Alert archive / Virginia / Flash Flood Warnings in 2026

Flash Flood Warning 49, NWS Charleston, WV

July 6, 2026Buchanan County, Virginia; McDowell County, West Virginia

NWS Charleston, WV issued this flash flood warning at Jul 6, 2026, 8:04 PM EDT for Buchanan County, Virginia; McDowell County, West Virginia. It was in force for 3 hr. No storm report in the archive falls inside the area while it was in force.

The area

The outline as issued.

The facts

Issued: Jul 6, 2026, 8:04 PM EDT (00:04 UTC)
Expired: Jul 6, 2026, 11:00 PM EDT
In force: 3 hr
Issued by: NWS Charleston, WV
Area: Storm-based polygon
Flood severity: None

Counties Buchanan County, VA, McDowell County, WV

The radar

The Charleston,WV radar (KRLX), 119 km from the middle of the area, began a volume at 00:04 UTC, the scan nearest the moment this went out.

Open the radar archive at this moment

The archived warnings, watches and discussions in force at that minute are drawn over the scan, this one among them.

Did it verify

Not verified. The Iowa Environmental Mesonet's Cow found no qualifying storm report inside this flash flood warning while it was in force. That is not proof nothing happened: reports are thin where few people live.

Cow counts a report within 15 km of the polygon while the warning was in force: a tornado for a tornado warning; hail of 1 inch or more, a gust of 58 mph or more or wind damage for a severe thunderstorm warning; a flash flood report for a flash flood warning.

The nearest sounding before it

Roanoke, VA (KRNK), launched 00:00Z, 0.1 hours before the alert went out and 186 km from the middle of its area. This is the routine balloon launch nearest before it, the air the forecaster had in hand, not a measurement taken for the alert.

Skew-T log-p

Temperature in red, dew point in green, the mixed-layer parcel dashed.

Hodograph

The wind turning with height, colored by layer: ground to 1 km, 1 to 3 km, 3 to 6 km, 6 to 10 km.

Mixed-layer CAPE: 472 J/kg
Mixed-layer CIN: -45 J/kg
Mixed-layer LCL: 1207 m above ground
0-6 km bulk shear: 15 kt
0-1 km storm-relative helicity: 23 m²/s²
0-3 km storm-relative helicity: 40 m²/s²
Significant tornado parameter: 0.0
Supercell composite: 0.0

Open this sounding in Storm Lab

The text

As transmitted.

732 
WGUS51 KRLX 070004
FFWRLX
VAC027-WVC047-070300-
/O.NEW.KRLX.FF.W.0049.260707T0004Z-260707T0300Z/
/00000.0.ER.000000T0000Z.000000T0000Z.000000T0000Z.OO/

BULLETIN - EAS ACTIVATION REQUESTED
Flash Flood Warning
National Weather Service Charleston WV
804 PM EDT Mon Jul 6 2026

The National Weather Service in Charleston has issued a

* Flash Flood Warning for...
  East Central Buchanan County in southwestern Virginia...
  Southeastern McDowell County in southern West Virginia...

* Until 1100 PM EDT.

* At 804 PM EDT, Doppler radar indicated thunderstorms producing
  heavy rain across the warned area. Between 1 and 2 inches of rain
  have fallen. Additional rainfall amounts of 0.5 to 1 inch are
  possible in the warned area. Flash flooding is ongoing or expected
  to begin shortly.

  HAZARD...Flash flooding caused by thunderstorms.

  SOURCE...Radar indicated.

  IMPACT...Flash flooding of small creeks and streams, urban areas,
           highways, streets and underpasses as well as other poor
           drainage and low-lying areas.

* Some locations that will experience flash flooding include...
  Gary, Anawalt, Cucumber, and Jenkinjones.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

Turn around, don't drown when encountering flooded roads. Most flood
deaths occur in vehicles.

Be aware of your surroundings and do not drive on flooded roads.

Report flooding to the National Weather Service by calling toll free,
800 401 9535, when you can do so safely.

&&

LAT...LON 3718 8187 3723 8181 3731 8164 3734 8137
      3732 8137 3731 8140 3727 8142 3727 8145
      3725 8148 3726 8150 3723 8151 3721 8155
      3720 8168 3724 8173 3720 8176 3717 8187

FLASH FLOOD...RADAR INDICATED

$$

SINCAVAGE

2 follow-up statements

791 
WGUS71 KRLX 070217
FFSRLX

Flash Flood Statement
National Weather Service Charleston WV
1017 PM EDT Mon Jul 6 2026

VAC027-WVC047-070300-
/O.CON.KRLX.FF.W.0049.000000T0000Z-260707T0300Z/
/00000.0.ER.000000T0000Z.000000T0000Z.000000T0000Z.OO/
Buchanan VA-McDowell WV-
1017 PM EDT Mon Jul 6 2026

...FLASH FLOOD WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 11 PM EDT THIS EVENING
FOR EAST CENTRAL BUCHANAN AND SOUTHEASTERN MCDOWELL COUNTIES...

At 1017 PM EDT, Doppler radar indicated thunderstorms producing heavy
rain across the warned area. Between 1 and 2.5 inches of rain have
fallen. Flash flooding is ongoing or expected to begin shortly.

HAZARD...Flash flooding caused by thunderstorms.

SOURCE...Radar indicated.

IMPACT...Flash flooding of small creeks and streams, urban areas,
         highways, streets and underpasses as well as other poor
         drainage and low-lying areas.

Some locations that will experience flash flooding include...
  Gary, Anawalt, Cucumber, and Jenkinjones.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

Turn around, don't drown when encountering flooded roads. Most flood
deaths occur in vehicles.

Be especially cautious at night when it is harder to recognize the
dangers of flooding.

Be aware of your surroundings and do not drive on flooded roads.

Report flooding to the National Weather Service by calling toll free,
800 401 9535, when you can do so safely.

&&

LAT...LON 3718 8187 3723 8181 3731 8164 3734 8137
      3732 8137 3731 8140 3727 8142 3727 8145
      3725 8148 3726 8150 3723 8151 3721 8155
      3720 8168 3724 8173 3720 8176 3717 8187

FLASH FLOOD...RADAR INDICATED

$$

SINCAVAGE

232 
WGUS71 KRLX 070251
FFSRLX

Flash Flood Statement
National Weather Service Charleston WV
1051 PM EDT Mon Jul 6 2026

VAC027-WVC047-070301-
/O.EXP.KRLX.FF.W.0049.000000T0000Z-260707T0300Z/
/00000.0.ER.000000T0000Z.000000T0000Z.000000T0000Z.OO/
Buchanan VA-McDowell WV-
1051 PM EDT Mon Jul 6 2026

...FLASH FLOOD WARNING WILL EXPIRE AT 11 PM EDT THIS EVENING FOR EAST
CENTRAL BUCHANAN AND SOUTHEASTERN MCDOWELL COUNTIES...

Flood waters have receded. Flooding is no longer expected to pose a
threat. Please continue to heed remaining road closures.

&&

LAT...LON 3718 8187 3723 8181 3731 8164 3734 8137
      3732 8137 3731 8140 3727 8142 3727 8145
      3725 8148 3726 8150 3723 8151 3721 8155
      3720 8168 3724 8173 3720 8176 3717 8187

$$

SINCAVAGE

What forecasters said that day

The local office's own words before this flash flood warning went out, as it sent them, from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service text.

NWS Charleston, WV wrote its last area forecast discussion before this flash flood warning went out at Jul 6, 7:02 PM EDT, 1 hour 2 minutes earlier. Its key messages:

KEY MESSAGE 1... Mainly diurnally driven showers and thunderstorms are ongoing across the region this afternoon. A surface trough located across southeast Ohio is providing a localized area of enhanced surface convergence, which is focusing the highest coverage of convective activity just west of the forecast area at this hour. This activity will continue to drift east through the late afternoon and early evening hours. The column remains moist with PWATs in the 1.7 to 1.9 inch range with forcast MLCAPE values in the 1000-2000J/kg range. Deep layer shear remains weak, generally around 15-20KTs, which will foster a mix of weak multicellular and pulse storm modes. The primary hazard with these storms will be wet downbursts. While severe criteria gusts of 58 mph are not widely expected, steep low-level lapse rates and Downdraft CAPE values of 500 to 600 J/kg will be sufficient to produce localized wind gusts in the 40 to 45 mph range. With full foliage currently on trees across Appalachia, gusts of this magnitude are often sufficient to cause localized tree damage and subsequent power outages. In addition to the wind threat, the moist column and slow storm motions will yield highly efficient rainfall rates. Rainfall intensities exceeding 2 inches per hour may lead to localized flash flooding, particularly if training echoes develop or if heavy rain falls over the steep terrain and narrow hollows across the region. Convection is expected to wane by 01Z to 02Z with the loss of daytime heating. Overnight, areas that receive rainfall and subsequently clear out will be primed for the development of dense valley fog due to strong radiational cooling and cold air drainage into the river valleys. KEY MESSAGE 2... Transient upper level ridging will briefly build across the region Tuesday and Wednesday. This will result in a decrease in the overall diurnal convective coverage, with Wednesday featuring the lowest precipitation chances of the work week. Valley fog will remain a diurnal threat each night during the early morning hours, particularly in the deep, sheltered river valleys. KEY MESSAGE 3... The transient ridging will break down by Thursday as upper level troughing reestablishes itself over the Ohio Valley. A more defined surface front will push southeast toward the Middle Ohio Valley late in the week and into the weekend. While there remains some disagreement among numerical guidance regarding the precise timing and amplitude of these synoptic features, confidence is increasing in a general uptick in precipitation probabilities Thursday and especially Friday. A surge of higher precipitable water air will accompany this system, elevating the potential for highly efficient rainfall-producing storms. As the frontal boundary gradually sags south through the weekend, an increase in deep-layer shear associated with the stronger flow aloft may introduce a better potential for organized convection, though the exact mesoscale details remain murky at this lead time.

Area forecast discussion, Jul 6, 7:02 PM EDT, 1 hour 2 minutes before

Area Forecast Discussion
National Weather Service Charleston WV
702 PM EDT Mon Jul 6 2026

.WHAT HAS CHANGED...

Updated 00Z Aviation Discussion.

&&

.KEY MESSAGES...
KEY MESSAGE 1...

Mainly diurnally driven showers and thunderstorms are ongoing
across the region this afternoon. A surface trough located
across southeast Ohio is providing a localized area of enhanced
surface convergence, which is focusing the highest coverage of
convective activity just west of the forecast area at this hour.
This activity will continue to drift east through the late
afternoon and early evening hours. The column remains moist with
PWATs in the 1.7 to 1.9 inch range with forcast MLCAPE values in
the 1000-2000J/kg range. Deep layer shear remains weak,
generally around 15-20KTs, which will foster a mix of weak
multicellular and pulse storm modes.

The primary hazard with these storms will be wet downbursts.
While severe criteria gusts of 58 mph are not widely expected,
steep low-level lapse rates and Downdraft CAPE values of 500 to
600 J/kg will be sufficient to produce localized wind gusts in
the 40 to 45 mph range. With full foliage currently on trees
across Appalachia, gusts of this magnitude are often sufficient
to cause localized tree damage and subsequent power outages.

In addition to the wind threat, the moist column and slow storm
motions will yield highly efficient rainfall rates. Rainfall
intensities exceeding 2 inches per hour may lead to localized
flash flooding, particularly if training echoes develop or if
heavy rain falls over the steep terrain and narrow hollows
across the region. Convection is expected to wane by 01Z to 02Z
with the loss of daytime heating. Overnight, areas that receive
rainfall and subsequently clear out will be primed for the
development of dense valley fog due to strong radiational
cooling and cold air drainage into the river valleys.

KEY MESSAGE 2...

Transient upper level ridging will briefly build across the
region Tuesday and Wednesday. This will result in a decrease in
the overall diurnal convective coverage, with Wednesday
featuring the lowest precipitation chances of the work week.
Valley fog will remain a diurnal threat each night during the
early morning hours, particularly in the deep, sheltered river
valleys.

KEY MESSAGE 3...

The transient ridging will break down by Thursday as upper level
troughing reestablishes itself over the Ohio Valley. A more
defined surface front will push southeast toward the Middle Ohio
Valley late in the week and into the weekend. While there
remains some disagreement among numerical guidance regarding
the precise timing and amplitude of these synoptic features,
confidence is increasing in a general uptick in precipitation
probabilities Thursday and especially Friday. A surge of higher
precipitable water air will accompany this system, elevating the
potential for highly efficient rainfall-producing storms. As the
frontal boundary gradually sags south through the weekend, an
increase in deep-layer shear associated with the stronger flow
aloft may introduce a better potential for organized convection,
though the exact mesoscale details remain murky at this lead
time.

&&

.AVIATION /00Z TUESDAY THROUGH SATURDAY/...

Pop-up convection will continue through around 02Z Tuesday,
before dissipating to showers. KBKW has the highest chance of
seeing a thunderstorm during this period, while the other
terminals will mainly see showers that could briefly reduce
visibility to MVFR.

During the early morning hours of Tuesday, fog will develop for
most of the terminals. Fog will drop visibility to MVFR and IFR.
LIFR also cannot be ruled out. Fog should dissipate by 12-13Z.
VCTS will develop again Tuesday afternoon by around 18-19Z.

FORECAST CONFIDENCE AND ALTERNATE SCENARIOS THROUGH 00Z WEDNESDAY...

FORECAST CONFIDENCE: Medium.

ALTERNATE SCENARIOS: Fog may be more significant early Tuesday
morning than expected.

EXPERIMENTAL TABLE OF FLIGHT CATEGORY OBJECTIVELY SHOWS CONSISTENCY
OF WFO FORECAST TO AVAILABLE MODEL INFORMATION:
H = HIGH:   TAF CONSISTENT WITH ALL MODELS OR ALL BUT ONE MODEL.
M = MEDIUM: TAF HAS VARYING LEVEL OF CONSISTENCY WITH MODELS.
L = LOW:    TAF INCONSISTENT WITH ALL MODELS OR ALL BUT ONE MODEL.

UTC 1HRLY       19   20   21   22   23   00   01   02   03   04   05   06
EDT 1HRLY       15   16   17   18   19   20   21   22   23   00   01   02
CRW CONSISTENCY  H    H    H    H    H    H    H    H    H    H    M    L
HTS CONSISTENCY  H    H    H    H    H    H    H    H    H    M    L    L
BKW CONSISTENCY  H    H    H    H    H    H    H    H    H    H    M    M
EKN CONSISTENCY  H    H    H    H    H    H    H    H    H    H    H    H
PKB CONSISTENCY  H    H    H    H    H    H    H    H    H    M    H    M
CKB CONSISTENCY  H    H    H    H    H    H    H    H    H    H    H    H

AFTER 00Z WEDNESDAY...
IFR conditions associated with thunderstorms remains possible
through the work week and into the weekend, more likely in the
afternoon and evening hours. Dense fog possible each night in
areas that receive rainfall the afternoon and evening before.

&&

.RLX WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES...
WV...None.
OH...None.
KY...None.
VA...None.

&&

DISCUSSION...JP
AVIATION...26

In the hours before

Special weather statement, Jul 6, 7:02 PM EDT, 1 hour 2 minutes before

Special Weather Statement
National Weather Service Charleston WV
702 PM EDT Mon Jul 6 2026

VAZ004-WVZ033-062330-
Buchanan VA-McDowell WV-
702 PM EDT Mon Jul 6 2026

...A STRONG THUNDERSTORM WILL IMPACT CENTRAL BUCHANAN AND WESTERN
MCDOWELL COUNTIES THROUGH 730 PM EDT...

At 702 PM EDT, Doppler radar was tracking a strong thunderstorm near
Grundy, moving northeast at 15 mph.

HAZARD...Wind gusts up to 40 mph and half inch hail.

SOURCE...Radar indicated.

IMPACT...Gusty winds could knock down tree limbs and blow around
         unsecured objects. Minor hail damage to vegetation is
         possible.

Locations impacted include...
Grundy, Bradshaw, Iaeger, Stacy, Panther, Avondale, Jolo, Roseann,
and Vansant.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

If outdoors, consider seeking shelter inside a building.

&&

LAT...LON 3718 8194 3728 8212 3749 8196 3750 8179
      3738 8169
TIME...MOT...LOC 2302Z 214DEG 13KT 3730 8198

MAX HAIL SIZE...0.50 IN
MAX WIND GUST...40 MPH

SINCAVAGE

Special weather statement, Jul 6, 7:09 PM EDT, 55 minutes before

Special Weather Statement
National Weather Service Charleston WV
709 PM EDT Mon Jul 6 2026

WVZ024-062330-
Mingo WV-
709 PM EDT Mon Jul 6 2026

...A STRONG THUNDERSTORM WILL IMPACT SOUTH CENTRAL MINGO COUNTY
THROUGH 730 PM EDT...

At 709 PM EDT, Doppler radar was tracking a strong thunderstorm over
Delbarton, or near Williamson, moving northeast at 15 mph.

HAZARD...Wind gusts up to 40 mph and half inch hail.

SOURCE...Radar indicated.

IMPACT...Gusty winds could knock down tree limbs and blow around
         unsecured objects. Minor hail damage to vegetation is
         possible.

Locations impacted include...
Delbarton, Red Jacket, Matewan, and Varney.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

If outdoors, consider seeking shelter inside a building.

&&

LAT...LON 3762 8216 3762 8218 3763 8217 3765 8218
      3765 8219 3763 8219 3763 8221 3766 8224
      3766 8225 3777 8214 3767 8205 3761 8217
TIME...MOT...LOC 2309Z 232DEG 12KT 3768 8219

MAX HAIL SIZE...0.50 IN
MAX WIND GUST...40 MPH

SINCAVAGE

Local storm report, Jul 6, 7:26 PM EDT, 38 minutes before

Preliminary Local Storm Report
National Weather Service Charleston WV
726 PM EDT Mon Jul 6 2026

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0520 PM     Flash Flood      2 NE Poca               38.50N 81.79W
07/06/2026                   Putnam             WV   911 Call Center

            Water rescue along Heizer Creek Rd in Poca.
            Localized flash flooding ongoing at the
            time.

&&

HWS

Special weather statement, Jul 6, 7:29 PM EDT, 35 minutes before

Special Weather Statement
National Weather Service Charleston WV
729 PM EDT Mon Jul 6 2026

WVZ024-025-070000-
Logan WV-Mingo WV-
729 PM EDT Mon Jul 6 2026

...A STRONG THUNDERSTORM WILL IMPACT SOUTHEASTERN MINGO AND
SOUTHWESTERN LOGAN COUNTIES THROUGH 800 PM EDT...

At 729 PM EDT, Doppler radar was tracking a strong thunderstorm near
Red Jacket, or 9 miles east of Williamson, moving east at 15 mph.

HAZARD...Wind gusts up to 40 mph and pea size hail.

SOURCE...Radar indicated.

IMPACT...Gusty winds could knock down tree limbs and blow around
         unsecured objects. Minor hail damage to vegetation is
         possible.

Locations impacted include...
Man, Delbarton, R.d. Bailey Lake, Gilbert Creek, Red Jacket, Hinch,
Mallory, Gilbert, Chauncey, Hampden, Pie, Bruno, Varney, Sarah Ann,
Meador, and Switzer.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

If outdoors, consider seeking shelter inside a building.

&&

LAT...LON 3758 8211 3773 8221 3781 8191 3775 8183
      3760 8181 3760 8183 3758 8183 3756 8185
TIME...MOT...LOC 2329Z 253DEG 13KT 3769 8209

MAX HAIL SIZE...0.25 IN
MAX WIND GUST...40 MPH

SINCAVAGE

Special weather statement, Jul 6, 7:42 PM EDT, 22 minutes before

Special Weather Statement
National Weather Service Charleston WV
742 PM EDT Mon Jul 6 2026

VAZ004-WVZ024-033-034-070000-
Buchanan VA-Wyoming WV-McDowell WV-Mingo WV-
742 PM EDT Mon Jul 6 2026

...A STRONG THUNDERSTORM WILL IMPACT NORTH CENTRAL BUCHANAN...
NORTHWESTERN MCDOWELL...SOUTHEASTERN MINGO AND WEST CENTRAL WYOMING
COUNTIES THROUGH 800 PM EDT...

At 742 PM EDT, Doppler radar was tracking a strong thunderstorm near
Woodman, or 18 miles northeast of Grundy, moving northeast at 20 mph.

HAZARD...Wind gusts up to 40 mph and pea size hail.

SOURCE...Radar indicated.

IMPACT...Gusty winds could knock down tree limbs and blow around
         unsecured objects. Minor hail damage to vegetation is
         possible.

Locations impacted include...
R.d. Bailey Lake, Gilbert Creek, Gilbert, Iaeger, Hurley, and
Panther.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

If outdoors, consider seeking shelter inside a building.

&&

LAT...LON 3732 8195 3744 8211 3754 8197 3755 8197
      3753 8201 3754 8202 3754 8203 3755 8203
      3764 8194 3761 8181 3745 8176
TIME...MOT...LOC 2342Z 212DEG 18KT 3752 8196

MAX HAIL SIZE...0.25 IN
MAX WIND GUST...40 MPH

SINCAVAGE

Special weather statement, Jul 6, 7:55 PM EDT, 9 minutes before

Special Weather Statement
National Weather Service Charleston WV
755 PM EDT Mon Jul 6 2026

VAZ004-WVZ024-025-033-034-070030-
Buchanan VA-Wyoming WV-McDowell WV-Logan WV-Mingo WV-
755 PM EDT Mon Jul 6 2026

...STRONG THUNDERSTORMS WILL IMPACT NORTH CENTRAL BUCHANAN...
NORTHWESTERN MCDOWELL...SOUTHEASTERN MINGO...SOUTHWESTERN WYOMING AND
SOUTHWESTERN LOGAN COUNTIES THROUGH 830 PM EDT...

At 754 PM EDT, Doppler radar was tracking strong thunderstorms along
a line extending from 6 miles north of Hinch to near Gilbert Creek to
10 miles northeast of Grundy. Movement was east at 15 mph.

HAZARD...Wind gusts up to 40 mph and pea size hail.

SOURCE...Radar indicated.

IMPACT...Gusty winds could knock down tree limbs and blow around
         unsecured objects. Minor hail damage to vegetation is
         possible.

Locations impacted include...
Man, Hanover, R.d. Bailey Lake, Mallory, Gilbert Creek, Hinch,
Amherstdale-Robinette, Gilbert, Davy, Bradshaw, Iaeger, Clear Fork,
Panther, Coal Mountain, Hampden, Jolo, Pie, Bruno, Coalwood, and
Hurley.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

If outdoors, consider seeking shelter inside a building.

Torrential rainfall is also occurring with these storms and may lead
to localized flooding. Do not drive your vehicle through flooded
roadways.

Frequent cloud to ground lightning is occurring with these storms.
Lightning can strike 10 miles away from a thunderstorm. Seek a safe
shelter inside a building or vehicle.

&&

LAT...LON 3750 8202 3754 8197 3754 8200 3753 8201
      3754 8202 3771 8210 3778 8179 3758 8161
      3733 8164 3732 8203
TIME...MOT...LOC 2354Z 270DEG 14KT 3771 8200 3753 8187 3734 8193

MAX HAIL SIZE...0.25 IN
MAX WIND GUST...40 MPH

SINCAVAGE

The office that day

Everything else NWS Charleston, WV issued on the same UTC day.

Issued	Product	Office	Counties	Lasted
Jul 6, 8:30 PM EDT	Special Weather Statement	RLX	Wyoming	30 min
Jul 7, 3:38 AM EDT	Flash Flood Warning	RLX	Braxton, Lewis, Randolph, Upshur, Webster	3 hr
Jul 7, 4:08 AM EDT	Flash Flood Warning	RLX	Barbour, Harrison, Lewis, Randolph, Upshur	3 hr

Nearby

Flash Flood Warnings in Virginia, 2026 Flash Flood Warnings in West Virginia, 2026 Every flash flood warning in 2026

Sources

The product and its follow-ups from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service and Storm Prediction Center text; the sounding from the Mesonet's radiosonde archive; radar from the NEXRAD Level II archive.