NWS Philadelphia/Mount Holly wrote its last area forecast discussion before the first event at Jan 25, 9:29 AM EST, 1 hour 23 minutes earlier.
Area forecast discussion, Jan 25, 9:29 AM EST, 1 hour 23 minutes before
AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE MOUNT HOLLY NJ
929 AM EST MON JAN 25 2010
.SYNOPSIS...
A STRONG COLD FRONT OVER OHIO WILL MOVE EAST AND MOVE THROUGH THE
REGION THIS AFTERNOON. A HIGH PRESSURE SYSTEM OVER THE ROCKIES
WILL MOVE EAST AND REACH THE SOUTHEASTERN STATES ON WEDNESDAY AND
THEN MOVE OFFSHORE. A COLD FRONT WILL MOVE THROUGH THE AREA ON
THURSDAY. A LOW PRESSURE SYSTEM WILL THEN EMERGE FROM THE SOUTHERN
ROCKIES AND MOVE EAST. IT SHOULD MOVE OFF OF THE CAROLINA OR
VIRGINIA COAST ON SATURDAY.
&&
.NEAR TERM /UNTIL 6 PM THIS EVENING/...
AFD UPDATED TO REMOVE THE COASTAL FLOODING ADVISORY HEADLINES FOR
THE DELAWARE BAY AND THE TIDAL DELAWARE RIVER. AND...TO EXTEND THE
FLOOD WATCH UNTIL 5 PM........
THE WRF-NMM INITIALIZED AND IS VERIFYING BETTER THAN THE GFS AND WAS
USED FOR THE NEAR TERM AND SHORT TERM CHANGES IN THE FORECAST
PACKAGE. IT VERIFIED PRETTY MUCH SPOT ON WITH THE UPWIND 850MB AND
925MB RAOB WINDS. OFF THE KDIX VAD THE WRF-NMM IS RUNNING ABOUT 5 KTS
TOO HIGH WITH ITS CURRENT FORECAST, HOPEFULLY A SIGN OF THE LLJ
BEING SLIGHTLY LESS ROBUST AND NOT JUST SLOWER. THE GFS HAS BEEN
TOO FAST WITH THIS EVENT AND HAS FINALLY CAPITULATED TO THE WRF-
NMM.
THERE WILL BE NO CHANGES TO THE FLOOD WATCH AND WIND ADVISORY ATTM.
SOMETIMES A FORECAST IS SIMPLER BECAUSE THE WEATHER IS GOING FROM
POINT A TO POINT B. IN THIS CASE WITH THE HEAVY RAIN, THUNDER
POTENTIAL AND WIND ITS NOT. THE FORECAST MODELS ARE FORECASTING THE
INTENSIFICATION OF THESE METEOROLOGICAL PARAMETERS AND WE CAN NOT
GLEAN FROM WHAT IS CURRENTLY OCCURRING UPSTREAM AND JUST MOVE IT
ALONG. THE CURRENT LLJ OF ABOUT 60 KTS IS FORECAST TO INTENSIFY TO
80 TO 95 KTS ACROSS OUR CWA LATER THIS MORNING AND EARLY THIS
AFTERNOON. THE HIGHER RESOLUTION WRF MODELS ARE SUGGESTING THAT A
NARROW COLD FRONTAL RAIN BAND (WHETHER THUNDER IS INVOLVED OR NOT)
IS GOING TO FORM THIS MORNING WITH AN ESTIMATED PASSAGE TIME OF
ABOUT 14Z FOR RDG, 15Z FOR ABE-PHL-DOV, 1630Z FOR MIV AND ACY AND
ABOUT 18Z AT ATLANTIC HIGHLANDS. RIGHT NOW THE MODELS ARE TRAILING
THE DRIER AIR BY ABOUT 1-2HRS BEHIND THIS FEATURE. THIS IS
IMPORTANT BECAUSE WE HAVE SEEN MORE EFFICIENT MIXING OF THE
STRONGER WINDS ALOFT IF THEY CAN BE COINCIDENTAL (AS WAS THE CASE
DURING THE EARLY MORNING OF DECEMBER 3RD). SO FOR NOW WE ARE
FOLLOWING A 60 PERCENT RATIO OF THE 925MB WINDS AS THEY ARE
CURRENTLY MIXING DOWN IN THE CAROLINAS TO ESTIMATE OUR PEAK WIND
GUSTS AT 40 TO 45 KTS ACROSS OUR CWA. THERE IS A GREATER CHANCE OF
THIS OCCURRING IN THE SOUTHERN PART OF OUR CWA WITH LESS
CONFIDENCE TO THE NORTH WHERE THE PRECIPITATION INDUCED INVERSION
SHOULD BE STRONGER.
SPEAKING OF DEVELOPING BOTH THE GFS AND WRF-NMM ARE FORECASTING THE
SHOWALTER INDEX TO DROP TO AROUND ZERO BETWEEN 9Z AND 12Z THIS
MORNING IN OUR CWA AND BOTH ARE SHOWING STRONG MID LEVEL EPV DURING
THE MORNING. WE WILL CONTINUE THE MENTION OF THUNDER INTO EARLY THIS
AFTERNOON TO COINCIDE WITH THE END OF THE WIND ADVY. LASTLY BECAUSE
THE FRONT HAS SLOWED, THE ARRIVAL OF THE H2.5 JET IS GOING TO BE
MORE COINCIDENTAL AND THIS ONCE AGAIN HAS INCREASED MODEL QPF FOR
THIS EVENT EVEN IF MOST OF IT IS GOING TO FALL TODAY AND NOT
BEFORE 12Z. MID LEVEL QVEC CONVERGENCE IS ALSO FORECAST TO
INCREASE AND MODEL QPF HAS BEEN ACCEPTED AS REASONABLE EVEN IF ITS
UNDESIRABLE. THE HIGHER QPF TO THE NORTH STILL APPEARS LOGICAL DUE
TO THE PROXIMITY TO THE JET AND THE UPSLOPE FLOW.
LASTLY GFS MOS MAX TEMPS HAVE BEEN CHASING NAM MOS MAX TEMPS FOR A
COUPLE OF DAYS NOW AND THEY ARE ALREADY TOO LOW BASED ON CURRENT
TEMPS, THUS NAM MOS MAX TEMPS FOLLOWED CLOSER.
&&
.SHORT TERM /6 PM THIS EVENING THROUGH WEDNESDAY/...
A SHORT WAVE IS FORECAST TO PASS THROUGH OUR CWA TONIGHT AS THE
CLOSED LOW ASSOCIATED WITH THE GREAT LAKES SURFACE LOW MOVES NORTH OF
OUR CWA. BECAUSE "THE COLD AIR" IS MORE ALOFT THAN AT THE SURFACE,
OUR FORECAST SOUNDINGS DESTABILIZE FROM THE SURFACE (AS OPPOSED TO
850 MB EARLIER) AND ARE SUPPORTIVE OF SHOWERS. THERE IS SOME MID
LEVEL QVEC CONVERGENCE FORECAST TO CONTINUE FOR THE NIGHT AND WE
HAVE ADDED SLGT CHC OR CHC POPS THRUT. BECAUSE OF THE WARM BOUNDARY
LAYER AND THE GREATER CHANCE OF PCPN OCCURRING IN THE EVENING,
PTYPE FOR MOST OF OUR CWA SHOULD BE RAIN, EXCEPT FOR OUR
NORTHWESTERN CWA. STAT GUIDANCE ACCEPTED FOR MINS.
ON TUESDAY THE FORECAST MODELS ARE NOT FORECASTING ANY DECENT SHORT
WAVES, ALTHOUGH THE FORECAST SOUNDINGS ARE SHOWING THAT THE
CONVECTIVE TEMPERATURES WILL BE REACHED. SO THERE SHOULD BE SOME
SELF-DESTRUCT SUNSHINE. WITHOUT A SHORT WAVE TRIGGER WE LIMITED THE
MENTION OF PCPN TO THE NWRN PART OF OUR CWA. WHILE ITS COLD ENOUGH
ALOFT, THE BOUNDARY LAYER TEMPS REACHING INTO THE 40S AND LIGHT PCPN
INTENSITY MIGHT MAKE SOME OF THE PCPN INITIALLY START AS RAIN IN THE
VALLEYS. GFS MOS LOOKS TOO WARM BASED ON FCST 1000-850MB THICKNESSES
AND 850 TEMPS. WE SIDED WITH THE LOWER NAM MOS.
TUESDAY NIGHT WE SHAVED BACK THE MENTION OF SNOW SHOWERS TO MAINLY
THE POCONOS AS WE LOSE THE DESTABILIZATION FROM THE SUN AND WILL
HAVE TO RELY ON SOME LAKE EFFECT RESIDUALS. A DRY DAY IS FORECAST
FOR WEDNESDAY AS THE SURFACE FLOW IS FORECAST TO BECOME WESTERLY AND
SHUT DOWN THE LAKE EFFECT FETCH. STILL LIKE THE LOWER NAM MOS FOR MAX
TEMPS BASED ON THE EXPECTED THERMAL STRUCTURE.
&&
.LONG TERM /WEDNESDAY NIGHT THROUGH SUNDAY/...
NO TERRIBLY DRAMATIC CHANGES WERE INTRODUCED BY THE 00Z OR PREVIOUS
12Z MODELS FOR THE LONG TERM PERIOD, BUT THE FRONTAL PASSAGE
THURSDAY IS A LITTLE MORE EMPHATIC THAN YESTERDAY, AND THE WEEKEND
STORM IS STILL NOT OUT OF THE PICTURE. IN FACT, ITS MORE IN FOCUS,
ESPECIALLY WITH THE NIGHT RUNS OF THE ECMWF THAT HAVE BEEN NOT AS
SUPPRESSED. THE CURRENT 00Z RUN OF THE ECMWF IS ONE MY SON WOULD
TRULY LOVE, AS WAVES OF LOW PRESSURE GIVE OUR CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN
CWA NEARLY 48 HOURS OF CONTINUOUS, ALBEIT NOT NECESSARILY HEAVY
ALL OF THE TIME, SNOW.
THE LONG TERM PERIOD IS CHARACTERIZED BY FAIRLY BENIGN WEATHER TO
START WITH ON WEDNESDAY NIGHT AS MOST OF THE WAA INDUCED SNOW SHOULD
BE NORTH OF OUR CWA. BUT A COLD FRONTAL PASSAGE THURSDAY MAY BRING
SOME RAIN OR SNOW...WITH THE SNOW MAINLY NORTH IF IT HAPPENS TOWARD
MIDDAY, WHICH WOULD ALLOW FOR LOW LEVEL TEMPERATURES TO WARM. AFTER
THAT, A NORTHWEST TO NORTH FLOW COULD BRING SOME SNOW SHOWERS TO THE
NORTHWESTERN ZONES INTO FRIDAY. OTHERWISE, ATTENTION TURNS TO THE
LATE FRIDAY / WEEKEND EVENT WITH A STORM PASSING OUT OF TEXAS AND
MOVING THROUGH THE SOUTHERN STATES BEFORE HEADING OFFSHORE.
BOTH THE GFS AND THE EUROPEAN RETAIN THEIR SIMILARITY TO EACH OTHER,
ALTHOUGH NOT QUITE AS GOOD AS ON THE 23RD. THE SLOWER ECMWF
BRINGS MORE MOISTURE NORTHWARD INTO OUR AREA SATURDAY AND INTO
SUNDAY, WHILE THE GFS HAS A FLATTER UPPER PATTERN AND DOES NOT
INTRUDE THE DEEPER LAYERED MOISTURE INTO OUR REGION. OUR FORECAST
WAS HEDGED TOWARD THE ECMWF. BUT, A RATHER BROAD BRUSH WAS USED TO
PAINT THE PRECIPITATION CHANCES FOR FRIDAY INTO SATURDAY NIGHT, WITH
SLIGHTLY HIGHER CHANCE POPS CENTERED ON SATURDAY. WITH COLDER
SURFACE TEMPERATURES AND LOW THICKNESSES, PRECIPITATION TYPE WOULD
LIKELY BE WEIGHTED TOWARD SNOW IF THIS PANS OUT. AS FAR AS
GEOGRAPHIC EXTENT, THE SOUTHERN HALF OF OUR AREA IS MORE OF A TARGET
NOW, BUT THAT MAY VERY WELL CHANGE AS SUCCESSIVE MODEL RUNS EVOLVE.
MOS TEMPERATURES APPEARED ACCEPTABLE AND WERE GENERALLY USED WITH
SOME MODIFICATIONS FOR BLENDING PURPOSES. TEMPERATURES SHOULD BE
NEAR NORMAL THURSDAY, BUT THE INITIAL COLD FRONTAL PASSAGE THURSDAY
WILL CHILL THINGS DOWN TO BELOW NORMAL FOR THE END OF THE WEEK.
&&
.AVIATION /15Z MONDAY THROUGH FRIDAY/...
THE FOLLOWING DISCUSSION IS FOR KPHL, KPNE, KTTN, KABE, KRDG, KILG,
KMIV, KACY AND SURROUNDING AREAS.
A STRONG COLD FRONT IS FORECAST TO MOVE THROUGH AROUND MIDDAY TODAY.
THERE IS PLENTY OF MOISTURE STREAMING NORTHWARD AHEAD OF THIS FRONT,
ALTHOUGH IT HAS BEEN TAKING ITS TIME MOVING EASTWARD ACROSS OUR
AREA. THIS SLOWER ARRIVAL OF THE STEADY RAIN HAS ALLOWED CEILINGS TO
REMAIN HIGHER LONGER, ESPECIALLY THE FARTHER EAST ONE GOES. WE ARE
STILL EXPECTING A PERIOD OF RATHER LOW CEILINGS AS THE STEADY RAIN
SLIDES ACROSS THE ENTIRE AREA THROUGH THE MORNING. THE WARMER AIR
SURGING INTO THE AREA MAY HELP TO KEEP A MULTI-LAYER CLOUD DECK IN
PLACE AS OPPOSED TO ONE LOW DECK. WE TIPPED THE FORECAST IN THAT
DIRECTION. THE PRECIPITATION IS EXPECTED TO END FROM WEST TO EAST
DURING THE AFTERNOON AND IT COULD WRAP UP EARLIER. A PERIOD OF
MODERATE TO HEAVY RAIN IS CERTAINLY POSSIBLE THROUGH ABOUT MIDDAY,
AND THIS WILL TEND TO KNOCK THE VISIBILITIES DOWN FARTHER.
THE SOUTH SOUTHEAST WINDS WILL INCREASE GENERALLY IN THE 15 TO 20
KNOT SUSTAINED RANGE THIS MORNING WITH SOME GUSTINESS ADDED IN AT
TIMES. THE HIGHER WINDS SHOULD TEND TO BE FROM THE KPHL METRO AREA
ON SOUTH AND EASTWARD AS THE WARMER AIR IS ENTRENCHED HERE MORE.
THERE IS A RATHER ROBUST WIND FIELD MOVING ACROSS DURING THE FIRST
HALF OF THE DAY, AND FORECAST SOUNDINGS INDICATE THAT LOW-LEVEL WIND
SHEAR WILL CONTINUE TO BE AROUND THROUGH ABOUT MIDDAY. WE MAXED OUT
THE WINDS AT 2,000 FEET AT 55-60 KNOTS ACROSS THE AREA. WHILE SOME
THUNDER CANNOT BE RULED OUT, IT SHOULD ISOLATED AND WILL CONTINUE TO
NOT BE INCLUDED IN THE TAFS. SOME HEAVIER RAIN MAY ALLOW THE STRONG
WINDS ABOVE THE SURFACE TO BRIEFLY REACH THE SURFACE. AS THE FRONT
MOVES THROUGH THE REGION, THE WINDS WILL SHIFT TO THE SOUTHWEST AND
EVEN WEST. THERE SHOULD BE ENOUGH DRYING ARRIVING BEHIND THE FRONT
TO ALLOW THE LOWER CLOUDS TO LIFT WITH TIME. WE THEREFORE RETURNED
CONDITIONS TO VFR BY LATE AFTERNOON. ONCE THE COLD FRONT PASSES, THE
WINDS WILL DIMINISH QUITE A BIT WITH ALL TERMINALS HAVING SPEEDS 10
KNOTS OR LESS TOWARD EVENING. A WEATHER DISTURBANCE MOVES THROUGH
DURING THE NIGHT, AND THIS MAY TEND TO HOLD IN A BROKEN
STRATOCUMULUS DECK WITH PERHAPS A SHOWER.
OUTLOOK...
THE WEATHER DISTURBANCE SHOULD BE EXITING TO OUR EAST TUESDAY
MORNING, HOWEVER COLDER AIR GRADUALLY ARRIVING WILL ALLOW FOR SOME
STRATOCUMULUS TO LINGER, WITH PROBABLY THE MOST COVERAGE IN THE KABE
AND KRDG AREAS. THERE WILL BE INCREASED VERTICAL MIXING DURING
TUESDAY, THEREFORE A WESTERLY WIND WILL TURN A LITTLE GUSTY AT
TIMES. AN AREA OF HIGH PRESSURE WILL THEN GRADUALLY BUILD INTO OUR
AREA FROM THE SOUTH WEDNESDAY INTO THURSDAY. THE NEXT COLD FRONT
LOOKS TO MOVE THROUGH LATE THURSDAY AND A LOW PRESSURE SYSTEM MAY
FORM ON THIS FRONT. THE TRACK OF THIS POSSIBLE STORM THOUGH IS
UNCERTAIN AT THIS TIME.
&&
.MARINE...
A COLD FRONT WILL CROSS THE WATERS THIS AFTERNOON. STRONG AND
GUSTY WINDS AHEAD OF AND ALONG WITH THE FRONT WILL CONTINUE
THROUGH THE EARLY AFTERNOON. AN ISOLATED THUNDERSTORMS IS
POSSIBLE. THE GALE WARNING HAS BEEN EXTENDED OUT UNTIL 4 PM FOR
NOW. GALE CONDITIONS HAVE ALREADY BEEN REPORTED AT ALL OF OUR
MARINE FORECAST ZONES.
ONCE THE FRONT SWEEPS THROUGH AROUND MIDDAY, A WIND SHIFT TO THE
SOUTHWEST/WEST IS EXPECTED ALONG WITH A DECREASE IN THE SPEEDS.
THERE MAY BE SOME WIND STILL HOLDING TO ABOUT ADVISORY LEVELS,
HOWEVER THE COLDER AIR MAY LAG BEHIND FOR A TIME UNTIL A SECONDARY
FRONT MOVES THROUGH LATE TONIGHT INTO TUESDAY. THE FORECAST
SOUNDINGS INDICATE BETTER VERTICAL MIXING OCCURRING TUESDAY,
THEREFORE ADVISORY LEVEL WINDS WILL BE POSSIBLE. THE INCREASED SEAS
WILL TEND TO SUBSIDE BEHIND THE INITIAL FRONT AS THE SHIFT IN THE
WINDS WILL PUSH SOME OF THE HIGHER SETS FARTHER OFFSHORE. HIGH
PRESSURE WILL GRADUALLY BUILD TO OUR SOUTH WEDNESDAY INTO THURSDAY,
THEN A COLD FRONT MOVES THROUGH LATER THURSDAY. A LOW PRESSURE
SYSTEM MAY DEVELOP ALONG THIS FRONT AND POSSIBLY TRACK NEAR OUR AREA
FRIDAY.
&&
.HYDROLOGY...
THE FLOOD WATCH HAS BEEN EXTENDED UNTIL 5 PM WHICH MEANS IT WILL
PROBABLY IMPACT THE EVENING RUSH AS WELL. SO FAR WE DON'T HAVE ANY
FORECAST POIINTS NEAR FLOODING AT THIS TIME.
THE DBZ OVER US ARE BETWEEN 40 AND 45Z WHICH WILL MANTAIN THAT
RAIN RAIN OF NEARLY .50-.75 IN/HR BUT THERE ARE SOME DBZ'S IN THE
50S UPSTREAM THAT WILL BE MOVING OVER THE FLOOD WATCH AREA. ALSO A
DRY SLOT HAS WORKED ITS WAY NORTHEAST FROM D.C. TO NEAR MT.
POCONO, BUT THERE IS STILL MORE RAINS THAT WE ARE GOING TO HAVE TO
DEAL WITH LATER TODAY.
THANKS TO THE RFC FOR RUNNING SOME EXTRA FORECAST POINTS. THE
FLOOD WATCH WILL REMAIN UP AS EVENT QPF SHOULD AVERAGE 1 TO 2
INCHES WITH SOME HIGHER AMOUNTS, ESPECIALLY NORTH. HEAVY RAINS
WILL DISRUPT THE MORNING COMMUTE AS THE HEAVIEST RAIN WILL BE
ROUGHLY FROM THE BEGINNING OF THE RUSH THROUGH IT. THEREFORE SOME
PONDING AND DELAYS IS A GOOD BET.
I LOOKED AT THE SIM RADAR REFLECTIVITY OFF THE NAM AND SOME OF
THE RAINFALL RATES WITH 40 DBZ WILL BE ON THE ORDER OF .45 IN/HR
AND AT 50DBZ IT JUMPS TO 1.91 IN/HR. THIS IS USING THE MP Z-R. AS
MENTIONED IN THE EARLIER HYDRO SECTIONS WE MAY FOR A TIME HAVE TO
SWITCH TO A DIFFERENT Z-R TO COMPENSATE FOR SOME DEEPER
CONVECTION. IF THAT IS THE CASE, AND WE SAW IT HAPPEN WITH THE
LAST STORM, THE RAINFALL RATE FROM THE FFMP WAS OVER 4 IN/HR.
&&
.TIDES/COASTAL FLOODING...
TIDAL DEPARTURES ARE GENERALLY +1.0 TO +1.5 FEET. THE GFS STORM
SURGE GUIDANCE CONTINUES TO SHOW ITS LOW BIAS AS IT HAS NOT BEEN
PICKING UP THE WIND EFFECT. THE LOCAL ALGORITHM CONTINUES TO SHOW
DEPARTURES BETWEEN +1.0 AND +1.5 FEET AT HIGH TIDE, WHICH SEEMS
REASONABLE GIVEN THE SOUTH TO SOUTHEAST FLOW, THE MODERATELY LOW SEA
LEVEL PRESSURE VALUES AND THE EXPECTED WAVE HEIGHTS.
FOR CHESAPEAKE BAY /OUR EASTERN MARYLAND SHORE COUNTIES/, THE
DEPARTURES HAVE BEEN CLIMBING AS THE SOUTHERLY FLOW INCREASES. IT
APPEARS THAT AREAS OF MINOR TIDAL FLOODING WILL OCCUR AND THEREFORE
THE COASTAL FLOOD ADVISORY CONTINUES. WE WILL GO AHEAD AND EXTEND IT
THOUGH THROUGH 4 PM AS THE WINDS GRADUALLY SHIFT TO THE SOUTHWEST.
THIS WIND SHIFT COULD PUSH SOME WATER BACK TO THE EAST, HOLDING THE
WATER LEVEL UP LONGER. RUNOFF FROM HEAVY RAIN COULD ALSO KEEP THE
WATER LEVEL UP FOR A LONGER TIME FRAME. WE BELIEVE MODERATE FLOODING
WILL NOT OCCUR AS WE WOULD NEED DEPARTURES IN EXCESS OF 3 FEET,
THEREFORE JUST THE ADVISORY IS IN PLACE.
&&
.PHI WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES...
PA...FLOOD WATCH UNTIL 5 PM EST THIS AFTERNOON FOR PAZ054-055-
060>062-067>071.
WIND ADVISORY UNTIL 1 PM EST THIS AFTERNOON FOR PAZ054-055-
060>062-067>071.
NJ...FLOOD WATCH UNTIL 5 PM EST THIS AFTERNOON FOR NJZ001-007>010-
012-015>019.
WIND ADVISORY UNTIL 1 PM EST THIS AFTERNOON FOR NJZ001-007>010-
012>027.
DE...FLOOD WATCH UNTIL 5 PM EST THIS AFTERNOON FOR DEZ001.
WIND ADVISORY UNTIL 1 PM EST THIS AFTERNOON FOR DEZ001>004.
MD...FLOOD WATCH UNTIL 5 PM EST THIS AFTERNOON FOR MDZ008-012-015.
WIND ADVISORY UNTIL 1 PM EST THIS AFTERNOON FOR MDZ008-012-015-
019-020.
COASTAL FLOOD ADVISORY UNTIL 4 PM EST THIS AFTERNOON FOR
MDZ012-015-019-020.
MARINE...GALE WARNING UNTIL 4 PM EST THIS AFTERNOON FOR ANZ430-431-
450>455.
&&
SYNOPSIS...GIGI
NEAR TERM...EBERWINE/GIGI
SHORT TERM...GIGI
LONG TERM...GIGI/
AVIATION...GORSE
MARINE...GORSE/O'HARA
HYDROLOGY...
TIDES/COASTAL FLOODING...