Tornadoes · United States · Wisconsin · 2005
F1 tornado, Muscoda to Orion, Wisconsin, August 18, 2005
From Muscoda to Orion, this F1 tornado ran 4.0 miles across Richland and Grant counties on August 18, 2005, touching down at 4:40 PM CDT and reaching 55 yards wide. It killed nobody, and did $200,000 of property damage.
The rating scale
Tracks are drawn in the color of the rating. The Fujita scale rates the damage rather than measuring the wind: the speeds are what that damage is taken to imply.
F040 to 72 mph
Light damage. Surface peeled off some roofs, gutters and siding damaged, branches broken, shallow-rooted trees pushed over.
F173 to 112 mphthis tornado
Moderate damage. Roofs badly stripped, mobile homes overturned or badly damaged, exterior doors lost, windows broken.
F2113 to 157 mph
Considerable damage. Roofs torn off well-built houses, frame homes shifted on their foundations, mobile homes destroyed, large trees snapped or uprooted, cars lifted off the ground.
F3158 to 206 mph
Severe damage. Whole stories of well-built houses destroyed, large buildings badly damaged, trains overturned, trees debarked, heavy cars lifted and thrown.
F4207 to 260 mph
Devastating damage. Well-built houses leveled, structures with weak foundations moved some distance, cars thrown and large missiles generated.
F5261 to 318 mph
Incredible damage. Strong frame houses swept off their foundations, car-sized missiles thrown more than 100 meters, steel-reinforced concrete badly damaged, high-rise buildings deformed.
Unrated
The survey recorded a tornado but could not put a number on it, most often because it crossed open country and damaged nothing a rating can be read from.
The record
- Rating
- F1
- Date
- August 18, 2005
- Touchdown
- 4:40 PM CDT (21:40 UTC)
- Path length
- 4.0 miles (6.4 km)
- Path width
- 55 yards (50 m)
- Deaths
- 0
- Injuries
- 0
- Property damage
- $200,000
- Counties
- Richland and Grant counties
- Touchdown point
- 43.180, -90.450
- Lift-off point
- 43.220, -90.400
- Record number
- 1098
What the Weather Service recorded
Six tornadoes affected southwest Wisconsin, which was part of an all-time one day record of 27 tornadoes hitting the state. The first tornado touched down briefly just west of Centerville (Trempealeau County). The only damage reported with this tornado was several trees knocked down just north of Highway 35 along County Road G. A second and stronger tornado occurred just north of County Highway KK, or just west of Esofea (Vernon County). There was tree, agricultural and structural damage. A moblie home, which was on cement blocks, was completely destroyed. The occupant of the mobile home was taken to a hospital with minor injuries. Another residence sustained minor damage, with windows blown out, outbuildings destroyed and a car turned 90 degrees. Power poles were snapped, corn was flattened and there was significant tree damage. The third and strongest tornado touched down just west of Liberty (Vernon County), then tracked along a continous path just north of Highway 56, to the northern most block of the town of Viola (Richland County). Three people were reported injured in Viola and almost every tree in the town was damaged or downed. Most homes in the village had at least minor damage, while a few sustained major damage, including roofs blown off. Many garages facing west or southwest were destroyed by the direct impact of the winds. Wind speeds associated with the tornado were estimated at 100 to 120 mph. The tornado path became more sporadic as it moved east of Viola across northern Richland County. The damage path extended from just north of County Highway MM and Highway 56 into Bloom City (Richland County), which apparently took a direct hit from the storm. The tornado continued on an east-southeast track, before lifting just west of Hub City (Richland County). A fourth tornado touched down along County Road N, or just east of the location where Interstate 90 and 94 split in eastern Monroe County. This tornado continued on a 10 mile track into Juneau County, ending just west of the Necedah Wildlife Refuge Headquarters. There was tree, agricultural and structural damage. A home, which was under construction, was completely destroyed. Three other homes sustained minor damage. Corn was flattened and there was significant tree damage as well. A fifth tornado touched down in the town of Muscoda (Grant County) causing minor damage to homes, but knocking down or shearing off numerous trees. This tornado crossed the Wisconsin River into the small community of Orion (Richland County). Several mobile homes were damaged, including several reportedly tossed into the air. Many trees were damaged there as well. The sixth and final tornado briefly touched down near the intersection of Highway 82 and 13 in Adams County. Mobile homes were damaged, along with nearby trees. Richland and Vernon County were declared federal disaster areas.
From NOAA NCEI's Storm Events Database, the narrative the local forecast office wrote for Storm Data.
The forecast that day
The Storm Prediction Center had this point in a Slight Risk, with a 0.05 chance of a tornado within 25 miles. The outlook in force was issued at 19:57 UTC.
SPC's Day 1 convective outlook as it stood when the tornado began, read at the touchdown point. The same archive is on the radar archive.
What forecasters said that day
The local office's own words before the tornado touched down, as it sent them, from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service text.
NWS La Crosse, WI wrote its last area forecast discussion before the tornado touched down at Aug 18, 2:25 PM CDT, 2 hours 15 minutes earlier.
Area forecast discussion, Aug 18, 2:25 PM CDT, 2 hours 15 minutes before
AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE LA CROSSE WI 225 PM CDT THU AUG 18 2005 .SHORT TERM...TONIGHT THROUGH SUNDAY THE FORECAST CONCERNS CONTINUE TO FOCUS ON THE CONVECTIVE POSSIBILITIES FOR THE NEXT COUPLE DAYS. A 500 MB SHORTWAVE TROUGH WILL LIFT NORTHEAST ACROSS THE REGION THIS EVENING...MOVING OVER THE EASTERN GREAT LAKES ON FRIDAY AFTERNOON. AT THE SFC...AN ASSOCIATED AREA OF LOW PRESSURE WILL ALSO TRACK NORTHEAST...PUSHING ITS WARM FRONT WITH IT. THESE WEATHER FEATURES WILL WORK WITH THE AVAILABLE INSTABILTY AND GOOD WIND SHEAR TO CONTINUE TO SPARK SHOWERS AND STORMS THROUGH THE EVENING...CLEARING OUT OVERNIGHT AS THE WAVE KICKS EAST. THE SHEAR AND INSTABILITY ARE SUFFICIENT ENOUGH FOR SEVERE WEATHER WITH THE STORMS EARLY THIS EVENING. ON FRIDAY...SOME MINOR RIDGING WILL WORK ACROSS THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER VALLEY...AHEAD OF YET ANOTHER 500 MB SHORTWAVE TROUGH. SOME BRIEF CLEARING IS LIKELY BEFORE CLOUDS FROM THIS NEXT SYSTEM FILTER BACK ACROSS THE AREA. THIS IS IMPORTANT IN THAT THE MORE SUN...THE MORE INSTABILITY. CURRENTLY...THE MODELS POINT TO AROUND 3000 J/KG OF SBCAPE BUILDING BY THE AFTERNOON. WITH WIND SHEAR ALSO RATHER HIGH...50 KTS OF 0-6 KM...SEVERE WEATHER WILL BE POSSIBLE WITH ANY STORM THAT DEVELOPS. AT THE SFC...THE MAIN FRONTAL BOUNDARY LOOKS TO WORK INTO NORTHWEST WI AND EASTERN IOWA BY EARLY EVENING...MOVING OVER THE EASTERN GREAT LAKES BY SAT MORNING. ONE DRAWBACK CONTINUES TO BE THE EXPECTED POSITIONING OF THE LOW LEVEL JET AND MOISTURE TRANSPORT FOR THE EVENING AND NIGHT TIME HOURS. INITIALLY THESE POINT INTO THE HEART OF THE FORECAST AREA FOR THE AFTERNOON...BUT THEN TAKE A QUICK TURN TO THE EAST...NOSING INTO THE EASTERN GREAT LAKES OVERNIGHT. THIS WOULD THEREFORE MOVE THE BEST FOCUS FOR SHOWERS/STORMS INTO THAT AREA. STILL...CERTAINLY ENOUGH DYNAMICS AND INSTABILITY THAT SHOWERS AND STORMS SHOULD DEVELOP AHEAD OF THE SHORTWAVE AND NEAR THE SFC FRONT ON FRI AFTERNOON...MOVING EAST THEN FOR THE NIGHTTIME HOURS. CURRENTLY...BEST TIMING ESTIMATE FOR THE FORECAST AREA IS FROM LATE AFTERNOON INTO THE EARLY OVERNIGHT HOURS. MAIN SEVERE THREAT WOULD BE EARLY EVENING. SATURDAY...THE TROUGH AXIS WILL SLIDE EAST...WHILE THE SFC LOW LIFTS INTO JAMES BAY. SOME LOW LEVEL COLD AIR ADVECTION AND LINGERING MOISTURE WILL LEAD TO SOME CU DEVELOPMENT...BUT THE BULK OF THE SATURATION POST LOW LOOKS TO BE WELL NORTH...ACROSS NORTHERN MN INTO SOUTHERN CANADA. DECENT LAPSE RATES OF AROUND 7 C/KM FOR SAT AFTERNOON OVER NORTHERN WI COULD LEAD TO SOME SHOWERS/ISOLATED STORM DEVELOPMENT. TQ INDEX HINTS AT THIS TOO. THE BULK OF THE FORECAST AREA SHOULD STAY CLEAR OF THESE CHANCES...ALTHOUGH SMALL POPS MAY BE WARRANTED FOR THE FAR NORTH. A SFC HIGH WILL BUILD INTO THE REGION FOR SUNDAY...AND BRING A SUNNY AND RELATIVELY COOL END TO THE WEEKEND. SUNDAY WILL LIKELY HAVE MORE OF A FALL FEEL TO IT...RATHER THAN SUMMER. .LONG TERM...SUNDAY NIGHT THROUGH THURSDAY FAIRLY PROGRESSIVE PATTERN FOR THE REGION FOR THE END OF THE WEEKEND THROUGH THE START OF NEXT WEEK. A 500 MB RIDGE WILL BUILD ACROSS THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER VALLEY BY SUNDAY NIGHT...WITH THE AXIS SLIDING RELATIVELY QUICKLY THROUGH...EXITING EAST BY WEDNESDAY MORNING. ANOTHER SHORTWAVE THROUGH WILL THEN APPROACH THE REGION FROM THE NORTHERN PLAINS BY THURSDAY NIGHT. AT THE SFC...AN AREA OF HIGH PRESSURE WILL MOVE OVER THE REGION...IN TANDEM WITH THE UPPER LEVEL RIDGE...ON SUNDAY...AND STICK AROUND INTO TUESDAY. DRY...QUIET WEATHER SHOULD RESULT. SOME MORNING VALLEY FOG ALSO LIKELY ON A COUPLE OF THOSE MORNINGS. TEMPERATURES WILL BE RELATIVELY COOL...STARTING TO WARM AGAIN FOR WED AND THU AS THE HIGH PASSES EAST. THE NEXT BEST CHANCE FOR RAIN WILL COME LATER THU...AS THE SHORTWAVE AND ACCOMPANYING SFC FRONT TRACKS IN. && .ARX WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES... WI...NONE. MN...NONE. IA...NONE. && RIECK
Hazardous weather outlook, Aug 18, 12:56 PM CDT, 3 hours 44 minutes before
HAZARDOUS WEATHER OUTLOOK NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE LA CROSSE WI 1256 PM CDT THU AUG 18 2005 IAZ008>011-018-019-029-030-MNZ094>096-WIZ053>055-061-191100- ALLAMAKEE-CHICKASAW-CLAYTON-CRAWFORD-FAYETTE-FILLMORE-FLOYD-GRANT- HOUSTON-HOWARD-MITCHELL-MOWER-RICHLAND-VERNON-WINNESHIEK- 1256 PM CDT THU AUG 18 2005 THIS HAZARDOUS WEATHER OUTLOOK IS FOR PORTIONS OF NORTHEAST IOWA... SOUTHEAST MINNESOTA AND SOUTHWEST WISCONSIN. .DAY ONE...THIS AFTERNOON AND TONIGHT THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS ACROSS THE AREA THIS AFTERNOON AND EVENING. A VIGOROUS UPPER LEVEL DISTURBANCE WILL MOVE ACROSS THE AREA TODAY. AN AREA OF LOW PRESSURE AT THE SURFACE WILL MOVE ACROSS SOUTHEAST MINNESOTA INTO CENTRAL WISCONSIN ALONG A WARM FRONT. MODERATE INSTABILITIES WILL DEVELOP SOUTH OF THE WARM FRONT THIS AFTERNOON INTO THE EVENING HOURS. STORMS ARE EXPECTED TO INTENSIFY IN VICINITY OF THE BOUNDARY AND OTHER STORMS MAY DEVELOP FARTHER SOUTHWARD IN THE WARM SECTOR. ALONG WITH THE MODERATE INSTABILITIES...WIND PROFILES WILL BE VERY FAVORABLE FOR SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS. THE MAIN THREATS BEING LARGE HAIL...DAMAGING WINDS AND ISOLATED TORNADOES. .DAYS TWO THROUGH SEVEN...FRIDAY THROUGH WEDNESDAY A SECOND VIGOROUS UPPER LEVEL SYSTEM WILL DROP INTO THE AREA FRIDAY PUSHING A COLD FRONT TOWARD THE AREA. THUNDERSTORMS WILL ONCE AGAIN DEVELOP AHEAD OF THE ADVANCING COLD FRONT. AMPLE LOW LEVEL MOISTURE WILL BE IN PLACE...AND COMBINED WITH FAVORABLE UPPER LEVEL WIND PROFILES...SOME STORMS COULD REACH SEVERE LEVELS BY LATE AFTERNOON INTO THE EVENING HOURS. AT THIS TIME IT LOOKS AS THOUGH THE MAIN THREATS WILL BE FROM LARGE HAIL AND DAMAGING WINDS. THE SYSTEM WILL PULL AWAY FROM THE AREA LATE FRIDAY NIGHT AND SATURDAY...WITH ONLY A FEW LINGERING THUNDERSTORMS POSSIBLE SATURDAY MORNING...BUT THESE LOOK TO REMAIN BELOW SEVERE LIMITS. .SPOTTER INFORMATION STATEMENT... SPOTTER ACTIVATION IS POSSIBLE THIS AFTERNOON AND EVENING. SPOTTERS SHOULD MONITOR THE LATEST WEATHER INFORMATION CONCERNING POSSIBLE ACTIVATION FRIDAY AFTERNOON AND EVENING. .EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT COORDINATION... NO CALL IS SCHEDULED. MNZ079-086>088-WIZ017-029-032>034-041>044-191100- ADAMS-BUFFALO-CLARK-DODGE-JACKSON-JUNEAU-LA CROSSE-MONROE-OLMSTED- TAYLOR-TREMPEALEAU-WABASHA-WINONA- 1256 PM CDT THU AUG 18 2005 THIS HAZARDOUS WEATHER OUTLOOK IS FOR PORTIONS OF SOUTHEAST MINNESOTA...SOUTHWEST AND CENTRAL WISCONSIN. .DAY ONE...THIS AFTERNOON AND TONIGHT THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS ACROSS THE AREA THIS AFTERNOON AND EVENING. A VIGOROUS UPPER LEVEL DISTURBANCE WILL MOVE ACROSS THE AREA TODAY. AN AREA OF LOW PRESSURE AT THE SURFACE WILL MOVE ACROSS SOUTHERN MINNESOTA INTO CENTRAL WISCONSIN ALONG A WARM FRONT. ENOUGH INSTABILITY WILL EXIST ALONG AND NORTH OF THE FRONT THAT A FEW THUNDERSTORMS MAY REACH SEVERE LEVELS. THE MAIN THREATS APPEAR TO BE LARGE HAIL AND POSSIBLY DAMAGING WINDS. .DAYS TWO THROUGH SEVEN...FRIDAY THROUGH WEDNESDAY A SECOND VIGOROUS UPPER LEVEL SYSTEM WILL DROP INTO THE AREA FRIDAY PUSHING A COLD FRONT TOWARD THE AREA. THUNDERSTORMS WILL ONCE AGAIN DEVELOP AHEAD OF THE ADVANCING COLD FRONT. AMPLE LOW LEVEL MOISTURE WILL BE IN PLACE...AND COMBINED WITH FAVORABLE UPPER LEVEL WIND PROFILES...SOME STORMS COULD REACH SEVERE LEVELS BY LATE AFTERNOON INTO THE EVENING HOURS. AT THIS TIME IT LOOKS AS THOUGH THE MAIN THREATS WILL BE FROM LARGE HAIL AND DAMAGING WINDS. THE SYSTEM WILL PULL AWAY FROM THE AREA LATE FRIDAY NIGHT AND SATURDAY...WITH ONLY A FEW LINGERING THUNDERSTORMS POSSIBLE SATURDAY MORNING...BUT THESE LOOK TO REMAIN BELOW SEVERE LIMITS. .SPOTTER INFORMATION STATEMENT... SPOTTER ACTIVATION IS POSSIBLE THIS AFTERNOON AND EVENING. SPOTTERS SHOULD MONITOR THE LATEST WEATHER INFORMATION CONCERNING POSSIBLE ACTIVATION FRIDAY AFTERNOON AND EVENING. .EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT COORDINATION... NO CALL IS SCHEDULED. 04
In the hours before
Local storm report, Aug 18, 4:11 PM CDT, 29 minutes before
PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE LA CROSSE WI
411 PM CDT THU AUG 18 2005
..TIME... ...EVENT... ...CITY LOCATION... ...LAT.LON...
..DATE... ....MAG.... ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
..REMARKS..
0346 PM TSTM WND DMG ESOFEA 43.63N 90.97W
08/18/2005 VERNON WI AMATEUR RADIO
HOUSE DAMAGED. DETAILS UNKNOWN. WILL FOLLOW UP.
&&
SHEALocal storm report, Aug 18, 4:16 PM CDT, 24 minutes before
PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE LA CROSSE WI
416 PM CDT THU AUG 18 2005
..TIME... ...EVENT... ...CITY LOCATION... ...LAT.LON...
..DATE... ....MAG.... ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
..REMARKS..
0410 PM TSTM WND DMG LIBERTY 43.52N 90.73W
08/18/2005 VERNON WI AMATEUR RADIO
TREES DOWN.
&&
SHEALocal storm report, Aug 18, 4:21 PM CDT, 19 minutes before
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</html>The air that afternoon
The radiosonde launches on either side of the tornado, from the nearest station that was launching then, drawn and analyzed the way Storm Lab does: the same diagram, the same parcel and shear definitions SPC's mesoanalysis uses.
Davenport, (KDVN), 12:00Z
9.7 hours before the tornado, 176 km from the path. August 18, 2005.
- Mixed-layer CAPE
- 757 J/kg
- Mixed-layer CIN
- -54 J/kg
- Surface CAPE
- 245 J/kg
- Mixed-layer LCL
- 763 m above ground
- 0-6 km bulk shear
- 42 kt
- 0-1 km bulk shear
- 22 kt
- 0-1 km storm-relative helicity
- 212 m²/s²
- 0-3 km storm-relative helicity
- 226 m²/s²
- Significant tornado parameter
- 0.8
- Supercell composite
- 5.9
- 0-3 km lapse rate
- 4.9 K/km
Davenport, (KDVN), 00:00Z
2.3 hours after it, 176 km from the path. August 19, 2005.
- Mixed-layer CAPE
- 1586 J/kg
- Mixed-layer CIN
- -8 J/kg
- Surface CAPE
- 2796 J/kg
- Mixed-layer LCL
- 1536 m above ground
- 0-6 km bulk shear
- 26 kt
- 0-1 km bulk shear
- 15 kt
- 0-1 km storm-relative helicity
- 80 m²/s²
- 0-3 km storm-relative helicity
- 165 m²/s²
- Significant tornado parameter
- 0.2
- Supercell composite
- 4.1
- 0-3 km lapse rate
- 7.0 K/km
The surface observations
Lone Rock (LNR), 20 km from the path, in the two hours either side.
| Time (UTC) | Temp (°F) | Dew point (°F) | Wind | Gust (kt) | Pressure (mb) | Weather |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 00:00 UTC |
From the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of airport observations.
The radar
The La Crosse radar (KARX), 93 km away, was scanning. The volume nearest the touchdown began at 21:40 UTC.
Open the radar archive at this moment, over the track
Reflectivity and velocity, decoded from the Level II archive in the browser. Volumes take a few seconds to open the first time.
This ground now
The live radar over the trackEvery 2005 tornado in WisconsinEvery tornado in Wisconsin since 1950Warnings in force in Wisconsin nowThe forecast where you are
The other tornadoes of August 18, 2005
27 more were confirmed in the United States that day.
| Date | Time | Rating | Where | Path (mi) | Width (yd) | Deaths | Injuries | Damage |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| August 18 | 12:50 PM CDT | F0 | Mower, MN | 0.1 | 20 | $10,000 | ||
| August 18 | 2:18 PM CDT | F0 | Trempealeau, WI | 0.1 | 25 | $2,000 | ||
| August 18 | 3:46 PM CDT | F1 | Vernon, WI | 1.2 | 25 | 1 | $150,000 | |
| August 18 | 4:05 PM CDT | F2 | Vernon, WI | 20.0 | 40 | 3 | $3.3 million | |
| August 18 | 4:54 PM CDT | F1 | Monroe, WI | 10.0 | 25 | $140,000 | ||
| August 18 | 4:55 PM CDT | F0 | Iowa, WI | 0.1 | 25 | |||
| August 18 | 5:18 PM CDT | F1 | Iowa, WI | 6.5 | 100 | $20,000 | ||
| August 18 | 5:30 PM CDT | F1 | Sauk, WI | 1.9 | 75 | $2,000 | ||
| August 18 | 5:33 PM CDT | F2 | Sauk, WI | 14.5 | 200 | $610,000 | ||
| August 18 | 5:39 PM CDT | F1 | Adams, WI | 0.8 | 30 | $10,000 | ||
| August 18 | 6:00 PM CDT | F0 | Sauk, WI | 1.0 | 75 | $10,000 | ||
| August 18 | 6:08 PM CDT | F1 | Marquette, WI | 5.5 | 100 | $100,000 | ||
| August 18 | 6:10 PM CDT | F0 | Columbia, WI | 0.1 | 25 | |||
| August 18 | 6:15 PM CDT | F3 | Dane, WI | 18.6 | 600 | 1 | 23 | $34 million |
| August 18 | 6:17 PM CDT | F0 | Dane, WI | 2.0 | 30 | |||
| August 18 | 6:32 PM CDT | F0 | Waushara, WI | 2.0 | 80 | $10,000 | ||
| August 18 | 7:10 PM CDT | F1 | Dane, WI | 1.6 | 100 | $70,000 | ||
| August 18 | 7:15 PM CDT | F0 | Jefferson, WI | 0.5 | 50 | $50,000 | ||
| August 18 | 7:20 PM CDT | F1 | Jefferson, WI | 0.7 | 50 | $30,000 | ||
| August 18 | 7:27 PM CDT | F1 | Jefferson, WI | 1.2 | 50 | $30,000 | ||
| August 18 | 7:37 PM CDT | F1 | Jefferson, WI | 1.4 | 50 | $350,000 | ||
| August 18 | 7:38 PM CDT | F0 | Waupaca, WI | 1.2 | 40 | $1,000 | ||
| August 18 | 7:40 PM CDT | F0 | Winnebago, WI | 4.0 | 50 | $1,000 | ||
| August 18 | 7:44 PM CDT | F1 | Jefferson, WI | 3.0 | 75 | $20,000 | ||
| August 18 | 7:45 PM CDT | F0 | Jefferson, WI | 0.2 | 50 | $10,000 | ||
| August 18 | 8:45 PM CDT | F1 | Brown, WI | 1.0 | 100 | $10,000 | ||
| August 18 | 9:35 PM CDT | F1 | Manitowoc, WI | 1.5 | 100 | $10,000 |
What this means
Ratings are the survey's, read off the damage rather than measured; the rating scale is above. Tornado counts rise through the record as reporting improved, so a year in the 1950s is not comparable with one today except for the strongest tornadoes, which were always noticed.
Sources
NOAA Storm Prediction Center tornado database, 1950-2025, the official record kept by NOAA's Storm Prediction Center.