A large upper level ridge was centered over the central part of the country. Weak upper level storm systems riding along the periphery of this ridge were triggering thunderstorms over the Ohio Valley that then moved south into our area.
Every event with a place to put it. Tap one for its entry below.
Deaths and injuries are direct and indirect together, as the offices filed them. Damage is property and crops in the dollars of the year, not adjusted for inflation, and only where an office estimated it.
The episode as NWS RNK wrote it up.
A large upper level ridge was centered over the central part of the country. Weak upper level storm systems riding along the periphery of this ridge were triggering thunderstorms over the Ohio Valley that then moved south into our area. Most of these storms weakened, however a couple became strong to severe near the Virginia and North Carolina border.
The local office's own words before the first event, as it sent them, from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service text.
NWS Blacksburg, VA wrote its last area forecast discussion before the first event at Jul 19, 2:14 PM EST, 20 minutes earlier.
AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE BLACKSBURG VA
314 PM EDT TUE JUL 19 2011
.SYNOPSIS...
A STATIONARY FRONT WILL REMAIN STALLED ACROSS THE MASON DIXON LINE
THROUGH TONIGHT. A LEE TROUGH MAY LEAD TO A FEW STORMS EAST OF THE
BLUE RIDGE ON WEDNESDAY. A STRONG UPPER LEVEL RIDGE OVER THE
CENTRAL PART OF THE COUNTRY WILL MOVE EAST LATER IN THE WEEK
BRINGING HOT TEMPERATURES TO OUR AREA.
&&
.NEAR TERM /THROUGH WEDNESDAY/...
EARLIER SHOWERS AND STORMS ACROSS SE WEST VA AND THE NEW RIVER
VALLEY HAVE PRETTY MUCH STABILIZED THE ATMOSPHERE ENOUGH SUCH THAT
ONLY A SMALL CHC FOR SHWS OR STORMS EXISTS THIS EVENING. THE BEST
CHC FOR STORMS THIS EVENING AND OVERNIGHT WILL BE THROUGH THE VA
SOUTHSIDE AND NC PIEDMONT...WHERE IT HASNT RAINED TODAY AND
INSTABILITY HAS INCREASED THROUGH THE DAY. HOWEVER...EVEN THOSE
PARTS OF THE CWA ARE CURRENTLY FIGHTING THICK CIRRUS. ENOUGH
HEATING MIGHT BREAK THROUGH EARLY THIS EVENING FOR SCATTERED
STORMS...SOME OF WHICH COULD BE STRONG PER SPC. AS AFTERNOON CU
ERODES TONIGHT FOG...PERHAPS EVEN DENSE IN THE GREENBRIER...WILL
FILL IN ACROSS THE REGIONS WHICH EXPERIENCED RAIN TODAY. FOR
TOMORROW...WITH MIDLEVEL TEMPS INCREASING AND THUS LAPSE RATES
DWINDLING AS THE MIDWEST RIDGE EXPANDS EAST...BEST CHCS FOR
CONVECTION AGAIN WILL RESIDE ACROSS THE PIEDMONT AND SOUTHSIDE
WITH A LEE TROUGH IN PLACE. DRIER H7 AIR WILL ALSO BE ARRIVING
FIRST ACROSS THE WESTERN HALF OF THE CWA. MOS HAS BEEN TOO WARM
OVER THE PAST WEEK...SO DID UNDERCUT GUIDANCE BY A FEW DEGREES.
HEAT INDICES WILL RUN CLOSE TO 100F AT TIMES ACROSS THE
SOUTHSIDE...BUT CONSIDERING RECENT MOS WARM BIAS ON TEMPS AND
DEWPOINTS THINK VALUES WILL STAY BELOW ADVISORY LEVELS. WILL
MENTION IN HWO.
&&
.SHORT TERM /WEDNESDAY NIGHT THROUGH FRIDAY/...
INSTABILITY WILL LINGER INTO WEDNESDAY EVENING WITH A FEW STORMS
LIKELY STILL ONGOING ACROSS THE RIDGES BEFORE THINGS TAPER OFF TO
PC/CLEAR SKIES PRETTY QUICK WED NIGHT. UPPER RIDGE FINALLY BUILDS
EAST AND OVERHEAD FOR THURSDAY/FRIDAY RESULTING IN SOME OF THE
HOTTEST WEATHER SEEN THIS SUMMER. GIVEN 85H TEMPS NEAR +26C AND LOW
LEVEL WEST TO SW FLOW EXPECT HIGHS AROUND 90 WEST...OUTSIDE OF THE
HIGHEST ELEVATIONS...AND 95-101 FROM THE BLUE RIDGE EAST...WITH MOST
CLOSE TO 100 FRIDAY AFTERNOON. THIS COMBO WITH HIGH DEWPOINTS WILL
PUSH HEAD INDICES ABOVE 105 FOR A PERIOD BOTH AFTERNOONS WITH THE
HOTTEST FRIDAY WHEN COULD APPROACH 110 IN A FEW SPOTS. THUS WILL
KEEP MENTION IN THE HWO WITH ADVISORY LEVEL CRITERIA EXPECTED AND
READINGS QUITE MUGGY AT NIGHT WITH SOME SPOTS LIKELY STRUGGLING TO
FALL BACK TO THE MID/UPR 70S. DEGREE OF CONVECTION A BIT IFFY WITH
THINGS CAPPED ALOFT OVERTOP QUITE IMPRESSIVE INSTABILITY AND LOW
LEVEL RH. APPEARS THE LEAST COVERAGE THURSDAY AS THE RIDGE BUILDS
IN...THEN WIDELY SCATTERED MORE OROGRAPHIC TSRA FRIDAY AIDED BY
DIFFERENTIAL HEATING/WEAK FLOW AND LIKELY DRIVEN BY OUTFLOW ONCE ANY
STORMS DO DEVELOP. OTRW MAINLY SUNNY...HOT AND HUMID WITH 20/30 POPS
MAINLY MOUNTAINS BOTH DAYS.
&&
.LONG TERM /FRIDAY NIGHT THROUGH TUESDAY/...
HEAT WILL CONTINUE INTO THE WEEKEND AS THE CORE OF THE UPPER
RIDGE REMAINS IN PLACE THRU SATURDAY BEFORE 5H HEIGHTS START TO
LOWER A BIT ON SUNDAY IN RESPONSE TO S/W TROFFINESS CROSSING THE
GREAT LAKES. EXPECT WESTERLY FLOW TO AGAIN PUSH HIGHS INTO THE
UPPER 90S OUT EAST WITH MAINLY 85-90 WEST SAT. DESPITE WARMTH
ALOFT...APPEARS NOT ENOUGH OF A CAP TO HOLD BACK THE DEGREE OF LOW
LEVEL INSTABILITY AND MOISTURE ESPCLY ACROSS THE MOUNTAINS SO
KEEPING CHANCE POPS THERE SAT AFTERNOON AFTER ONLY ISOLATED
COVERAGE FRIDAY NIGHT.
GRADUAL TRANSITION BACK TO THE PATTERN SEEN MOST OF THE
SUMMER...WITH RIDGING OVER THE CENTRAL STATES...AND TROFFING ACROSS
THE NE LOOKS TO RE-EMERGE EARLY NEXT WEEK AS S/W ENERGY DIGS ACROSS
NEW ENGLAND. THIS SHOULD SEND ANOTHER COLD FRONT SE INTO THE AREA
LATER MONDAY AND PERHAPS PASSING TO THE SOUTH ON TUESDAY PER LATEST
EC/HPC SOLNS. AHEAD OF THE FRONT TEMPS WILL REMAIN HOT ON SUNDAY BUT
A LITTLE LOWER THAN SAT GIVEN COOLING ALOFT AND A BIT MORE
CONVECTION AS HEIGHTS FALL. HOWEVER STAYED ON THE WARM SIDE OF
HPC/MOS WITH LIGHT WESTERLY FLOW ESPCLY OVER THE EAST WHERE SHOULD
STILL SEE AT LEAST THE MID 90S. MORE SIGNIFICANT COOLING LIKELY
MONDAY-TUESDAY WITH THE FRONT PASSING AND POSSIBLY MORE WIDESPREAD
CLOUDS/CONVECTION MONDAY AFTERNOON FOLLOWED BY COOLER HIGH PRES TO
THE NORTH ON TUESDAY. THIS SHOULD KEEP HIGHS IN THE MID 80S TO LOW
90S MONDAY AND MAINLY DRY WITH TEMPS IN THE 80S TUESDAY UNDER
PERHAPS LESS HUMIDITY AS WELL.
&&
.AVIATION /19Z TUESDAY THROUGH SUNDAY/...
THICK MID AND HIGH CLOUDS ALONG WITH SHOWERS AND STORMS THROUGH SE
WEST VA AND THE NEW RIVER VALLEY HAVE KEPT TEMPS RATHER COOL THIS
AFTERNOON. FURTHER SOUTH...IN THE VA/NC PIEDMONT...THINNER CLDS
HAVE LED TO TEMPS CLOSE TO 90F AND MAY LEAD TO STRONGER SHWS AND
STORMS THERE LATER THIS AFTERNOON. WHERE THE RAIN FELL...FOG IS
LIKELY TONIGHT. EVEN SOME OF THE MORE CONSERVATIVE TERMINALS SUCH
AS ROA/BLF HAVE THE POTENTIAL FOR IFR VIS LATE TONIGHT. AS HIGH
CLOUDS MOVE SOUTH THIS AFTERNOON..THEY WILL BE REPLACED MAINLY BY
DIURNAL CU...WHICH WILL BURN OFF WITH SUNSET WITH SOME CLEARING.
THESE AREAS OF CLOUDLESS SKY ACROSS SE WEST VA SHOULD LEAD TO
LIFR VIS/CIG FOR SEVERAL HOURS TONIGHT. IFR CIGS MAY ALSO DEVELOP
AT KDAN IF THUNDERSTORMS FIRE THERE THIS AFTERNOON. WITH THE
EXCEPTION OF HZ...ALL SITES SHOULD BE VFR BY 15Z WED. STORMS WILL
BE ISOLATED AND CONFINED TO THE VA/NC BORDER TOMORROW AFTERNOON.
UPPER LEVEL HIGH PRESSURE WILL BRING HEAT EAST TO END THE
WEEK...WITH POSSIBLY IFR VIS AT LWB DURING THE MORNING HOURS.
STORMS WILL BE VERY ISOLATED IF ANY AT ALL.
&&
.CLIMATE...
RECORD HIGHS WED/20TH THU/21ST FRI/22ND
ROANOKE 104/1930 104/1926 103/1952
LYNCHBURG 102/1934 103/1926 102/1926
DANVILLE 102/1977 103/1952 104/1952
BLACKSBURG 91/1983 94/1983 95/1983
BLUEFIELD 89/1994 91/1983 87/2008
RECORD HIGH MINIMUM TEMPERATURES
WED/20TH THU/21ST FRI/22ND
ROANOKE 74/1977 75/2008 75/1912
LYNCHBURG 75/1942 80/1930 80/1930
DANVILLE 74/1986 75/1983 76/1977
BLACKSBURG 69/1996 68/2010 70/1983
BLUEFIELD 79/1995 71/2010 72/2010
&&
.RNK WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES...
VA...NONE.
NC...NONE.
WV...NONE.
&&
SYNOPSIS...JJ/KM
NEAR TERM...KM
SHORT TERM...JH
LONG TERM...JH
AVIATION...JJ/KM
CLIMATE...HAZARDOUS WEATHER OUTLOOK NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE BLACKSBURG VA 436 AM EDT TUE JUL 19 2011 NCZ001-002-018-VAZ007-009>020-WVZ042>045-201000- ASHE-ALLEGHANY NC-WATAUGA-TAZEWELL-SMYTH-BLAND-GILES-WYTHE-PULASKI- MONTGOMERY-GRAYSON-CARROLL-FLOYD-CRAIG-ALLEGHANY VA-BATH-MERCER- SUMMERS-MONROE-GREENBRIER- 436 AM EDT TUE JUL 19 2011 THIS HAZARDOUS WEATHER OUTLOOK IS FOR NORTHWEST NORTH CAROLINA...SOUTHWEST VIRGINIA...WEST CENTRAL VIRGINIA AND SOUTHEAST WEST VIRGINIA. .DAY ONE...TODAY AND TONIGHT. THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS THIS AFTERNOON AND EVENING. SCATTERED TO NUMEROUS THUNDERSTORMS ARE EXPECTED TO DROP SOUTH ACROSS THE REGION. SOME OF THE STORMS MAY BECOME SEVERE... PRODUCING DAMAGING WINDS ALONG WITH LOCALLY VERY HEAVY DOWNPOURS. .DAYS TWO THROUGH SEVEN...WEDNESDAY THROUGH MONDAY. HIGH TEMPERATURES AROUND 90 DEGREES...COMBINED WITH THE HUMIDITY...WILL PRODUCE HEAT INDEX VALUES IN THE MID TO UPPER 90S IN THE AFTERNOON AND EARLY EVENING HOURS FROM THURSDAY THROUGH SUNDAY. .SPOTTER INFORMATION STATEMENT... SPOTTER ACTIVATION IS NOT EXPECTED AT THIS TIME. NCZ003>006-019-020-VAZ022>024-032>035-043>047-058-059-201000- SURRY-STOKES-ROCKINGHAM-CASWELL-WILKES-YADKIN-ROANOKE-BOTETOURT- ROCKBRIDGE-PATRICK-FRANKLIN-BEDFORD-AMHERST-HENRY-PITTSYLVANIA- CAMPBELL-APPOMATTOX-BUCKINGHAM-HALIFAX-CHARLOTTE- 436 AM EDT TUE JUL 19 2011 THIS HAZARDOUS WEATHER OUTLOOK IS FOR NORTH CENTRAL NORTH CAROLINA...NORTHWEST NORTH CAROLINA...CENTRAL VIRGINIA...SOUTH CENTRAL VIRGINIA...SOUTHWEST VIRGINIA AND WEST CENTRAL VIRGINIA. .DAY ONE...TODAY AND TONIGHT. THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS THIS AFTERNOON AND EVENING. SCATTERED TO NUMEROUS THUNDERSTORMS ARE EXPECTED TO DROP SOUTH ACROSS THE REGION. SOME OF THE STORMS MAY BECOME SEVERE... PRODUCING DAMAGING WINDS ALONG WITH LOCALLY VERY HEAVY DOWNPOURS. .DAYS TWO THROUGH SEVEN...WEDNESDAY THROUGH MONDAY. HIGH TEMPERATURES RANGING FROM 95 TO 100...COMBINED WITH THE HUMIDITY...WILL PRODUCE HEAT INDEX VALUES NEAR 105 DEGREES IN THE AFTERNOON AND EARLY EVENING HOURS FROM THURSDAY THROUGH SUNDAY. .SPOTTER INFORMATION STATEMENT... SPOTTER ACTIVATION IS NOT EXPECTED AT THIS TIME.
SPECIAL WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE BLACKSBURG VA
937 AM EDT TUE JUL 19 2011
VAZ019-020-WVZ043>045-191430-
ALLEGHANY VA-BATH VA-GREENBRIER WV-MONROE WV-SUMMERS WV-
937 AM EDT TUE JUL 19 2011
...STRONG THUNDERSTORMS HEADING INTO THE GREENBRIER VALLEY...
AT 928 AM EDT...STRONG THUNDERSTORMS WERE LOCATED 9 MILES NORTHEAST
OF RUPERT...MOVING SOUTHEAST AT 30 MPH.
WIND GUSTS TO 40 MPH ARE POSSIBLE WITH THESE STORMS. VERY HEAVY RAIN
WILL FALL WITH BETWEEN ONE HALF AND ONE INCH POSSIBLE ACROSS
GREENBRIER COUNTY THROUGH 10:30 AM. THIS RAINFALL WILL CAUSE WATER
TO POND ON ROADS AND QUICKLY FILL ROADSIDE DITCHES AND SMALL
STREAMS. EXPECT FREQUENT CLOUD TO GROUND LIGHTNING FROM THESE
STORMS. DO NOT STAY IN THE OPEN OR SEEK SHELTER UNDER TREES WHEN
LIGHTNING THREATENS...MOVE INDOORS WHEN A THUNDERSTORM APPROACHES.
THE STORMS WILL BE NEAR TROUT...AND RUPERT AROUND 940 AM...
WILLIAMSBURG...MEADOW BLUFF...AND ELTON AROUND 945 AM...RENICK...
FALLING SPRING...RORER...AND LAWN AROUND 950 AM AND FRANKFORD AROUND
1000 AM. THE SHOWERS AND STORMS SHOULD PUSH INTO THE VIRGINIA
HIGHLANDS THROUGH 10:30 WHILE WEAKENING.
LISTEN TO NOAA WEATHER RADIO OR YOUR FAVORITE MEDIA OUTLET FOR LATER
UPDATES OR POSSIBLE WARNINGS.
LAT...LON 3820 7955 3816 7952 3817 7943 3809 7948
3764 8018 3762 8082 3785 8087 3788 8076
3794 8081 3801 8079 3807 8089 3811 8088
3809 8071 3816 8061 3823 8036 3811 8035
3805 8026 3807 7997 3818 7992 3827 7980
JHSPECIAL WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE BLACKSBURG VA
1021 AM EDT TUE JUL 19 2011
WVZ043-045-191515-
GREENBRIER WV-SUMMERS WV-
1021 AM EDT TUE JUL 19 2011
...STRONG THUNDERSTORMS WITH VERY HEAVY RAINFALL OVER WESTERN
GREENBRIER COUNTY...
AT 1015 AM EDT...STRONG THUNDERSTORMS WITH HEAVY RAIN WERE
LOCATED OVER RUPERT...MOVING SOUTHEAST AT 35 MPH.
VERY HEAVY RAIN WILL FALL FROM THESE STORMS...AND WILL CAUSE WATER
TO POND ON ROADS AND QUICKLY FILL ROADSIDE DITCHES AND SMALL
STREAMS. SOME LOCALIZED FLOODING COULD OCCUR ESPECIALLY IN POOR
DRAINAGE AREAS AS ANOTHER INCH OR MORE OF RAIN FALLS THROUGH 11:30
AM. EXPECT FREQUENT CLOUD TO GROUND LIGHTNING FROM THESE STORMS. DO
NOT STAY IN THE OPEN OR SEEK SHELTER UNDER TREES WHEN LIGHTNING
THREATENS...MOVE INDOORS WHEN A THUNDERSTORM APPROACHES.
THESE STORMS WILL BE NEAR MEADOW BLUFF AROUND 1025 AM...LAWN AROUND
1030 AM...SANDSTONE AROUND 1035 AM AND ASBURY AROUND 1040 AM.
HOWEVER THE HEAVIEST RAINFALL WILL CONTINUE TO TRAIN ACROSS AREAS
FROM BINGHAM AND QUINWOOD SOUTHEAST TO RAINELLE AND RUPERT.
LISTEN TO NOAA WEATHER RADIO OR YOUR FAVORITE MEDIA OUTLET FOR LATER
UPDATES OR POSSIBLE WARNINGS.
LAT...LON 3795 8012 3776 8055 3772 8090 3774 8093
3778 8090 3783 8093 3788 8076 3794 8081
3798 8078 3801 8079 3803 8083 3806 8082
3805 8086 3807 8089 3811 8088 3809 8071
3817 8059
JHSPECIAL WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE BLACKSBURG VA
1119 AM EDT TUE JUL 19 2011
VAZ011-018-WVZ043>045-191615-
CRAIG VA-GILES VA-GREENBRIER WV-MONROE WV-SUMMERS WV-
1119 AM EDT TUE JUL 19 2011
...STRONG THUNDERSTORMS WILL AFFECT CRAIG...GILES...GREENBRIER...
MONROE AND SUMMERS COUNTIES...
AT 1110 AM EDT...STRONG THUNDERSTORMS WERE ALONG A LINE FROM 8 MILES
NORTHWEST OF SANDSTONE TO 3 MILES EAST OF UNION...MOVING SOUTH AT 15
MPH.
VERY HEAVY RAIN WILL FALL FROM THESE STORMS...AND WILL CAUSE WATER
TO POND ON ROADS AND QUICKLY FILL ROADSIDE DITCHES AND SMALL
STREAMS. SOME LOCALIZED FLOODING COULD OCCUR...ESPECIALLY IN POOR
DRAINAGE AREAS...AS ANOTHER INCH OR MORE OF RAIN WILL FALL THROUGH
1215 IN PLACES. EXPECT FREQUENT CLOUD TO GROUND LIGHTNING FROM THESE
STORMS. DO NOT STAY IN THE OPEN OR SEEK SHELTER UNDER TREES WHEN
LIGHTNING THREATENS...MOVE INDOORS WHEN A THUNDERSTORM APPROACHES.
THESE STORMS WILL BE NEAR TALCOTT AROUND 1130 AM...BLUESTONE LAKE
AROUND 1145 AM AND CASCADES AROUND NOON.
LAT...LON 3805 8081 3752 8018 3730 8053 3764 8106
3770 8098 3772 8098 3770 8090 3774 8093
3777 8090 3781 8094 3783 8093 3788 8076
3794 8081 3798 8078 3803 8082
MCSPECIAL WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE BLACKSBURG VA
1246 PM EDT TUE JUL 19 2011
VAZ013-014-191730-
MONTGOMERY VA-PULASKI VA-
1246 PM EDT TUE JUL 19 2011
...A STRONG THUNDERSTORM WILL AFFECT MONTGOMERY AND PULASKI
COUNTIES...
AT 1243 PM EDT...A STRONG THUNDERSTORM WAS LOCATED OVER DUBLIN...
MOVING SOUTHEAST AT 10 MPH.
VERY HEAVY RAIN WILL FALL FROM THIS STORM...AND WILL CAUSE WATER TO
POND ON ROADS AND QUICKLY FILL ROADSIDE DITCHES AND SMALL STREAMS.
FREQUENT CLOUD TO GROUND LIGHTNING IS ASSOCIATED WITH THIS STORM. IF
YOU ARE OUT ON THE WATER GET BACK TO LAND AND FIND A SAFE BUILDING OR
SAFE VEHICLE. DO NOT STAY IN THE OPEN OR SEEK SHELTER UNDER TREES
WHEN LIGHTNING THREATENS...MOVE INDOORS WHEN A THUNDERSTORM
APPROACHES.
THIS STORM WILL BE NEAR RADFORD AROUND 1250 PM AND CLAYTOR LAKE STATE
PARK AROUND 100 PM.
LAT...LON 3718 8081 3719 8078 3720 8073 3725 8061
3724 8060 3702 8047 3700 8050 3701 8052
3699 8052 3693 8066
MCSPECIAL WEATHER STATEMENT NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE BLACKSBURG VA 323 PM EDT TUE JUL 19 2011 NCZ004-192000- STOKES NC- 323 PM EDT TUE JUL 19 2011 ...A STRONG THUNDERSTORM WILL AFFECT STOKES COUNTY... AT 322 PM EDT...A STRONG THUNDERSTORM WAS LOCATED 5 MILES SOUTHEAST OF FRANCISCO...MOVING SOUTHEAST AT 10 MPH. WIND GUSTS TO 40 MPH AND SMALL HAIL ARE POSSIBLE WITH THIS STORM. THIS STORM WILL BE NEAR VADE MECUM AROUND 330 PM AND HANGING ROCK STATE PARK AROUND 350 PM. LAT...LON 3640 8019 3636 8031 3648 8035 3650 8030 DS
The Roanoke radar (KFCX), 65 km away, was scanning. The volume nearest the first event began at 19:34 UTC.
2 thunderstorm wind, 1 lightning. Local standard time, as filed.
Thunderstorm winds blew down two trees in the area.
A tree was blown down by thunderstorm winds near the intersection of Old Highway 29 and Holland Road.
Lightning struck the Mount Airy Museum of Regional History. The strike damaged the alarm system and internet system, as well as the elevator.
After NWS Directive 10-1605, the rules offices file Storm Data by.
Every storm in North Carolina in 2011Every state in 2011This day in weather historyWarnings in North Carolina, July 2011
NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, Storm Events Database, compiled from the National Weather Service’s monthly Storm Data. Complete through 2026-06; NCEI adds each month about 75 days after it ends and revises past years a few times a year. Rebuilt 2026-09-24. Each event’s entry at NCEI: 334796, 334797, 337145.