Tornadoes · United States · Kansas · 1991

F3 tornado, Pratt and Reno counties, Kansas, March 26, 1991

This F3 tornado ran 26.0 miles across Pratt and Reno counties on March 26, 1991, touching down at 5:55 PM CST and reaching 220 yards wide. It killed nobody and injured 1.

The rating scale

Tracks are drawn in the color of the rating. The Fujita scale rates the damage rather than measuring the wind: the speeds are what that damage is taken to imply.

  1. F040 to 72 mph

    Light damage. Surface peeled off some roofs, gutters and siding damaged, branches broken, shallow-rooted trees pushed over.

  2. F173 to 112 mph

    Moderate damage. Roofs badly stripped, mobile homes overturned or badly damaged, exterior doors lost, windows broken.

  3. F2113 to 157 mph

    Considerable damage. Roofs torn off well-built houses, frame homes shifted on their foundations, mobile homes destroyed, large trees snapped or uprooted, cars lifted off the ground.

  4. F3158 to 206 mphthis tornado

    Severe damage. Whole stories of well-built houses destroyed, large buildings badly damaged, trains overturned, trees debarked, heavy cars lifted and thrown.

  5. F4207 to 260 mph

    Devastating damage. Well-built houses leveled, structures with weak foundations moved some distance, cars thrown and large missiles generated.

  6. F5261 to 318 mph

    Incredible damage. Strong frame houses swept off their foundations, car-sized missiles thrown more than 100 meters, steel-reinforced concrete badly damaged, high-rise buildings deformed.

  7. Unrated

    The survey recorded a tornado but could not put a number on it, most often because it crossed open country and damaged nothing a rating can be read from.

The record

Rating
F3
Date
March 26, 1991
Touchdown
5:55 PM CST (23:55 UTC)
Path length
26.0 miles (41.8 km)
Path width
220 yards (201 m)
Deaths
0
Injuries
1
Counties
Pratt and Reno counties
Touchdown point
37.800, -98.500
Lift-off point
38.120, -98.200
Record number
129

The warnings

7 minutes of warning. NWS DDC issued a tornado warning for this county at 23:48 UTC, 7 minutes before the tornado touched down, in force until 00:15 UTC.

Issued (UTC)ExpiredProductOffice
22:25 UTC23:00 UTCTornado WarningDDC
23:02 UTC23:15 UTCTornado WarningDDC
23:48 UTC00:15 UTCTornado WarningDDC
00:16 UTC00:45 UTCTornado WarningDDC
04:34 UTC05:00 UTCSevere Thunderstorm WarningDDC

Every warning and watch covering the touchdown point that day, from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service products. Lead time is measured from the issue of the warning in force to the touchdown time in the database, both of which were recorded to the minute by different people.

The forecast that day

The Storm Prediction Center had this point in a Slight Risk. The outlook in force was issued at 07:14 UTC.

SPC's Day 1 convective outlook as it stood when the tornado began, read at the touchdown point. The same archive is on the radar archive.

The air that afternoon

The radiosonde launches on either side of the tornado, from the nearest station that was launching then, drawn and analyzed the way Storm Lab does: the same diagram, the same parcel and shear definitions SPC's mesoanalysis uses.

Dodge City, (KDDC), 12:00Z

11.9 hours before the tornado, 138 km from the path. March 26, 1991.

Skew-T log-pSkew-T log-p diagram, Dodge City, at 12:00Z on 1991-03-26Temperature and dew point through the depth of the atmosphere, with the mixed-layer parcel lifted from the surface. Mixed-layer CAPE 0 joules per kilogram, CIN -10327, lifted condensation level 3441 meters above ground. Wind barbs in knots down the right edge.LCL10008507005003002001001 km2 km3 km6 km9 km12 km15 km-30°-20°-10°0°10°20°30°40°
Temperature in red, dew point in green, the mixed-layer parcel dashed. The warm shading is its CAPE, the cool shading the inhibition it has to break through.
HodographHodograph, Dodge City, at 12:00Z on 1991-03-26The wind through the lowest 10 kilometers as a curve, rings every 10 meters per second labeled in knots. Zero to 1 km storm-relative helicity -99 square meters per square second, 0 to 6 km bulk shear 56 knots.1939587897117Sfc1 km3 km6 km9 kmRMLM
The wind turning with height, colored by layer: ground to 1 km, 1 to 3 km, 3 to 6 km, 6 to 10 km. RM and LM are the right and left moving storms Bunkers' method gives; the shaded area is the 0 to 1 km storm-relative helicity.
Mixed-layer CAPE
0 J/kg
Mixed-layer CIN
-10327 J/kg
Surface CAPE
0 J/kg
Mixed-layer LCL
3441 m above ground
0-6 km bulk shear
56 kt
0-1 km bulk shear
31 kt
0-1 km storm-relative helicity
-99 m²/s²
0-3 km storm-relative helicity
4 m²/s²
Significant tornado parameter
0.0
Supercell composite
0.0
0-3 km lapse rate
3.6 K/km

Open this sounding in Storm Lab

Dodge City, (KDDC), 00:00Z

0.1 hours after it, 138 km from the path. March 27, 1991.

Skew-T log-pSkew-T log-p diagram, Dodge City, at 00:00Z on 1991-03-27Temperature and dew point through the depth of the atmosphere, with the mixed-layer parcel lifted from the surface. Mixed-layer CAPE 86 joules per kilogram, CIN -78, lifted condensation level 2959 meters above ground. Wind barbs in knots down the right edge.LCLLFCEL10008507005003002001001 km2 km3 km6 km9 km12 km15 km-30°-20°-10°0°10°20°30°40°
Temperature in red, dew point in green, the mixed-layer parcel dashed. The warm shading is its CAPE, the cool shading the inhibition it has to break through.
HodographHodograph, Dodge City, at 00:00Z on 1991-03-27The wind through the lowest 10 kilometers as a curve, rings every 10 meters per second labeled in knots. Zero to 1 km storm-relative helicity 122 square meters per square second, 0 to 6 km bulk shear 77 knots.1939587897117Sfc1 km3 km6 km9 kmRMLM
The wind turning with height, colored by layer: ground to 1 km, 1 to 3 km, 3 to 6 km, 6 to 10 km. RM and LM are the right and left moving storms Bunkers' method gives; the shaded area is the 0 to 1 km storm-relative helicity.
Mixed-layer CAPE
86 J/kg
Mixed-layer CIN
-78 J/kg
Surface CAPE
596 J/kg
Mixed-layer LCL
2959 m above ground
0-6 km bulk shear
77 kt
0-1 km bulk shear
21 kt
0-1 km storm-relative helicity
122 m²/s²
0-3 km storm-relative helicity
168 m²/s²
Significant tornado parameter
0.0
Supercell composite
0.9
0-3 km lapse rate
9.1 K/km

Open this sounding in Storm Lab

This ground now

The live radar over the trackEvery 1991 tornado in KansasEvery tornado in Kansas since 1950Warnings in force in Kansas nowThe forecast where you are

The other tornadoes of March 26, 1991

20 more were confirmed in the United States that day.

DateTimeRatingWherePath (mi)Width (yd)DeathsInjuriesDamage
March 262:07 PM PSTF0Kern, CA0.110
March 264:43 PM CSTF0Pratt, KS9.030
March 264:55 PM CSTF0Stafford, KS3.020
March 265:45 PM CSTF1Pratt, KS3.050$5,000 to $50,000
March 266:25 PM CSTF0Dewey, OK0.120
March 266:45 PM CSTF4Reno, KS13.03005$5 million to $50 million
March 265:15 PM PSTF0San Joaquin, CA0.110
March 267:20 PM CSTF1McPherson, KS2.0100$5,000 to $50,000
March 267:28 PM CSTF0Kingman, KS1.050$500 to $5,000
March 265:40 PM PSTF0Merced, CA0.110
March 267:45 PM CSTF2Alfalfa, OK9.0300$50,000 to $500,000
March 267:50 PM CSTF0McPherson, KS1.010$500 to $5,000
March 267:50 PM CSTF0Sedgwick, KS2.073
March 268:05 PM CSTF3Grant, OK to KS67.0500$500,000 to $5 million
March 269:12 PM CSTF0Kay, OK0.120
March 269:45 PM CSTF3Cowley, KS15.02006$500,000 to $5 million
March 2611:43 PM CSTF0Canadian, OK0.120
March 2611:45 PM CSTF2Allen, KS8.01001$500,000 to $5 million
March 2611:45 PM CSTF0Marion, KS8.010$500 to $5,000
March 2611:50 PM CSTF0Reno, KS1.050$50 to $500

What this means

Ratings are the survey's, read off the damage rather than measured; the rating scale is above. Tornado counts rise through the record as reporting improved, so a year in the 1950s is not comparable with one today except for the strongest tornadoes, which were always noticed.

Sources

NOAA Storm Prediction Center tornado database, 1950-2025, the official record kept by NOAA's Storm Prediction Center.