Alert archive / Arkansas / Jefferson County

Weather alerts in Jefferson County, Arkansas, 2025

243 weather alerts in 2025, from the National Weather Service and the Storm Prediction Center. An alert counts here when it covered this county.

Jefferson County and its neighbors

Each county as a circle sized by its count in 2025. Tap one for its archive.

Alerts: 243
Warnings: 96
Watches: 26
Advisories: 46
Busiest month: April74 alerts
Busiest day: April 3, 202521 alerts

Over time

By month

Warning verification

How often warnings here had a storm report inside them, and how much warning the reports had.

3 of 5 tornado warnings covering Jefferson County in 2025 had a tornado report inside them; 0 of 1 tornado reports fell inside a warning.

Jefferson County, 2025

	Warnings	With a report	False alarm ratio	Reports	Inside a warning	Mean lead time
Tornado warnings	5	3	40%	1	0%
Severe thunderstorm warnings	64	21	67%	7	86%	28 min
Flash flood warnings	12	7	42%	3	100%	504 min

Each office's whole area, 2025

	Warnings	With a report	False alarm ratio	Reports	Inside a warning	Mean lead time
NWS Little Rock, AR: tornado warnings	110	14	87%	28	75%	13 min
NWS Little Rock, AR: severe thunderstorm warnings	449	118	74%	231	87%	24 min
NWS Little Rock, AR: flash flood warnings	137	53	61%	87	93%	206 min

An office's figures cover every county it serves, including across state lines.

Verified by the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's Cow, which matches each storm-based warning with the local storm reports inside its polygon while it was in force, within 15 km of its edge: a tornado warning counts as verified on a tornado report, a severe thunderstorm warning on hail of 1 inch or more, a gust of 58 mph or more, or wind damage, a flash flood warning on a flash flood report. The false alarm ratio is the share of warnings with no such report; "inside a warning" is the probability of detection, the share of reports that fell inside one; lead time runs from the warning's issue to each report inside it, counting zero for a report that came first. A warning with no report is not proof nothing happened: reports come from spotters, the public and damage surveys, and are thin where few people live.

The alerts

Every alert, in the order issued. Times are local, Central Time. Each opens its own page with the text, the map, the radar and the sounding.

Issued	Product	Office	Lasted
Jan 5, 12:07 PM CST	Special Weather Statement	LZK	38 min
Jan 5, 12:37 PM CST	Special Weather Statement	LZK	23 min
Jan 5, 12:59 PM CST	Special Weather Statement	LZK	46 min
Jan 5, 2:00 PM CST	Tornado Warning	LZK	30 min
Jan 5, 2:27 PM CST	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	LZK	63 min
Jan 7, 3:17 AM CST	Winter Storm Watch	LZK	34 hr
Jan 8, 3:46 AM CST	Winter Storm Warning	LZK	59 hr
Jan 9, 5:27 PM CST	Mesoscale Discussion	SPC	4 hr
Jan 9, 10:03 PM CST	Mesoscale Discussion	SPC	5 hr
Jan 11, 11:06 PM CST	Freezing Fog Advisory	LZK	8 hr
Jan 30, 3:17 PM CST	Mesoscale Discussion	SPC	2 hr
Feb 4, 2:43 AM CST	Dense Fog Advisory	LZK	6 hr
Feb 5, 12:24 AM CST	Dense Fog Advisory	LZK	14 hr
Feb 13, 12:29 PM CST	Flood Watch	LZK	56 hr
Feb 15, 1:06 PM CST	Mesoscale Discussion	SPC	3 hr
Feb 15, 4:00 PM CST	Tornado Watch	SPC	7 hr
Feb 17, 12:55 PM CST	Winter Weather Advisory	LZK	40 hr
Feb 18, 3:13 AM CST	Cold Weather Advisory	LZK	57 hr
Feb 19, 3:10 AM CST	Extreme Cold Warning	LZK	33 hr
Feb 20, 1:58 PM CST	Cold Weather Advisory	LZK	22 hr
Feb 23, 8:57 PM CST	Dense Fog Advisory	LZK	11 hr
Feb 24, 9:08 PM CST	Dense Fog Advisory	LZK	12 hr
Mar 3, 5:02 AM CST	Wind Advisory	LZK	61 hr
Mar 4, 8:13 AM CST	Tornado Watch	SPC	7 hr
Mar 4, 10:17 AM CST	Mesoscale Discussion	SPC	88 min
Mar 4, 11:25 AM CST	Special Weather Statement	LZK	65 min
Mar 14, 11:55 AM CDT	Special Weather Statement	LZK	50 min
Mar 14, 12:43 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	LZK	47 min
Mar 14, 9:30 PM CDT	Mesoscale Discussion	SPC	2 hr
Mar 14, 9:47 PM CDT	Tornado Watch	SPC	7 hr
Mar 14, 11:14 PM CDT	Tornado Warning	LZK	26 min
Mar 14, 11:38 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	LZK	52 min
Mar 14, 11:39 PM CDT	Mesoscale Discussion	SPC	96 min
Mar 14, 11:55 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	LZK	50 min
Mar 15, 12:44 AM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	LZK	46 min
Mar 15, 7:06 AM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	LZK	54 min
Mar 18, 11:53 AM CDT	Wind Advisory	LZK	33 hr
Mar 18, 7:30 PM CDT	Red Flag Warning	LZK	26 hr
Mar 23, 1:29 PM CDT	Mesoscale Discussion	SPC	3 hr
Mar 23, 6:22 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Watch	SPC	7 hr
Mar 30, 8:37 PM CDT	Mesoscale Discussion	SPC	2 hr
Mar 30, 9:32 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	LZK	28 min
Mar 31, 2:25 PM CDT	Flood Watch	LZK	5 days
Apr 1, 2:04 PM CDT	Wind Advisory	LZK	34 hr
Apr 2, 2:52 PM CDT	Tornado Watch PDS	SPC	9 hr
Apr 2, 4:51 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	LZK	39 min
Apr 2, 5:28 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning Considerable damage threat	LZK	47 min
Apr 2, 5:35 PM CDT	Mesoscale Discussion	SPC	115 min
Apr 2, 5:42 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning Considerable damage threat	LZK	23 min
Apr 2, 5:45 PM CDT	Tornado Warning	LZK	45 min
Apr 2, 5:54 PM CDT	Tornado Warning	LZK	36 min
Apr 2, 6:31 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	LZK	44 min
Apr 2, 6:38 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning Considerable damage threat	LZK	40 min
Apr 2, 7:13 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	LZK	47 min
Apr 2, 7:33 PM CDT	Mesoscale Discussion	SPC	117 min
Apr 2, 7:34 PM CDT	Flash Flood Warning	LZK	3 hr
Apr 2, 7:40 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	LZK	50 min
Apr 2, 8:25 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	LZK	65 min
Apr 2, 8:44 PM CDT	Flash Flood Warning	LZK	3 hr
Apr 2, 9:36 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	LZK	39 min
Apr 2, 10:05 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	LZK	40 min
Apr 3, 10:04 AM CDT	River Flood Warning	LZK	4 days
Apr 3, 10:37 AM CDT	Areal Flood Warning	LZK	11 hr
Apr 3, 11:22 AM CDT	Mesoscale Discussion	SPC	113 min
Apr 3, 2:14 PM CDT	Tornado Watch	SPC	8 hr
Apr 3, 3:31 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	LZK	44 min
Apr 3, 3:40 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	LZK	50 min
Apr 3, 4:19 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	LZK	41 min
Apr 3, 4:27 PM CDT	Flash Flood Warning	LZK	3 hr
Apr 3, 4:37 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	LZK	38 min
Apr 3, 4:41 PM CDT	Flash Flood Warning	LZK	3 hr
Apr 3, 6:21 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	LZK	39 min
Apr 3, 6:39 PM CDT	Mesoscale Discussion	SPC	96 min
Apr 3, 6:49 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	LZK	41 min
Apr 3, 7:23 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	LZK	52 min
Apr 4, 12:01 AM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	LZK	44 min
Apr 4, 12:38 AM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	LZK	52 min
Apr 4, 1:14 AM CDT	Special Weather Statement	LZK	31 min
Apr 4, 1:49 AM CDT	Special Weather Statement	LZK	26 min
Apr 4, 2:06 AM CDT	Mesoscale Discussion	SPC	114 min
Apr 4, 12:20 PM CDT	Mesoscale Discussion	SPC	115 min
Apr 4, 12:57 PM CDT	Tornado Watch	SPC	8 hr
Apr 4, 8:04 PM CDT	Mesoscale Discussion	SPC	86 min
Apr 4, 8:50 PM CDT	Tornado Watch	SPC	9 hr
Apr 4, 11:09 PM CDT	Tornado Warning	LZK	51 min
Apr 4, 11:16 PM CDT	Mesoscale Discussion	SPC	119 min
Apr 5, 1:42 AM CDT	Flash Flood Warning	LZK	20 hr
Apr 5, 7:34 AM CDT	Flash Flood Warning	LZK	14 hr
Apr 5, 9:31 AM CDT	Mesoscale Discussion	SPC	119 min
Apr 5, 9:56 AM CDT	Tornado Watch	SPC	9 hr
Apr 5, 10:58 AM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	LZK	47 min
Apr 5, 11:04 AM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	LZK	41 min
Apr 5, 11:25 AM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning Considerable damage threat	LZK	35 min
Apr 5, 11:34 AM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	LZK	41 min
Apr 5, 11:44 AM CDT	Flash Flood Warning	LZK	10 hr
Apr 5, 11:52 AM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning Considerable damage threat	LZK	38 min
Apr 5, 12:08 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	LZK	67 min
Apr 5, 1:28 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	LZK	47 min
Apr 5, 2:10 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	LZK	50 min
Apr 5, 2:50 PM CDT	Flash Flood Warning	LZK	8 hr
Apr 5, 9:24 PM CDT	Areal Flood Warning	LZK	21 hr
Apr 5, 9:24 PM CDT	Areal Flood Warning	LZK	21 hr
Apr 5, 10:32 PM CDT	Areal Flood Warning	LZK	19 hr
Apr 7, 8:36 PM CDT	River Flood Advisory	LZK	15 hr
Apr 13, 2:06 AM CDT	Wind Advisory	LZK	17 hr
Apr 20, 5:07 PM CDT	Mesoscale Discussion	SPC	53 min
Apr 20, 5:39 PM CDT	Tornado Watch	SPC	6 hr
Apr 20, 7:59 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	LZK	46 min
Apr 20, 8:45 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	LZK	30 min
Apr 20, 8:48 PM CDT	Mesoscale Discussion	SPC	87 min
Apr 20, 8:50 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	LZK	40 min
Apr 30, 2:53 PM CDT	Mesoscale Discussion	SPC	2 hr
Apr 30, 3:32 PM CDT	Tornado Watch	SPC	6 hr
Apr 30, 5:08 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	LZK	67 min
Apr 30, 5:55 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	LZK	50 min
Apr 30, 6:28 PM CDT	Mesoscale Discussion	SPC	92 min
Apr 30, 6:43 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	LZK	47 min
Apr 30, 7:28 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	LZK	62 min
May 2, 9:39 AM CDT	Mesoscale Discussion	SPC	2 hr
May 8, 3:12 AM CDT	Dense Fog Advisory	LZK	6 hr
May 13, 2:11 AM CDT	Dense Fog Advisory	LZK	7 hr
May 16, 1:46 AM CDT	Mesoscale Discussion	SPC	119 min
May 16, 3:10 PM CDT	Mesoscale Discussion	SPC	2 hr
May 16, 10:07 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	LZK	43 min
May 16, 10:40 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	LZK	50 min
May 16, 11:14 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	LZK	46 min
May 16, 11:23 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	LZK	41 min
May 16, 11:52 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Watch	SPC	5 hr
May 16, 11:55 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	LZK	35 min
May 17, 7:49 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Watch	SPC	6 hr
May 17, 11:36 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	LZK	39 min
May 17, 11:46 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	LZK	44 min
May 18, 12:21 AM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	LZK	54 min
May 18, 4:23 AM CDT	Mesoscale Discussion	SPC	67 min
May 18, 4:48 AM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Watch	SPC	4 hr
May 18, 6:53 AM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	LZK	52 min
May 18, 6:56 AM CDT	Mesoscale Discussion	SPC	2 hr
May 18, 7:13 AM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	LZK	32 min
May 18, 7:42 AM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	LZK	48 min
May 20, 1:57 AM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Watch	SPC	5 hr
May 20, 3:11 AM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	LZK	49 min
May 20, 3:54 AM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	LZK	35 min
May 20, 4:04 AM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	LZK	41 min
May 20, 4:21 AM CDT	Mesoscale Discussion	SPC	54 min
May 20, 4:43 AM CDT	Special Weather Statement	LZK	32 min
May 20, 12:34 PM CDT	Mesoscale Discussion	SPC	116 min
May 20, 1:09 PM CDT	Tornado Watch	SPC	8 hr
May 20, 1:23 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	LZK	39 min
May 20, 1:53 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	LZK	52 min
May 20, 2:06 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	LZK	24 min
May 20, 2:16 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	LZK	44 min
May 20, 2:32 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	LZK	43 min
May 20, 2:50 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	LZK	40 min
May 22, 2:08 PM CDT	Flood Watch	LZK	4 days
May 24, 5:32 AM CDT	Special Weather Statement	LZK	43 min
May 24, 8:36 AM CDT	Mesoscale Discussion	SPC	54 min
May 24, 9:02 AM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Watch	SPC	6 hr
May 24, 12:01 PM CDT	Mesoscale Discussion	SPC	59 min
May 25, 1:32 PM CDT	Mesoscale Discussion	SPC	118 min
May 25, 2:07 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Watch	SPC	8 hr
May 25, 3:33 PM CDT	Mesoscale Discussion	SPC	87 min
May 25, 4:08 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	LZK	52 min
May 25, 4:50 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	LZK	40 min
May 25, 5:46 PM CDT	Flash Flood Warning	LZK	3 hr
May 25, 5:57 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	LZK	48 min
Jun 7, 6:04 AM CDT	Tornado Watch	SPC	6 hr
Jun 7, 8:53 AM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	LZK	52 min
Jun 7, 9:20 AM CDT	Special Weather Statement	LZK	25 min
Jun 7, 9:25 AM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	LZK	50 min
Jun 7, 6:14 PM CDT	Mesoscale Discussion	SPC	2 hr
Jun 7, 7:26 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Watch	SPC	7 hr
Jun 7, 9:37 PM CDT	Mesoscale Discussion	SPC	113 min
Jun 7, 11:29 PM CDT	Mesoscale Discussion	SPC	91 min
Jun 9, 8:36 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	LZK	24 min
Jun 12, 1:27 PM CDT	Mesoscale Discussion	SPC	2 hr
Jun 12, 3:19 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	LZK	26 min
Jun 14, 5:22 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	LZK	38 min
Jun 19, 12:16 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	LZK	29 min
Jun 19, 12:31 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	LZK	44 min
Jun 19, 12:47 PM CDT	Mesoscale Discussion	SPC	88 min
Jun 19, 1:11 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	LZK	64 min
Jun 19, 1:53 PM CDT	Heat Advisory	LZK	30 hr
Jun 19, 3:08 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	LZK	52 min
Jun 20, 2:41 PM CDT	Heat Advisory	LZK	29 hr
Jun 21, 2:00 AM CDT	Heat Advisory	LZK	42 hr
Jun 22, 1:49 AM CDT	Heat Advisory	LZK	6 days
Jun 28, 8:48 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	LZK	27 min
Jun 29, 12:57 PM CDT	Heat Advisory	LZK	32 hr
Jul 7, 4:04 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	LZK	41 min
Jul 7, 4:06 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	LZK	13 min
Jul 8, 1:19 PM CDT	Mesoscale Discussion	SPC	2 hr
Jul 8, 4:11 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	LZK	49 min
Jul 8, 4:38 PM CDT	Flash Flood Warning	LZK	3 hr
Jul 13, 3:41 PM CDT	Mesoscale Discussion	SPC	2 hr
Jul 15, 11:05 AM CDT	Heat Advisory	LZK	57 hr
Jul 17, 12:38 PM CDT	Extreme Heat Warning	LZK	31 hr
Jul 18, 12:06 PM CDT	Heat Advisory	LZK	32 hr
Jul 19, 11:38 AM CDT	Heat Advisory	LZK	32 hr
Jul 20, 11:07 AM CDT	Heat Advisory	LZK	4 days
Jul 20, 11:07 AM CDT	Extreme Heat Warning	LZK	4 days
Jul 24, 12:08 PM CDT	Heat Advisory	LZK	32 hr
Jul 25, 11:56 AM CDT	Heat Advisory	LZK	56 hr
Jul 27, 12:37 PM CDT	Heat Advisory	LZK	3 days
Jul 27, 12:37 PM CDT	Extreme Heat Warning	LZK	3 days
Jul 29, 12:32 AM CDT	Heat Advisory	LZK	35 hr
Jul 30, 12:32 AM CDT	Heat Advisory	LZK	41 hr
Jul 30, 12:01 PM CDT	Extreme Heat Warning	LZK	26 hr
Aug 14, 11:41 AM CDT	Heat Advisory	LZK	32 hr
Aug 14, 2:45 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	LZK	30 min
Aug 15, 11:30 AM CDT	Heat Advisory	LZK	33 hr
Aug 16, 10:55 AM CDT	Heat Advisory	LZK	57 hr
Aug 17, 11:07 AM CDT	Heat Advisory	LZK	56 hr
Aug 18, 12:10 AM CDT	Extreme Heat Warning	LZK	20 hr
Aug 18, 12:39 PM CDT	Extreme Heat Warning	LZK	31 hr
Aug 19, 1:05 PM CDT	Heat Advisory	LZK	31 hr
Aug 19, 3:43 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	LZK	47 min
Aug 28, 4:37 AM CDT	Flash Flood Warning	LZK	8 hr
Aug 28, 8:19 AM CDT	Flash Flood Warning	LZK	4 hr
Sep 5, 10:20 PM CDT	Mesoscale Discussion	SPC	115 min
Sep 19, 12:56 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	LZK	34 min
Sep 19, 1:39 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	LZK	36 min
Sep 19, 1:53 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	LZK	37 min
Sep 19, 1:59 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	LZK	26 min
Sep 19, 2:28 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	LZK	32 min
Oct 18, 3:21 PM CDT	Tornado Watch	SPC	5 hr
Oct 18, 4:21 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	LZK	39 min
Oct 18, 4:41 PM CDT	Mesoscale Discussion	SPC	2 hr
Oct 18, 5:21 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	LZK	39 min
Oct 18, 5:47 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	LZK	43 min
Oct 26, 8:34 AM CDT	Dense Fog Advisory	LZK	2 hr
Oct 28, 11:44 AM CDT	Wind Advisory	LZK	31 hr
Nov 1, 11:48 AM CDT	Frost Advisory	LZK	21 hr
Nov 2, 12:11 PM CST	Frost Advisory	LZK	20 hr
Nov 7, 1:26 PM CST	Freeze Watch	LZK	22 hr
Nov 7, 9:01 PM CST	Dense Fog Advisory	LZK	13 hr
Nov 8, 10:58 AM CST	Freeze Warning	LZK	46 hr
Nov 22, 1:27 AM CST	Dense Fog Advisory	LZK	6 hr
Nov 30, 12:20 PM CST	Winter Weather Advisory	LZK	36 hr
Dec 6, 5:27 AM CST	Dense Fog Advisory	LZK	6 hr
Dec 6, 10:50 PM CST	Dense Fog Advisory	LZK	10 hr
Dec 17, 6:51 PM CST	Dense Fog Advisory	LZK	10 hr
Dec 24, 5:41 AM CST	Dense Fog Advisory	LZK	5 hr
Dec 27, 12:41 PM CST	Wind Advisory	LZK	41 hr

By product

Every kind of product issued here, grouped by hazard. Each opens the same place narrowed to that product.

Product	Alerts
Severe storms
Severe Thunderstorm Warning	64
Tornado Warning	5
Severe Thunderstorm Watch	8
Tornado Watch	13
Mesoscale Discussion	42
Special Weather Statement	33
Flooding
Areal Flood Warning	4
Flash Flood Warning	12
River Flood Warning	1
Flood Watch	3
River Flood Advisory	1
Winter
Winter Storm Warning	1
Winter Storm Watch	1
Winter Weather Advisory	2
Heat
Extreme Heat Warning	6
Heat Advisory	19
Cold
Extreme Cold Warning	1
Freeze Warning	1
Freeze Watch	1
Cold Weather Advisory	2
Frost Advisory	2
Wind and dust
Wind Advisory	6
Fire
Red Flag Warning	1
Fog and smoke
Dense Fog Advisory	13
Freezing Fog Advisory	1

The busiest days

Days with the most alerts issued, by UTC date.

Nearby

Alerts in force now Tornadoes on record Forecast The radar archive 2024 2026

Sources

National Weather Service watches, warnings, advisories and statements from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's VTEC archive, which reconstructs tornado, severe thunderstorm, flash flood and marine warnings back to 1986 from the NWS text archive. Storm Prediction Center watches and mesoscale discussions from SPC's archive through the Mesonet. County centers from the US Census Bureau. Warning verification from the Mesonet's Cow. Rebuilt daily.