June 28, 1859 Tsunami: N. Moluccas Islands, Indonesia
A tsunami caused by a magnitude 7 earthquake began at N. Moluccas Islands, Indonesia on June 28, 1859. The water rose as high as 10 meters. Its effects were recorded at 4 places.
Where the waves reached
The source (white) and every runup with a place, colored by the water height recorded there. A ring is a runup NCEI marks doubtful.
- Under 1 m
- 1 to 3 m
- 3 to 10 m
- 10 to 30 m
- 30 m and more
- Height not recorded
Travel times
How long the first wave took to reach each part of the ocean, one line for each hour up to 24, estimated from the source and the depth of the sea.
The travel times are computed in your browser, which needs JavaScript.
- 1 to 4 hours
- 5 to 6 hours
- 7 to 14 hours
- 15 hours and more
Computed in your browser the way NOAA’s own travel time maps are: the wave travels at the square root of gravity times the depth, over NOAA’s ETOPO1 depths averaged to a 10 arc-minute grid. Checked against NOAA NCEI’s maps for 21 tsunamis over the first 24 hours, these lines fall within 10 minutes of NCEI’s at half the points compared and within 52 minutes at 9 in 10. They give when the first wave could arrive, not how high it is; bays, harbors and island chains finer than the grid can see it later. Not for use in a warning: see tsunami.gov.
The tsunami
- Date
- June 28, 1859
- Source
- N. Moluccas Islands, Indonesia
- Cause
- Earthquake
- Earthquake
- Magnitude 7
- Maximum water height
- 10 m (32.8 ft)
- Runups recorded
- 4
- Tsunami intensity (Soloviev-Imamura)
- 3
- Tsunami magnitude (Iida)
- 3.2
- Waters
- Ocean
- How certain
- Definite tsunami
- Source location
- 1.000° N, 126.500° E
The toll
The record gives no deaths, injuries or damage for this tsunami.
What the record says
NCEI’s account, from the sources it cites.
Reference #414:
1859, June 28, after 20:00 [local time]. There was a strong earthquake in Kema. It recurred at midnight and was accompanied by such strong movements of the sea that one of the government ships riding at anchor at a depth of 4.5 m was run aground. There was a rather strong and prolonged earthquake on Ternate Island. It was preceded by a loud underground rumble, like distant peals of thunder, and was accompanied by oscillations in sea level. Two proas ran aground, but were washed out again by the subsequent wave. At Sindangoli, on the western shore of Halmahera Island, the tsunami reached a height of 10 m.
Reference #79:
9 m wave on the west coast of Halmahera Island.
Reference #11528:
1859, May 28. Sldangola Bay, Ternate; east Sulawesi: At around 8:30 p.m. and midnight shocks were accompanied by waves that threw a government schooner onto the beach at Kemu, north Celebes. In Ternate also, a strong quake was felt and ships began to roll in the roadstead. Two small boats were thrown on the beach. At the Bay of Sidangoli on the west coast of Halmahera the tsunami reached over 10 m. likely source; Sangihe megathrust.
Reference #40:
1859, June 28. Indonesia, west coast of Halmahera. Wave 9 meters (30 feet) high. Moderate at Kema 01o22'N., 125o04'E.) north Celebes. Several proas thrown on the shore, (Heck 1947).
Reference #132:
1859, June 28. Dutch East Indies, west coast of Halmahera. Wave 30 feet high. Moderate at Kema, North Celebes Islands. Several proas thrown on the shore.
Every runup
Nearest the source first. Heights are above sea level at the time; a tide gauge reads half the wave’s full height.
| Where | Country | Km from source | Water height, m | Inland, m | Measured by | First wave, UTC | Deaths |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ternate Island | Indonesia | 100 | Eyewitness observation of water height | ||||
| Sidangoli, Halmahera, W. Coast | Indonesia | 112 | 10 | Eyewitness observation of water height | |||
| Kema, Sulawesi Island | Indonesia | 164 | Eyewitness observation of water height | ||||
| Manado, Sulawesi Island | Indonesia | 193 | Eyewitness observation of water height |
More
Every tsunami in 1859The 1800sTsunamis of IndonesiaThe earthquakeThis day in weather historyAlerts in force
Sources
Tsunami events and runups from NOAA’s National Centers for Environmental Information, Global Historical Hazard Database, cited as NCEI/WDS, doi:10.7289/V5PN93H7. Public domain. Read 2026-09-24. NCEI tsunami event 880.