Tornadoes · United States · Michigan · 2004

F0 tornado, Buchanon, Michigan, July 21, 2004

This F0 tornado ran 0.1 miles across Berrien County on July 21, 2004, touching down at 7:20 PM EDT and reaching 15 yards wide. It killed nobody.

The rating scale

Tracks are drawn in the color of the rating. The Fujita scale rates the damage rather than measuring the wind: the speeds are what that damage is taken to imply.

  1. F040 to 72 mphthis tornado

    Light damage. Surface peeled off some roofs, gutters and siding damaged, branches broken, shallow-rooted trees pushed over.

  2. F173 to 112 mph

    Moderate damage. Roofs badly stripped, mobile homes overturned or badly damaged, exterior doors lost, windows broken.

  3. F2113 to 157 mph

    Considerable damage. Roofs torn off well-built houses, frame homes shifted on their foundations, mobile homes destroyed, large trees snapped or uprooted, cars lifted off the ground.

  4. F3158 to 206 mph

    Severe damage. Whole stories of well-built houses destroyed, large buildings badly damaged, trains overturned, trees debarked, heavy cars lifted and thrown.

  5. F4207 to 260 mph

    Devastating damage. Well-built houses leveled, structures with weak foundations moved some distance, cars thrown and large missiles generated.

  6. F5261 to 318 mph

    Incredible damage. Strong frame houses swept off their foundations, car-sized missiles thrown more than 100 meters, steel-reinforced concrete badly damaged, high-rise buildings deformed.

  7. Unrated

    The survey recorded a tornado but could not put a number on it, most often because it crossed open country and damaged nothing a rating can be read from.

The record

Rating
F0
Date
July 21, 2004
Touchdown
7:20 PM EDT (23:20 UTC)
Path length
0.1 miles (0.2 km)
Path width
15 yards (14 m)
Deaths
0
Injuries
0
County
Berrien County
Touchdown point
41.870, -86.330
Lift-off point
41.870, -86.330
Record number
1418

What the Weather Service recorded

Evidence of a brief touchdown was found in a corn field near the intersection of Walton and Smith Roads, northeast of Buchanan. The tornado traveled approximately 50 yards and then lifted. Only damage to the corn field was noted as a result of the tornado.

From NOAA NCEI's Storm Events Database, the narrative the local forecast office wrote for Storm Data.

The warnings

No tornado warning for this county appears in the archive as in force at the moment the tornado touched down.

Issued (UTC)ExpiredProductOffice
22:46 UTC23:45 UTCSevere Thunderstorm WarningIWX

Every warning and watch covering the touchdown point that day, from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service products. Lead time is measured from the issue of the warning in force to the touchdown time in the database, both of which were recorded to the minute by different people.

The forecast that day

The Storm Prediction Center had this point in a Moderate Risk, with a 0.02 chance of a tornado within 25 miles. The outlook in force was issued at 19:39 UTC.

SPC's Day 1 convective outlook as it stood when the tornado began, read at the touchdown point. The same archive is on the radar archive.

What forecasters said that day

The local office's own words before the tornado touched down, as it sent them, from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service text.

NWS Northern Indiana wrote its last area forecast discussion before the tornado touched down at Jul 21, 3:10 PM EDT, 4 hours 10 minutes earlier.

Area forecast discussion, Jul 21, 3:10 PM EDT, 4 hours 10 minutes before
AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE NORTHERN INDIANA
210 PM EST WED JUL 21 2004

.SHORT TERM...
TONIGHT AND THURSDAY.
MAIN CHALLENGE LIES WITH CONVECTION CHANCES TONIGHT. INITIAL
BOUNDARY FROM OVERNIGHT CONVECTION IS MOVING ACROSS THE FORECAST
AREA WITH LITTLE MORE THAN A FEW SHOWERS ACROSS MICHIGAN. PLENTY OF
INSTABILITY IN PLACE JUST TO THE WEST WITH LIS -9 TO -11 AND CAPES
3K TO 4K J/KG. VIS SAT SHOWS ANOTHER OUTFLOW BOUNDARY FROM EASTERN
WISCONSIN TO CENTRAL ILLINOIS...JUST TO THE WEST OF THE INSTABILITY
AXIS. THIS MAY END UP BEING THE FOCUS FOR THE EXPECTED LINE OF
THUNDERSTORMS TONIGHT. MAIN LIMITING FACTOR HAS BEEN STRONG CAP
ACROSS MUCH OF THE AREA (SEE 18Z KILX AND KDVN SOUNDINGS). MODELS
SHOW THIS CAP BEING ELIMINATED AS SLIGHTLY COOLER 850 MB TEMPS AND
APPROACHING SHORTWAVE/MCV MOVE IN. AREA UNDER A MDT RISK FOR THIS
AFTERNOON AND EVENING WITH WIND PROFILES TO THE WEST STARTING TO
LOOK MORE FAVORABLE FOR DAMAGING WINDS. EXPECTING NEW WATCH FOR THE
AREA OVER THE NEXT COUPLE OF HOURS. HAVE ADJUSTED TIMING OF PRECIP
SOMEWHAT WITH LIKELY POPS WEST TO START SPREADING ACROSS THE AREA BY
MIDNIGHT THEN BACK TO CHC POPS BEHIND THE MAIN LINE FOR ANYTHING
LINGERING. WITH PWATS NEAR 2 TO THE WEST EXPECTED TO MOVE
IN...HEAVY RAINFALL ALSO A GOOD BET. LOWS WILL FALL BACK INTO THE
LOWER 70S AS DRIER AIR DOESNT START MOVING IN TILL EARLY THURSDAY.

MUCH OF THURSDAY COULD BE DRY IN SUBSIDENCE BEHIND TONIGHTS SYSTEM.
MODELS HINT AT NEXT WAVE TO MOVE IN TOWARDS EVE FOR ANOTHER CHANCE
OF PRECIP. WILL GO WITH 30 POPS ALL AREAS FOR THURS FOR NOW AND LET
OVERNIGHT CREW MAKE CHANGES BASED ON FRONTAL POSITION. WITH 850 MB
TEMPS STILL EXPECTED +19 TO +20...HIGHS SHOULD MAKE IT INTO THE UPR
80S.

&&

.LONG TERM...

SOME CHANGES TO EXTENDED BASED ON LATEST MODEL RUNS. TEMPERATURES
LOOK GOOD AND FEW CHANGES MADE THERE. FORECAST CHALLENGE IS WITH
POPS FRIDAY THEN AGAIN MONDAY NIGHT THROUGH TUESDAY NIGHT. FRONT TO
PUSH THROUGH THURSDAY BUT MODELS HINTING AS AN MCS DEVELOPING ON
NORTH SIDE OF FRONT THURSDAY NIGHT AND MOVING ALONG FRONT FRIDAY.
LATEST ETA40 SHOWS ALL ACTIVITY SOUTH OF OUR AREA BY 12Z FRIDAY WITH
DRY NORTHEAST FLOW BEHIND. LEANING TOWARD THIS SOLUTION AS IT
MATCHES CURRENT GRIDS AND SEEMS PLAUSIBLE AT THIS POINT. THUS NO
ADDITIONAL POPS FOR FRI. GFS AND ECMWF AS WELL AS UKMO AGREE ON
INVERTED TROUGH OVER OUR AREA MONDAY NIGHT INTO TUESDAY NIGHT WITH A
COUPLE OF POSSIBLE WAVES RIDING NORTH ALONG FRONT. SURFACE TROUGH IS
NEAR OUR EASTERN AREAS BUT UPPER TROUGH STILL TO OUR WEST AND
SLIGHTLY DIGGING. THUS SURFACE TROUGH COULD END UP FARTHER WEST AND
ANY PCPN MOVING NORTH OUT OF OPEN GULF AND ATLANTIC COULD BE DRAWN
FARTHER WEST. THUS WILL NOT TRY AND DIFFERENTIATE ACROSS THE AREA
AND ADD POPS TO ENTIRE FORECAST AREA AT THIS TIME WITH PRETTY GOOD
MEDIUM RANGE MODEL AGREEMENT.

&&

.AVIATION...
TOUGH FORECAST FOR THE NEXT 6 TO 12 HOURS AS INITIAL LINE OF
CONVECTION HAS WEAKENED...BUT OUTFLOW BOUNDARY FROM IT IS NOW
INTERACTING WITH VERY UNSTABLE ATMOSPHERE NEAR KSBN. STILL A CHANCE
THAT SOMETHING COULD FIRE ALONG THIS AND HEAD EAST. CONFIDENCE LOW
AT THIS TIME SO NO MENTION OF PRECIP THIS AFTERNOON. ANOTHER SHOT AT
PRECIP LOOKS TO MOVE IN THIS EVENING WITH MCV IN MN/IA AT THIS TIME.
LOTS OF UNCERTANTITY WITH THIS AS WELL DEPENDING ON ANY AFTERNOON
CONVECTION ACROSS THE AREA. AT THIS TIME...HAVE OPTED TO GO WITH
MENTION OF VCTS FOR SEVERAL HOURS AS BETTER DYNAMICS MOVE IN. LATER
FORECASTS CAN HOPEFULLY FINE TUNE THINGS BETTER. WILL KEEP VFR
SKIES/VSBYS BUT LOCAL MVFR/IFR WILL BE POSSIBLE WITH ANY CONVECTION
THAT CAN FORM. STRONG WINDS EXCEEDING 50 KTS WILL ALSO BE
POSSIBLE...BUT AGAIN CONFIDENCE TOO LOW TO PLACE IN TAFS.

&&

.IWX WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES...
IN...NONE.
MI...NONE.
OH...NONE.
&&

FISHER/LASHLEY
Hazardous weather outlook, Jul 21, 12:28 PM EDT, 6 hours 52 minutes before
HAZARDOUS WEATHER OUTLOOK...UPDATED
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE NORTHERN INDIANA
1128 AM EST WED JUL 21 2004

INZ003>009-012>018-020-022>027-032>034-MIZ077>081-OHZ001-002-004-005-
015-016-024-025-221100-
ADAMS IN-ALLEN OH-ALLEN IN-BERRIEN MI-BLACKFORD IN-BRANCH MI-CASS MI-
CASS IN-DE KALB IN-DEFIANCE OH-ELKHART IN-FULTON OH-FULTON IN-
GRANT IN-HENRY OH-HILLSDALE MI-HUNTINGTON IN-JAY IN-KOSCIUSKO IN-
LA PORTE IN-LAGRANGE IN-MARSHALL IN-MIAMI IN-NOBLE IN-PAULDING OH-
PULASKI IN-PUTNAM OH-ST. JOSEPH MI-ST. JOSEPH IN-STARKE IN-
STEUBEN IN-VAN WERT OH-WABASH IN-WELLS IN-WHITE IN-WHITLEY IN-
WILLIAMS OH-
INCLUDING THE CITIES OF...ANGOLA...ARCHBOLD...AUBURN...
BENTON HARBOR...BENTON HEIGHTS...BERNE...BLUFFTON...BREMEN...BRYAN...
BUCHANAN...BUTLER...COLDWATER...COLUMBIA CITY...DECATUR...DEFIANCE...
DELPHOS...DOWAGIAC...DUNKIRK...DUNLAP...ELKHART...FAIR PLAIN...
FAIRMOUNT...FORT SHAWNEE...FORT WAYNE...GARRETT...GAS CITY...
GEORGETOWN...GOSHEN...GRANGER...GRISSOM AFB...GULIVOIRE PARK...
HARTFORD CITY...HICKSVILLE...HILLSDALE...HUNTINGTON...KENDALLVILLE...
KNOX...LA PORTE...LAGRANGE...LIGONIER...LIMA...LOGANSPORT...MARION...
MICHIGAN CITY...MISHAWAKA...MONTICELLO...MONTPELIER...NAPOLEON...
NAPPANEE...NEW HAVEN...NILES...NORTH MANCHESTER...OSSIAN...OTTAWA...
PERU...PLYMOUTH...PORTLAND...ROCHESTER...SIMONTON LAKE...
SOUTH BEND...ST. JOSEPH...STURGIS...SWANTON...SYRACUSE...
THREE RIVERS...TRAIL CREEK...TRI-LAKES...UPLAND...VAN WERT...
WABASH...WARSAW...WAUSEON...WESTVILLE...WINAMAC AND WINONA LAKE
1128 AM EST WED JUL 21 2004

THIS HAZARDOUS WEATHER OUTLOOK IS FOR NORTHERN INDIANA...NORTHWEST
OHIO AND SOUTHWEST LOWER MICHIGAN.

.DAY ONE...THIS AFTERNOON AND TONIGHT

THERE IS A MODERATE RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS THIS AFTERNOON AND
EVENING. THE GREATEST THREAT WITH THESE STORMS WILL BE DAMAGING
WINDS...WHICH COULD EXCEED 70 MPH IN SOME AREAS. RAINFALL RATES OF 1
TO 2 INCHES PER HOUR WILL ALSO BE POSSIBLE WITH THE STRONGER
STORMS...CAUSING PONDING OF WATER IN LOW AREAS. THUNDERSTORMS ARE
EXPECTED TO MOVE ACROSS THE REGION THIS AFTERNOON...WITH ADDITIONAL
THUNDERSTORMS POSSIBLE TONIGHT.

IN ADVANCE OF THE THUNDERSTORMS...THE COMBINATION OF HEAT AND
HUMIDITY WILL CREATE HEAT INDEX VALUES APPROACHING 100 DEGREES IN
SOME AREAS.

.DAYS TWO THROUGH SEVEN...THURSDAY THROUGH TUESDAY

THERE IS A CHANCE FOR SEVERE STORMS THURSDAY AND THURSDAY EVENING.
LARGE HAIL AND DAMAGING WINDS ARE POSSIBLE.

.SPOTTER INFORMATION STATEMENT...

SPOTTER ACTIVATION IS LIKELY THIS AFTERNOON AND EVENING.

STAY TUNED TO NOAA WEATHER RADIO FOR FURTHER DETAILS OR UPDATES, OR
CHECK OUR WEB SITE AT WWW.CRH.NOAA.GOV/IWX

In the hours before

Local storm report, Jul 21, 7:09 PM EDT, 11 minutes before
PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE NORTHERN INDIANA
609 PM EST WED JUL 21 2004

..TIME...   ...EVENT...     ...CITY LOCATION...      ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....     ..COUNTY LOCATION...ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0555 PM     TSTM WND DMG     MICHIGAN CITY           41.71N 86.88W
07/21/2004                   LA PORTE           IN   LAW ENFORCEMENT

            NUMEROUS TREES AND POWERLINES KNOCKED DOWN OVER NORTHERN
            HALF OF THE COUNTY.

0545 PM     TSTM WND DMG     MICHIGAN CITY           41.71N 86.88W
07/21/2004                   LA PORTE           IN   COAST GUARD

            MICHIGAN CITY LIGHTHOUSE RECORDED A WIND GUST OF 59 MPH.

0602 PM     TSTM WND DMG     MICHIGAN CITY           41.71N 86.88W
07/21/2004                   LA PORTE           IN   AMATEUR RADIO

            TREES AND POWERLINES REPORTED KNOCKED OVER.

&&

WAMSLEY

The air that afternoon

The radiosonde launches on either side of the tornado, from the nearest station that was launching then, drawn and analyzed the way Storm Lab does: the same diagram, the same parcel and shear definitions SPC's mesoanalysis uses.

Detroit, MI (KDTX), 12:00Z

11.3 hours before the tornado, 257 km from the path. July 21, 2004.

Skew-T log-pSkew-T log-p diagram, Detroit, MI at 12:00Z on 2004-07-21Temperature and dew point through the depth of the atmosphere, with the mixed-layer parcel lifted from the surface. Mixed-layer CAPE 1495 joules per kilogram, CIN -15, lifted condensation level 704 meters above ground. Wind barbs in knots down the right edge.LCLLFCEL10008507005003002001001 km2 km3 km6 km9 km12 km15 km-30°-20°-10°0°10°20°30°40°
Temperature in red, dew point in green, the mixed-layer parcel dashed. The warm shading is its CAPE, the cool shading the inhibition it has to break through.
HodographHodograph, Detroit, MI at 12:00Z on 2004-07-21The wind through the lowest 10 kilometers as a curve, rings every 10 meters per second labeled in knots. Zero to 1 km storm-relative helicity 34 square meters per square second, 0 to 6 km bulk shear 19 knots.193958Sfc1 km3 km6 km9 kmRMLM
The wind turning with height, colored by layer: ground to 1 km, 1 to 3 km, 3 to 6 km, 6 to 10 km. RM and LM are the right and left moving storms Bunkers' method gives; the shaded area is the 0 to 1 km storm-relative helicity.
Mixed-layer CAPE
1495 J/kg
Mixed-layer CIN
-15 J/kg
Surface CAPE
429 J/kg
Mixed-layer LCL
704 m above ground
0-6 km bulk shear
19 kt
0-1 km bulk shear
11 kt
0-1 km storm-relative helicity
34 m²/s²
0-3 km storm-relative helicity
37 m²/s²
Significant tornado parameter
0.0
Supercell composite
0.0
0-3 km lapse rate
5.3 K/km

Open this sounding in Storm Lab

Detroit, MI (KDTX), 00:00Z

0.7 hours after it, 257 km from the path. July 22, 2004.

Skew-T log-pSkew-T log-p diagram, Detroit, MI at 00:00Z on 2004-07-22Temperature and dew point through the depth of the atmosphere, with the mixed-layer parcel lifted from the surface. Mixed-layer CAPE 1124 joules per kilogram, CIN -3, lifted condensation level 1078 meters above ground. Wind barbs in knots down the right edge.LCLLFCEL10008507005003002001001 km2 km3 km6 km9 km12 km15 km-30°-20°-10°0°10°20°30°40°
Temperature in red, dew point in green, the mixed-layer parcel dashed. The warm shading is its CAPE, the cool shading the inhibition it has to break through.
HodographHodograph, Detroit, MI at 00:00Z on 2004-07-22The wind through the lowest 10 kilometers as a curve, rings every 10 meters per second labeled in knots. Zero to 1 km storm-relative helicity 36 square meters per square second, 0 to 6 km bulk shear 22 knots.1939Sfc1 km3 km6 km9 kmRMLM
The wind turning with height, colored by layer: ground to 1 km, 1 to 3 km, 3 to 6 km, 6 to 10 km. RM and LM are the right and left moving storms Bunkers' method gives; the shaded area is the 0 to 1 km storm-relative helicity.
Mixed-layer CAPE
1124 J/kg
Mixed-layer CIN
-3 J/kg
Surface CAPE
1622 J/kg
Mixed-layer LCL
1078 m above ground
0-6 km bulk shear
22 kt
0-1 km bulk shear
5 kt
0-1 km storm-relative helicity
36 m²/s²
0-3 km storm-relative helicity
76 m²/s²
Significant tornado parameter
0.0
Supercell composite
0.8
0-3 km lapse rate
6.5 K/km

Open this sounding in Storm Lab

The surface observations

South Bend (SBN), 18 km from the path, in the two hours either side.

Time (UTC)Temp (°F)Dew point (°F)WindGust (kt)Pressure (mb)Weather
21:54 UTC8575170° 14 kt1009.5HZ
22:25 UTC84.273.4200° 9 kt1010.2HZ
22:54 UTC8375210° 7 kt1010.5HZ
23:01 UTC82.475.2190° 10 kt1009.8HZ
23:19 UTC80.673.4260° 33 kt391011.5TSRA SQ
23:22 UTC75.271.6290° 29 kt411012.5+TSRA SQ
23:27 UTC71.669.8310° 18 kt411012.5+TSRA SQ
23:30 UTC69.869.8330° 18 kt361011.9+TSRA
23:33 UTC69.869.8330° 15 kt231011.2+TSRA
23:36 UTC69.869.8330° 15 kt231011.2TSRA BR
23:40 UTC69.869.8340° 7 kt1011.2-TSRA BR
23:54 UTC7069150° 6 kt1010.8TSRA
00:01 UTC71.669.8130° 7 kt1010.8-TSRA
00:54 UTC7069200° 11 kt1009.8-TSRA

From the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of airport observations.

The radar

The Northern Indiana radar (KIWX), 77 km away, was scanning. The volume nearest the touchdown began at 23:20 UTC.

Open the radar archive at this moment, over the track

Reflectivity and velocity, decoded from the Level II archive in the browser. Volumes take a few seconds to open the first time.

What was reported nearby

Local storm reports within 60 km of the path, in the three hours either side.

Time (UTC)ReportWhereCountyRemark
23:10 UTCTSTM WND DMGBerrien SpringsBerrien, MINUMEROUS TREES AND POWERLINES KNOCKED DOWN COUNTYWIDE.
23:32 UTCTSTM WND DMG2 E EdwardsburgCass, MINUMEROUS TREES AND POWERLINES REPORTED KNOCKED DOWN.
23:45 UTCTSTM WND DMG3 Ne NilesBerrien, MIREPORTS OF TREES AND POWERLINES DOWN IN MARLIN VILLAGE TRAILER PARK.
23:45 UTCTSTM WND DMGEdwardsburgCass, MIREPORTS OF TREES AND POWERLINES DOWN IN EAGLE LAKE ESTATES.
23:58 UTCTSTM WND DMGConstantineSt. Joseph, MILARGE TREE LIMBS REPORTED KNOCKED DOWN.

From the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service local storm reports.

This ground now

The live radar over the trackEvery 2004 tornado in MichiganEvery tornado in Michigan since 1950Warnings in force in Michigan nowThe forecast where you are

The other tornadoes of July 21, 2004

1 more were confirmed in the United States that day.

DateTimeRatingWherePath (mi)Width (yd)DeathsInjuriesDamage
July 216:35 PM ESTF0Cass, MI0.550

What this means

Ratings are the survey's, read off the damage rather than measured; the rating scale is above. Tornado counts rise through the record as reporting improved, so a year in the 1950s is not comparable with one today except for the strongest tornadoes, which were always noticed.

Sources

NOAA Storm Prediction Center tornado database, 1950-2025, the official record kept by NOAA's Storm Prediction Center.