Tornadoes · United States · Alabama · 2016
EF2 tornado, Nathan to Jones Chapel, Alabama, November 29, 2016
From Nathan to Jones Chapel, this EF2 tornado ran 9.5 miles across Winston and Cullman counties on November 29, 2016, touching down at 8:52 PM CST and reaching 1,000 yards wide. It killed nobody.
The rating scale
Tracks are drawn in the color of the rating. The Enhanced Fujita scale rates the damage rather than measuring the wind: the speeds are what that damage is taken to imply.
EF065 to 85 mph
Light damage. Surface peeled off some roofs, gutters and siding damaged, branches broken, shallow-rooted trees pushed over.
EF186 to 110 mph
Moderate damage. Roofs badly stripped, mobile homes overturned or badly damaged, exterior doors lost, windows broken.
EF2111 to 135 mphthis tornado
Considerable damage. Roofs torn off well-built houses, frame homes shifted on their foundations, mobile homes destroyed, large trees snapped or uprooted, cars lifted off the ground.
EF3136 to 165 mph
Severe damage. Whole stories of well-built houses destroyed, large buildings badly damaged, trains overturned, trees debarked, heavy cars lifted and thrown.
EF4166 to 200 mph
Devastating damage. Well-built houses leveled, structures with weak foundations moved some distance, cars thrown and large missiles generated.
EF5over 200 mph
Incredible damage. Strong frame houses swept off their foundations, car-sized missiles thrown more than 100 meters, steel-reinforced concrete badly damaged, high-rise buildings deformed.
Unrated
The survey recorded a tornado but could not put a number on it, most often because it crossed open country and damaged nothing a rating can be read from.
The record
- Rating
- EF2
- Date
- November 29, 2016
- Touchdown
- 8:52 PM CST (02:52 UTC)
- Lifted
- 9:07 PM CST (03:07 UTC)
- On the ground
- 15 minutes
- Path length
- 9.5 miles (15.3 km)
- Path width
- 1,000 yards (914 m)
- Deaths
- 0
- Injuries
- 0
- Counties
- Winston and Cullman counties
- Touchdown point
- 34.070, -87.202
- Lift-off point
- 34.160, -87.078
- Record number
- 1611292052-01
The damage survey
87 damage points were recorded along this path by NWS BMX and NWS HUN, in the Damage Assessment Toolkit the survey teams carry. The strongest indicator was rated EF2. The highest wind the damage implies is 132 mph.
- telephone pole sheared off. Approximate end point of Arley EF-1 Tornado.
- telephone pole sheared off
- fire dept training center collapsed
- concrete base broken of at least 3 poles
Survey points are preliminary and are the raw material the published rating was built from. Source: NWS Damage Assessment Toolkit.
What the Weather Service recorded
A warm front moved northward during the day on Tuesday, November 29th, and surface temperatures climbed into the 70s across north Alabama. Low level shear and storm relative helicity increased over west Alabama Tuesday evening and discrete supercells developed over west Alabama.
A tornado outbreak occurred during the evening hours of the 29th into the early morning hours of the 30th. A very mild and unstable air mass was in place along with a strong southwesterly upper level jet. These ingredients combined with a cold front and pre-frontal trough sweeping from west to east across the area sparked scattered supercell thunderstorms during the evening, a few of which were tornadic. This was followed by a quasi-linear convective system (QLCS) that occurred with the trough, which also was responsible for severe weather. Beneficial rainfall occurred with this system with 2-5 inches reported. Some of the rainfall fell fast enough to produce brief flash flooding in the Florence area during the evening.
National Weather Service meteorologists surveyed damage in eastern Winston County near Arley and determined that the damage was consistent with an EF-2 tornado, with maximum winds estimated near 130 mph.||This tornado touched down in a wooded area just northeast of Southside Drive and southwest of Winston County Road 3906. As it crossed Winston County Road 3906 and neared County Road 12, the circulation became substantially stronger and snapped numerous pine trees and caused minor structure damage to two homes along County Road 12. It continued to snap trees and cause minor structural damage as it crossed County Road 77/ Helicon Rd and Hosanna Highway. As it neared Hosanna Highway along the shores of Smith Lake, it intensified to EF-2 strength with wind speeds of 130 to 135 mph, rendering 4 homes as uninhabitable/destroyed. As the tornado crossed Smith Lake, it decreased intensity but widened to a maximum path width of 1000 yards. The tornado re-intensified and narrowed as it continued to move northeastward along County Road 77/Helicon Road, snapping and uprooting trees and damaging another 10 homes and several sheds and outbuildings, and snapping more than a quarter mile stretch of concrete power poles. The tornado continued to brush the south side of Helicon, destroying a Fire Department training building and passing over a community storm shelter. From there it continued northeastward across Winston County Road 40 and weakened as it crossed into Cullman County approximately 2 miles ENE of Helicon.
This tornado was originally the Arley/Helicon EF-2 tornado that originated in Winston County. It continued across County Road 986, causing significant damage to a barn and snapping several hardwood and softwood trees. The tornado continued northeast, continued to snap trees and destroyed another shed as it crossed CR 946 and 939. It appeared to lift northeast of CR 939.
From NOAA NCEI's Storm Events Database, the narrative the local forecast office wrote for Storm Data.
The forecast that day
The Storm Prediction Center had this point in a Enhanced Risk, with a 0.10 chance of a tornado within 25 miles, in the hatched area where significant tornadoes were expected. The outlook in force was issued at 00:51 UTC.
SPC's Day 1 convective outlook as it stood when the tornado began, read at the touchdown point. The same archive is on the radar archive.
What forecasters said that day
The local office's own words before the tornado touched down, as it sent them, from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service text.
NWS Birmingham, AL wrote its last area forecast discussion before the tornado touched down at Nov 29, 5:33 PM CST, 3 hours 19 minutes earlier.
Area forecast discussion, Nov 29, 5:33 PM CST, 3 hours 19 minutes before
Area Forecast Discussion National Weather Service Birmingham AL 533 PM CST Tue Nov 29 2016 .UPDATE... For 00Z Aviation. && .DISCUSSION... The second round of severe weather is beginning to take shape over Mississippi. The surface warm front has pushed to near the I-20 corridor and will push north of central Alabama this evening. It appears the majority of the discrete supercells will remain in Mississippi in the near term, although a few could impact our far western counties. The main severe threat will be along a QLCS that will form in northern Mississippi this evening ahead an approaching cold front. The models have trended towards a slower development of the main convective line, and not impacting our northwest counties until late evening. The greatest threat for severe storms will be across our northwest counties, where the low level jet will be strongest and veering wind profiles maximized. The convective line will shift slowly southeast during the overnight hours and close to the I-59 corridor near sunrise Wednesday. The line itself will likely maintain its strength due to strong low level moisture influx. The tornado threat should decrease after the line moves south of I-59 as the low level flow veers, but isolated tornadoes still possible. The convective line should be near the I-85 corridor by Noon Wednesday, and exiting our southeast counties by 2 pm. Earlier model runs had the QLCS developing over nw Alabama with little movement for several hours. With the line farther northwest, reduced rainfall totals for areas north of I-20. Clearing and turning colder Wednesday night with dry conditions Thursday through Friday. The weekend is still looking wet for central Alabama, especially Sunday, as a northern stream short wave trof picks up deeper moisture streaming out of the Southwest States. The air mass will be fairly stable on Sunday, so only showers expected. The models are diverge with the timing and ejection of the upper low over the Southwest States early next week, so low confidence for any strong/severe potential at this time. 58/rose && .AVIATION... 00Z TAF Discussion. Adjustments made for the timing of TSRA. Warm front currently located south of MGM/TOI will move northward this evening providing scattered rain showers for Central AL. Because of this, have left mention of VCSH for TAF sites through the evening. Cold front is still located further west into Arkansas, and the line of storms is holding back into Mississippi this afternoon. Have adjusted the time of arrival until early morning hours tomorrow. Some storms that are just across the state line into MS could impact TCL before the main line gets into Central AL, so have introduced TSRA around 2-3z for TCL. Line of storms moves from west to east across Central AL in the early morning hours on Wednesday, with TSRA along the line followed by SHRA towards the end of the 24 hour TAF period. 25/Owen && .FIRE WEATHER... Much of Central Alabama received beneficial rainfall Monday night and another wave of heavy rainfall is expected tonight through Wednesday morning. Additional rainfall of 1-2 inches is possible. Drier air should move into the area on Thursday and Friday but moisture returns Saturday with another round of showers expected through the weekend. && .PRELIMINARY POINT TEMPS/POPS... Gadsden 62 63 35 56 31 / 100 90 10 10 0 Anniston 63 64 38 58 33 / 80 100 10 10 0 Birmingham 62 64 39 58 34 / 100 80 0 10 0 Tuscaloosa 60 62 37 59 33 / 100 70 0 10 0 Calera 62 65 38 58 34 / 100 100 10 10 0 Auburn 66 68 42 60 37 / 30 100 10 10 0 Montgomery 66 68 40 62 35 / 50 100 10 10 0 Troy 65 72 41 62 36 / 30 100 10 10 0 && .BMX WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES/... None. &&
Hazardous weather outlook, Nov 29, 5:01 PM CST, 3 hours 51 minutes before
HAZARDOUS WEATHER OUTLOOK NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE BIRMINGHAM AL 501 PM CST TUE NOV 29 2016 ALZ011>015-017>050-010215- MARION-LAMAR-FAYETTE-WINSTON-WALKER-BLOUNT-ETOWAH-CALHOUN-CHEROKEE- CLEBURNE-PICKENS-TUSCALOOSA-JEFFERSON-SHELBY-ST. CLAIR-TALLADEGA- CLAY-RANDOLPH-SUMTER-GREENE-HALE-PERRY-BIBB-CHILTON-COOSA-TALLAPOOSA- CHAMBERS-MARENGO-DALLAS-AUTAUGA-LOWNDES-ELMORE-MONTGOMERY-MACON- BULLOCK-LEE-RUSSELL-PIKE-BARBOUR- 501 PM CST TUE NOV 29 2016 THIS HAZARDOUS WEATHER OUTLOOK IS FOR THE COUNTIES SERVED BY THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE OFFICE IN BIRMINGHAM. .DAY ONE...THROUGH TONIGHT. A THREAT FOR SUPERCELLS AND TORNADOES IS EXPECTED TO EVOLVE NEAR OR AFTER 6 PM ACROSS THE NORTHWEST. A COUPLE OF SIGNIFICANT TORNADOES CANNOT BE RULED OUT ACROSS LAMAR, MARION, FAYETTE AND WINSTON COUNTIES THROUGH AROUND 3 AM. AFTER 3 AM, THE THREAT SHOULD TRANSITION INTO A LINE OF STORMS CAPABLE OF PRODUCING DAMAGING WINDS AND FEW BRIEF TORNADOES AS FAR EAST AS A LINE FROM SELMA TO ANNISTON THROUGH 6 AM WEDNESDAY. .DAYS TWO THROUGH SEVEN...WEDNESDAY THROUGH MONDAY. A LOW-END THREAT FOR DAMAGING WINDS AND BRIEF TORNADOES WILL CONTINUE THROUGH EARLY WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON FOR THE EAST AND SOUTHEAST COUNTIES. .SPOTTER INFORMATION STATEMENT... ACTIVATION OF STORM SPOTTERS AND EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT MAY BE NEEDED LATE THIS EVENING THROUGH EARLY WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON.
In the hours before
Local storm report, Nov 29, 7:37 PM CST, 1 hour 15 minutes before
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</html>The air that afternoon
The radiosonde launches on either side of the tornado, from the nearest station that was launching then, drawn and analyzed the way Storm Lab does: the same diagram, the same parcel and shear definitions SPC's mesoanalysis uses.
Birmingham, AL (KBMX), 00:00Z
2.9 hours before the tornado, 109 km from the path. November 30, 2016.
- Mixed-layer CAPE
- 606 J/kg
- Mixed-layer CIN
- -32 J/kg
- Surface CAPE
- 319 J/kg
- Mixed-layer LCL
- 698 m above ground
- 0-6 km bulk shear
- 67 kt
- 0-1 km bulk shear
- 33 kt
- 0-1 km storm-relative helicity
- 410 m²/s²
- 0-3 km storm-relative helicity
- 477 m²/s²
- Significant tornado parameter
- 1.7
- Supercell composite
- 7.4
- 0-3 km lapse rate
- 5.5 K/km
Birmingham, AL (KBMX), 12:00Z
9.1 hours after it, 109 km from the path. November 30, 2016.
- Mixed-layer CAPE
- 492 J/kg
- Mixed-layer CIN
- -3 J/kg
- Surface CAPE
- 1190 J/kg
- Mixed-layer LCL
- 638 m above ground
- 0-6 km bulk shear
- 77 kt
- 0-1 km bulk shear
- 37 kt
- 0-1 km storm-relative helicity
- 288 m²/s²
- 0-3 km storm-relative helicity
- 321 m²/s²
- Significant tornado parameter
- 1.0
- Supercell composite
- 7.4
- 0-3 km lapse rate
- 6.1 K/km
The surface observations
Manchester (JFX), 29 km from the path, in the two hours either side.
| Time (UTC) | Temp (°F) | Dew point (°F) | Wind | Gust (kt) | Pressure (mb) | Weather |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 00:00 UTC |
From the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of airport observations.
The radar
The Birmingham radar (KBMX), 110 km away, was scanning. The volume nearest the touchdown began at 02:54 UTC.
Open the radar archive at this moment, over the track
Reflectivity and velocity, decoded from the Level II archive in the browser. Volumes take a few seconds to open the first time.
This ground now
The live radar over the trackEvery 2016 tornado in AlabamaEvery tornado in Alabama since 1950Warnings in force in Alabama nowThe forecast where you are
The other tornadoes of November 29, 2016
21 more were confirmed in the United States that day.
| Date | Time | Rating | Where | Path (mi) | Width (yd) | Deaths | Injuries | Damage |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| November 29 | 3:57 PM CST | EF1 | Rankin, MS | 23.9 | 300 | $200,000 | ||
| November 29 | 5:49 PM CST | EF1 | Winston, MS | 5.5 | 170 | $180,000 | ||
| November 29 | 5:52 PM CST | EF1 | Oktibbeha, MS | 3.6 | 150 | $45,000 | ||
| November 29 | 6:12 PM CST | EF1 | Clay, MS | 8.9 | 200 | $220,000 | ||
| November 29 | 7:05 PM CST | EF2 | Franklin, AL | 10.9 | 100 | 3 | ||
| November 29 | 7:15 PM CST | EF1 | Pickens, AL | 5.3 | 600 | |||
| November 29 | 7:29 PM CST | EF0 | Marion, AL | 10.6 | 150 | |||
| November 29 | 8:04 PM CST | EF1 | Winston, AL | 0.4 | 100 | |||
| November 29 | 8:06 PM CST | EF0 | Fayette, AL | 0.3 | 50 | |||
| November 29 | 8:06 PM CST | EF2 | Winston, AL | 3.2 | 300 | |||
| November 29 | 8:12 PM CST | EF1 | Lowndes, MS | 3.5 | 100 | $50,000 | ||
| November 29 | 8:40 PM CST | EF3 | Morgan, AL | 6.2 | 175 | |||
| November 29 | 9:05 PM CST | EF1 | Coffee, TN | 8.0 | 300 | 1 | $750,000 | |
| November 29 | 9:24 PM CST | EF1 | Coffee, TN | 3.5 | 200 | $250,000 | ||
| November 29 | 9:29 PM CST | EF2 | Madison, AL | 19.9 | 150 | |||
| November 29 | 10:02 PM CST | EF1 | Jackson, AL | 0.9 | 40 | |||
| November 29 | 10:20 PM CST | EF1 | Winston, AL | 3.1 | 100 | |||
| November 29 | 11:00 PM CST | EF1 | Jackson, AL | 2.3 | 150 | |||
| November 29 | 11:03 PM CST | EF2 | Sequatchie, TN | 8.2 | 350 | 2 | ||
| November 29 | 11:05 PM CST | EF1 | Marshall, AL | 1.2 | 50 | |||
| November 29 | 11:40 PM CST | EF1 | Lamar, AL | 9.7 | 600 |
What this means
Ratings are the survey's, read off the damage rather than measured; the rating scale is above. Tornado counts rise through the record as reporting improved, so a year in the 1950s is not comparable with one today except for the strongest tornadoes, which were always noticed.
Sources
NOAA Storm Prediction Center tornado database, 1950-2025, the official record kept by NOAA's Storm Prediction Center.