POOR DRAINAGE
AREAS...URBAN AREAS AND ALONG SMALL CREEKS AND STREAMS. STORMS
WILL MOVE TOWARD THE EAST AND SOUTHEAST THIS AFTERNOON AND EVENING.

IN ADDITION TO THUNDERSTORMS...HEAT INDEX VALES WILL HOVER AROUND
100 DEGREES THIS AFTERNOON AND COULD POSE A THREAT TO THOSE
SUSCEPTIBLE TO HOT WEATHER INCLUDING CHILDREN AND THE ELDERLY.

.DAYS TWO THROUGH SEVEN...SUNDAY THROUGH FRIDAY
NEAR RECORD HEAT IS EXPECTED NEXT WEEK FROM TUESDAY THROUGH
THURSDAY. IF FORECAST TRENDS AND PROJECTIONS DO NOT CHANGE...HEAT
ADVISORIES MAY BE NEEDED MID WEEK. THE HOT WEATHER PATTERN WILL
ALSO BE CONDUCIVE TO POOR AIR QUALITY FOR MUCH OF NEXT WEEK.

.SPOTTER INFORMATION STATEMENT...
SPOTTER ACTIVATION MAY BE NEEDED THIS AFTERNOON AND EVENING ACROSS
ALL OF CENTRAL NORTH CAROLINA. SPOTTERS SHOULD MONITOR NOAA
WEATHER RADIO AND BE PREPARED FOR POSSIBLE WATCHES AND WARNINGS.

VINCENT

In the hours before

Local storm report, Jul 15, 4:14 PM EDT, 35 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE RALEIGH NC
414 PM EDT SAT JUL 15 2006

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0345 PM     TSTM WND DMG     POLKTON                 35.01N 80.20W
07/15/2006                   ANSON              NC   PUBLIC

            COUPLE OF TREES DOWN.

&&

DFIGURSK/WSS

Local storm report, Jul 15, 4:15 PM EDT, 34 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE RALEIGH NC
415 PM EDT SAT JUL 15 2006

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0400 PM     TSTM WND DMG     GARLAND                 34.79N 78.39W
07/15/2006                   SAMPSON            NC   LAW ENFORCEMENT

            TREES BLOWN DOWN

&&

DJF

Special weather statement, Jul 15, 4:29 PM EDT, 20 minutes before

SPECIAL WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE RALEIGH NC
429 PM EDT SAT JUL 15 2006

NCZ041-042-152130-
JOHNSTON-WAKE-
429 PM EDT SAT JUL 15 2006

...STRONG THUNDERSTORMS WILL MOVE ACROSS EASTERN WAKE COUNTY AND
JOHNSTON COUNTIES THROUGH 530 PM EDT...

AT 429 PM EDT...DOPPLER RADAR INDICATED STRONG THUNDERSTORMS
EXTENDING FROM 2 MILES NORTHEAST OF HOLLY SPRINGS TO 5 MILES
NORTHWEST OF COATS CROSSROADS...MOVING SOUTHEAST AT 25 MPH.

SOME LOCATIONS AFFECTED BY THESE STORMS INCLUDE...CLAYTON...COATS
CROSSROADS...FOUR OAKS...AND SMITHFIELD.

THE MAIN THREAT WITH THESE THUNDERSTORMS IS STRONG GUSTY WINDS OF 30
TO 40 MPH. THESE GUSTY WINDS COULD RESULT IN A FEW DOWNED TREE
LIMBS. OCCASIONAL...BUT DEADLY...CLOUD-TO-GROUND LIGHTNING CAN ALSO
BE EXPECTED WITH THESE THUNDERSTORMS.

MWS

Special weather statement, Jul 15, 4:41 PM EDT, 8 minutes before

SPECIAL WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE RALEIGH NC
441 PM EDT SAT JUL 15 2006

NCZ021-022-152145-
FORSYTH-GUILFORD-
441 PM EDT SAT JUL 15 2006

...STRONG THUNDERSTORMS WILL MOVE ACROSS FORSYTH AND GUILFORD
COUNTIES THROUGH 545 PM EDT...

AT 441 PM EDT...DOPPLER RADAR INDICATED STRONG THUNDERSTORMS 14 MILES
NORTH OF RURAL HALL...OR ABOUT OVER FRANCISCO...MOVING SOUTH AT 15
MPH.

SOME LOCATIONS AFFECTED BY THESE STORMS INCLUDE...RURAL HALL...
STANLEYVILLE...PFAFFTOWN.

GUSTY WINDS OF 40 TO 50 MPH...VERY HEAVY RAIN AND DANGEROUS
CLOUD-TO-GROUND LIGHTNING CAN BE EXPECTED WITH THESE STORMS. SOME
DOWNED TREE LIMBS AND POWER LINES ARE POSSIBLE. LIGHT OBJECTS SUCH
AS TRASH CANS...POTTED PLANTS...LAWN FURNITURE AND AWNINGS COULD BE
TOSSED AROUND.

VINCENT

Special weather statement, Jul 15, 4:42 PM EDT, 7 minutes before

SPECIAL WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE RALEIGH NC
442 PM EDT SAT JUL 15 2006

NCZ042-078-152145-
JOHNSTON-WAYNE-
442 PM EDT SAT JUL 15 2006

...A STRONG THUNDERSTORM WILL MOVE ACROSS EXTREME EASTERN JOHNSTON
COUNTY AND WAYNE COUNTY THROUGH 545 PM EDT...

AT 442 PM EDT...DOPPLER RADAR INDICATED A STRONG THUNDERSTORM OVER
KENLY...OR ABOUT 12 MILES EAST NORTHEAST OF SMITHFIELD...MOVING
SOUTHEAST AT 20 MPH.

SOME LOCATIONS AFFECTED BY THIS STORM INCLUDE... NAHUNTA...
FREMONT... AND PIKEVILLE.

GUSTY WINDS OF 35 TO 45 MPH...SMALL HAIL AND DANGEROUS
CLOUD-TO-GROUND LIGHTNING CAN BE EXPECTED WITH THIS THUNDERSTORM.
THESE GUSTY WINDS COULD RESULT IN A FEW DOWNED TREE LIMBS.

MWS

Local storm report, Jul 15, 4:45 PM EDT, 4 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE RALEIGH NC
445 PM EDT SAT JUL 15 2006

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0435 PM     TSTM WND DMG     EAST ROCKINGHAM         34.91N 79.77W
07/15/2006                   RICHMOND           NC   LAW ENFORCEMENT

            POWER LINES BLOWN DOWN

&&

DJF

The office that day

Everything else NWS Raleigh, NC issued on the same UTC day.

Issued	Product	Office	Counties	Lasted
Jul 15, 2:51 PM EDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	RAH	Harnett	24 min
Jul 15, 3:07 PM EDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	RAH	Cumberland	38 min
Jul 15, 3:47 PM EDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	RAH	Sampson	43 min
Jul 15, 4:10 PM EDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	RAH	Anson	20 min
Jul 15, 4:25 PM EDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	RAH	Richmond	35 min
Jul 15, 4:54 PM EDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	RAH	Scotland	51 min
Jul 15, 5:33 PM EDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	RAH	Forsyth, Guilford	42 min
Jul 15, 7:49 PM EDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	RAH	Anson	41 min

Nearby

Severe Thunderstorm Warnings in North Carolina, 2006 Every severe thunderstorm warning in 2006

Sources

The product and its follow-ups from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service and Storm Prediction Center text; the sounding from the Mesonet's radiosonde archive; radar from the NEXRAD Level II archive.