Tornadoes · United States · Alabama · 2016

EF2 tornado, Nathan to Jones Chapel, Alabama, November 29, 2016

From Nathan to Jones Chapel, this EF2 tornado ran 9.5 miles across Winston and Cullman counties on November 29, 2016, touching down at 8:52 PM CST and reaching 1,000 yards wide. It killed nobody.

The rating scale

Tracks are drawn in the color of the rating. The Enhanced Fujita scale rates the damage rather than measuring the wind: the speeds are what that damage is taken to imply.

  1. EF065 to 85 mph

    Light damage. Surface peeled off some roofs, gutters and siding damaged, branches broken, shallow-rooted trees pushed over.

  2. EF186 to 110 mph

    Moderate damage. Roofs badly stripped, mobile homes overturned or badly damaged, exterior doors lost, windows broken.

  3. EF2111 to 135 mphthis tornado

    Considerable damage. Roofs torn off well-built houses, frame homes shifted on their foundations, mobile homes destroyed, large trees snapped or uprooted, cars lifted off the ground.

  4. EF3136 to 165 mph

    Severe damage. Whole stories of well-built houses destroyed, large buildings badly damaged, trains overturned, trees debarked, heavy cars lifted and thrown.

  5. EF4166 to 200 mph

    Devastating damage. Well-built houses leveled, structures with weak foundations moved some distance, cars thrown and large missiles generated.

  6. EF5over 200 mph

    Incredible damage. Strong frame houses swept off their foundations, car-sized missiles thrown more than 100 meters, steel-reinforced concrete badly damaged, high-rise buildings deformed.

  7. Unrated

    The survey recorded a tornado but could not put a number on it, most often because it crossed open country and damaged nothing a rating can be read from.

The record

Rating
EF2
Date
November 29, 2016
Touchdown
8:52 PM CST (02:52 UTC)
Lifted
9:07 PM CST (03:07 UTC)
On the ground
15 minutes
Path length
9.5 miles (15.3 km)
Path width
1,000 yards (914 m)
Deaths
0
Injuries
0
Counties
Winston and Cullman counties
Touchdown point
34.070, -87.202
Lift-off point
34.160, -87.078
Record number
1611292052-01

The damage survey

87 damage points were recorded along this path by NWS BMX and NWS HUN, in the Damage Assessment Toolkit the survey teams carry. The strongest indicator was rated EF2. The highest wind the damage implies is 132 mph.

  • telephone pole sheared off. Approximate end point of Arley EF-1 Tornado.
  • telephone pole sheared off
  • fire dept training center collapsed
  • concrete base broken of at least 3 poles

Survey points are preliminary and are the raw material the published rating was built from. Source: NWS Damage Assessment Toolkit.

What the Weather Service recorded

A warm front moved northward during the day on Tuesday, November 29th, and surface temperatures climbed into the 70s across north Alabama. Low level shear and storm relative helicity increased over west Alabama Tuesday evening and discrete supercells developed over west Alabama.

A tornado outbreak occurred during the evening hours of the 29th into the early morning hours of the 30th. A very mild and unstable air mass was in place along with a strong southwesterly upper level jet. These ingredients combined with a cold front and pre-frontal trough sweeping from west to east across the area sparked scattered supercell thunderstorms during the evening, a few of which were tornadic. This was followed by a quasi-linear convective system (QLCS) that occurred with the trough, which also was responsible for severe weather. Beneficial rainfall occurred with this system with 2-5 inches reported. Some of the rainfall fell fast enough to produce brief flash flooding in the Florence area during the evening.

National Weather Service meteorologists surveyed damage in eastern Winston County near Arley and determined that the damage was consistent with an EF-2 tornado, with maximum winds estimated near 130 mph.||This tornado touched down in a wooded area just northeast of Southside Drive and southwest of Winston County Road 3906. As it crossed Winston County Road 3906 and neared County Road 12, the circulation became substantially stronger and snapped numerous pine trees and caused minor structure damage to two homes along County Road 12. It continued to snap trees and cause minor structural damage as it crossed County Road 77/ Helicon Rd and Hosanna Highway. As it neared Hosanna Highway along the shores of Smith Lake, it intensified to EF-2 strength with wind speeds of 130 to 135 mph, rendering 4 homes as uninhabitable/destroyed. As the tornado crossed Smith Lake, it decreased intensity but widened to a maximum path width of 1000 yards. The tornado re-intensified and narrowed as it continued to move northeastward along County Road 77/Helicon Road, snapping and uprooting trees and damaging another 10 homes and several sheds and outbuildings, and snapping more than a quarter mile stretch of concrete power poles. The tornado continued to brush the south side of Helicon, destroying a Fire Department training building and passing over a community storm shelter. From there it continued northeastward across Winston County Road 40 and weakened as it crossed into Cullman County approximately 2 miles ENE of Helicon.

This tornado was originally the Arley/Helicon EF-2 tornado that originated in Winston County. It continued across County Road 986, causing significant damage to a barn and snapping several hardwood and softwood trees. The tornado continued northeast, continued to snap trees and destroyed another shed as it crossed CR 946 and 939. It appeared to lift northeast of CR 939.

From NOAA NCEI's Storm Events Database, the narrative the local forecast office wrote for Storm Data.

The forecast that day

The Storm Prediction Center had this point in a Enhanced Risk, with a 0.10 chance of a tornado within 25 miles, in the hatched area where significant tornadoes were expected. The outlook in force was issued at 00:51 UTC.

SPC's Day 1 convective outlook as it stood when the tornado began, read at the touchdown point. The same archive is on the radar archive.

What forecasters said that day

The local office's own words before the tornado touched down, as it sent them, from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service text.

NWS Birmingham, AL wrote its last area forecast discussion before the tornado touched down at Nov 29, 5:33 PM CST, 3 hours 19 minutes earlier.

Area forecast discussion, Nov 29, 5:33 PM CST, 3 hours 19 minutes before
Area Forecast Discussion
National Weather Service Birmingham AL
533 PM CST Tue Nov 29 2016

.UPDATE...
For 00Z Aviation.

&&

.DISCUSSION...

The second round of severe weather is beginning to take shape over
Mississippi. The surface warm front has pushed to near the I-20
corridor and will push north of central Alabama this evening. It
appears the majority of the discrete supercells will remain in
Mississippi in the near term, although a few could impact our
far western counties. The main severe threat will be along a QLCS
that will form in northern Mississippi this evening ahead an
approaching cold front. The models have trended towards a slower
development of the main convective line, and not impacting our
northwest counties until late evening. The greatest threat for
severe storms will be across our northwest counties, where the low
level jet will be strongest and veering wind profiles maximized.
The convective line will shift slowly southeast during the
overnight hours and close to the I-59 corridor near sunrise
Wednesday. The line itself will likely maintain its strength due
to strong low level moisture influx. The tornado threat should
decrease after the line moves south of I-59 as the low level flow
veers, but isolated tornadoes still possible. The convective line
should be near the I-85 corridor by Noon Wednesday, and exiting
our southeast counties by 2 pm. Earlier model runs had the QLCS
developing over nw Alabama with little movement for several hours.
With the line farther northwest, reduced rainfall totals for areas
north of I-20.

Clearing and turning colder Wednesday night with dry conditions
Thursday through Friday. The weekend is still looking wet for
central Alabama, especially Sunday, as a northern stream short
wave trof picks up deeper moisture streaming out of the Southwest
States. The air mass will be fairly stable on Sunday, so only
showers expected. The models are diverge with the timing and
ejection of the upper low over the Southwest States early next
week, so low confidence for any strong/severe potential at this
time.

58/rose

&&

.AVIATION...
00Z TAF Discussion.

Adjustments made for the timing of TSRA. Warm front currently
located south of MGM/TOI will move northward this evening
providing scattered rain showers for Central AL. Because of this,
have left mention of VCSH for TAF sites through the evening. Cold
front is still located further west into Arkansas, and the line of
storms is holding back into Mississippi this afternoon. Have
adjusted the time of arrival until early morning hours tomorrow.
Some storms that are just across the state line into MS could
impact TCL before the main line gets into Central AL, so have
introduced TSRA around 2-3z for TCL. Line of storms moves from
west to east across Central AL in the early morning hours on
Wednesday, with TSRA along the line followed by SHRA towards the
end of the 24 hour TAF period.

25/Owen

&&

.FIRE WEATHER...

Much of Central Alabama received beneficial rainfall Monday night and
another wave of heavy rainfall is expected tonight through Wednesday
morning. Additional rainfall of 1-2 inches is possible. Drier air
should move into the area on Thursday and Friday but moisture
returns Saturday with another round of showers expected through
the weekend.

&&

.PRELIMINARY POINT TEMPS/POPS...
Gadsden     62  63  35  56  31 / 100  90  10  10   0
Anniston    63  64  38  58  33 /  80 100  10  10   0
Birmingham  62  64  39  58  34 / 100  80   0  10   0
Tuscaloosa  60  62  37  59  33 / 100  70   0  10   0
Calera      62  65  38  58  34 / 100 100  10  10   0
Auburn      66  68  42  60  37 /  30 100  10  10   0
Montgomery  66  68  40  62  35 /  50 100  10  10   0
Troy        65  72  41  62  36 /  30 100  10  10   0

&&

.BMX WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES/...
None.

&&
Hazardous weather outlook, Nov 29, 5:01 PM CST, 3 hours 51 minutes before
HAZARDOUS WEATHER OUTLOOK
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE BIRMINGHAM AL
501 PM CST TUE NOV 29 2016

ALZ011>015-017>050-010215-
MARION-LAMAR-FAYETTE-WINSTON-WALKER-BLOUNT-ETOWAH-CALHOUN-CHEROKEE-
CLEBURNE-PICKENS-TUSCALOOSA-JEFFERSON-SHELBY-ST. CLAIR-TALLADEGA-
CLAY-RANDOLPH-SUMTER-GREENE-HALE-PERRY-BIBB-CHILTON-COOSA-TALLAPOOSA-
CHAMBERS-MARENGO-DALLAS-AUTAUGA-LOWNDES-ELMORE-MONTGOMERY-MACON-
BULLOCK-LEE-RUSSELL-PIKE-BARBOUR-
501 PM CST TUE NOV 29 2016

THIS HAZARDOUS WEATHER OUTLOOK IS FOR THE COUNTIES SERVED BY THE
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE OFFICE IN BIRMINGHAM.

.DAY ONE...THROUGH TONIGHT.

A THREAT FOR SUPERCELLS AND TORNADOES IS EXPECTED TO EVOLVE NEAR
OR AFTER 6 PM ACROSS THE NORTHWEST. A COUPLE OF SIGNIFICANT
TORNADOES CANNOT BE RULED OUT ACROSS LAMAR, MARION, FAYETTE AND
WINSTON COUNTIES THROUGH AROUND 3 AM.

AFTER 3 AM, THE THREAT SHOULD TRANSITION INTO A LINE OF STORMS
CAPABLE OF PRODUCING DAMAGING WINDS AND FEW BRIEF TORNADOES AS FAR
EAST AS A LINE FROM SELMA TO ANNISTON THROUGH 6 AM WEDNESDAY.

.DAYS TWO THROUGH SEVEN...WEDNESDAY THROUGH MONDAY.

A LOW-END THREAT FOR DAMAGING WINDS AND BRIEF TORNADOES WILL
CONTINUE THROUGH EARLY WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON FOR THE EAST AND
SOUTHEAST
COUNTIES.

.SPOTTER INFORMATION STATEMENT...

ACTIVATION OF STORM SPOTTERS AND EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT MAY BE
NEEDED LATE THIS EVENING THROUGH EARLY WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON.

In the hours before

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The air that afternoon

The radiosonde launches on either side of the tornado, from the nearest station that was launching then, drawn and analyzed the way Storm Lab does: the same diagram, the same parcel and shear definitions SPC's mesoanalysis uses.

Birmingham, AL (KBMX), 00:00Z

2.9 hours before the tornado, 109 km from the path. November 30, 2016.

Skew-T log-pSkew-T log-p diagram, Birmingham, AL at 00:00Z on 2016-11-30Temperature and dew point through the depth of the atmosphere, with the mixed-layer parcel lifted from the surface. Mixed-layer CAPE 606 joules per kilogram, CIN -32, lifted condensation level 698 meters above ground. Wind barbs in knots down the right edge.LCLLFCEL10008507005003002001001 km2 km3 km6 km9 km12 km15 km-30°-20°-10°0°10°20°30°40°
Temperature in red, dew point in green, the mixed-layer parcel dashed. The warm shading is its CAPE, the cool shading the inhibition it has to break through.
HodographHodograph, Birmingham, AL at 00:00Z on 2016-11-30The wind through the lowest 10 kilometers as a curve, rings every 10 meters per second labeled in knots. Zero to 1 km storm-relative helicity 410 square meters per square second, 0 to 6 km bulk shear 67 knots.1939587897117136Sfc1 km3 km6 km9 kmRMLM
The wind turning with height, colored by layer: ground to 1 km, 1 to 3 km, 3 to 6 km, 6 to 10 km. RM and LM are the right and left moving storms Bunkers' method gives; the shaded area is the 0 to 1 km storm-relative helicity.
Mixed-layer CAPE
606 J/kg
Mixed-layer CIN
-32 J/kg
Surface CAPE
319 J/kg
Mixed-layer LCL
698 m above ground
0-6 km bulk shear
67 kt
0-1 km bulk shear
33 kt
0-1 km storm-relative helicity
410 m²/s²
0-3 km storm-relative helicity
477 m²/s²
Significant tornado parameter
1.7
Supercell composite
7.4
0-3 km lapse rate
5.5 K/km

Open this sounding in Storm Lab

Birmingham, AL (KBMX), 12:00Z

9.1 hours after it, 109 km from the path. November 30, 2016.

Skew-T log-pSkew-T log-p diagram, Birmingham, AL at 12:00Z on 2016-11-30Temperature and dew point through the depth of the atmosphere, with the mixed-layer parcel lifted from the surface. Mixed-layer CAPE 492 joules per kilogram, CIN -3, lifted condensation level 638 meters above ground. Wind barbs in knots down the right edge.LCLLFCEL10008507005003002001001 km2 km3 km6 km9 km12 km15 km-30°-20°-10°0°10°20°30°40°
Temperature in red, dew point in green, the mixed-layer parcel dashed. The warm shading is its CAPE, the cool shading the inhibition it has to break through.
HodographHodograph, Birmingham, AL at 12:00Z on 2016-11-30The wind through the lowest 10 kilometers as a curve, rings every 10 meters per second labeled in knots. Zero to 1 km storm-relative helicity 288 square meters per square second, 0 to 6 km bulk shear 77 knots.1939587897Sfc1 km3 km6 km9 kmRMLM
The wind turning with height, colored by layer: ground to 1 km, 1 to 3 km, 3 to 6 km, 6 to 10 km. RM and LM are the right and left moving storms Bunkers' method gives; the shaded area is the 0 to 1 km storm-relative helicity.
Mixed-layer CAPE
492 J/kg
Mixed-layer CIN
-3 J/kg
Surface CAPE
1190 J/kg
Mixed-layer LCL
638 m above ground
0-6 km bulk shear
77 kt
0-1 km bulk shear
37 kt
0-1 km storm-relative helicity
288 m²/s²
0-3 km storm-relative helicity
321 m²/s²
Significant tornado parameter
1.0
Supercell composite
7.4
0-3 km lapse rate
6.1 K/km

Open this sounding in Storm Lab

The surface observations

Manchester (JFX), 29 km from the path, in the two hours either side.

Time (UTC)Temp (°F)Dew point (°F)WindGust (kt)Pressure (mb)Weather
00:00 UTC

From the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of airport observations.

The radar

The Birmingham radar (KBMX), 110 km away, was scanning. The volume nearest the touchdown began at 02:54 UTC.

Open the radar archive at this moment, over the track

Reflectivity and velocity, decoded from the Level II archive in the browser. Volumes take a few seconds to open the first time.

This ground now

The live radar over the trackEvery 2016 tornado in AlabamaEvery tornado in Alabama since 1950Warnings in force in Alabama nowThe forecast where you are

The other tornadoes of November 29, 2016

21 more were confirmed in the United States that day.

DateTimeRatingWherePath (mi)Width (yd)DeathsInjuriesDamage
November 293:57 PM CSTEF1Rankin, MS23.9300$200,000
November 295:49 PM CSTEF1Winston, MS5.5170$180,000
November 295:52 PM CSTEF1Oktibbeha, MS3.6150$45,000
November 296:12 PM CSTEF1Clay, MS8.9200$220,000
November 297:05 PM CSTEF2Franklin, AL10.91003
November 297:15 PM CSTEF1Pickens, AL5.3600
November 297:29 PM CSTEF0Marion, AL10.6150
November 298:04 PM CSTEF1Winston, AL0.4100
November 298:06 PM CSTEF0Fayette, AL0.350
November 298:06 PM CSTEF2Winston, AL3.2300
November 298:12 PM CSTEF1Lowndes, MS3.5100$50,000
November 298:40 PM CSTEF3Morgan, AL6.2175
November 299:05 PM CSTEF1Coffee, TN8.03001$750,000
November 299:24 PM CSTEF1Coffee, TN3.5200$250,000
November 299:29 PM CSTEF2Madison, AL19.9150
November 2910:02 PM CSTEF1Jackson, AL0.940
November 2910:20 PM CSTEF1Winston, AL3.1100
November 2911:00 PM CSTEF1Jackson, AL2.3150
November 2911:03 PM CSTEF2Sequatchie, TN8.23502
November 2911:05 PM CSTEF1Marshall, AL1.250
November 2911:40 PM CSTEF1Lamar, AL9.7600

What this means

Ratings are the survey's, read off the damage rather than measured; the rating scale is above. Tornado counts rise through the record as reporting improved, so a year in the 1950s is not comparable with one today except for the strongest tornadoes, which were always noticed.

Sources

NOAA Storm Prediction Center tornado database, 1950-2025, the official record kept by NOAA's Storm Prediction Center.