Alert archive / Ohio / Severe Thunderstorm Warnings in 2026
Severe Thunderstorm Warning 197, NWS Cleveland, OH
NWS Cleveland, OH issued this severe thunderstorm warning at Aug 9, 2026, 7:57 PM EDT for Lucas County, Wood County, Ohio. It was in force for 63 min. 4 reports came from inside the area while it was in force.
The area
The outline as issued, with what was reported inside it.
The facts
- Issued
- Aug 9, 2026, 7:57 PM EDT (23:57 UTC)
- Expired
- Aug 9, 2026, 9:00 PM EDT
- In force
- 63 min
- Issued by
- NWS Cleveland, OH
- Area
- Storm-based polygon
- Hail
- 1.0 in
- Wind
- 60.0 mph
Counties Lucas County, OH, Wood County, OH
The radar
The Detroit radar (KDTX), 130 km from the middle of the area, began a volume at 23:59 UTC, the scan nearest the moment this went out.
Open the radar archive at this moment
The archived warnings, watches and discussions in force at that minute are drawn over the scan, this one among them.
What was reported inside it
| Time | Report | Where | Remark |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aug 9, 8:03 PM EDT | HAIL 1.5 | 4 W Whitehouse, OH | Report from mPING: Ping Pong Ball (1.50 in.). |
| Aug 9, 8:24 PM EDT | TSTM WND GST 59 | 5 N Whitehouse, OH | KTOL - Toledo Express Airport. |
| Aug 9, 8:40 PM EDT | TSTM WND GST 67 | 2 Sse Sylvania, OH | |
| Aug 9, 8:45 PM EDT | TSTM WND DMG | Walbridge, OH | Tree downed. |
Local storm reports filed while the alert was in force, from inside its polygon or its counties.
Did it verify
Verified. The Iowa Environmental Mesonet's Cow matched 5 storm reports to this severe thunderstorm warning; the first came 6 minutes after it went out.
Cow counts a report within 15 km of the polygon while the warning was in force: a tornado for a tornado warning; hail of 1 inch or more, a gust of 58 mph or more or wind damage for a severe thunderstorm warning; a flash flood report for a flash flood warning.
The watch it was issued in
The SPC watch in force over the same counties when this warning went out.
| Issued | Product | Office | Lasted |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aug 9, 7:22 PM EDT | Severe Thunderstorm Watch | SPC | 4 hr |
The nearest sounding before it
Detroit, MI (KDTX), launched 12:00Z, 12.0 hours before the alert went out and 132 km from the middle of its area. This is the routine balloon launch nearest before it, the air the forecaster had in hand, not a measurement taken for the alert.
- Mixed-layer CAPE
- 0 J/kg
- Mixed-layer CIN
- No buoyant parcel
- Mixed-layer LCL
- 1536 m above ground
- 0-6 km bulk shear
- 36 kt
- 0-1 km storm-relative helicity
- 9 m²/s²
- 0-3 km storm-relative helicity
- 53 m²/s²
- Significant tornado parameter
- 0.0
- Supercell composite
- 0.0
The text
As transmitted.
375
WUUS51 KCLE 092357
SVRCLE
OHC095-173-100100-
/O.NEW.KCLE.SV.W.0197.260809T2357Z-260810T0100Z/
BULLETIN - IMMEDIATE BROADCAST REQUESTED
Severe Thunderstorm Warning
National Weather Service Cleveland OH
757 PM EDT Sun Aug 9 2026
The National Weather Service in Cleveland has issued a
* Severe Thunderstorm Warning for...
Wood County in northwestern Ohio...
Lucas County in northwestern Ohio...
* Until 900 PM EDT.
* At 756 PM EDT, severe thunderstorms were located along a line
extending from near Wauseon to near Holgate, moving east at 40 mph.
HAZARD...60 mph wind gusts and quarter size hail.
SOURCE...Radar indicated.
IMPACT...Minor damage to vehicles is possible. Expect damage to
trees and power lines.
* Locations impacted include...
Toledo, Bowling Green, Fostoria, Perrysburg, Oregon, Sylvania,
Rossford, Waterville, Northwood, Whitehouse, North Baltimore,
Holland, Weston, Maumee, Ottawa Hills, Walbridge, Pemberville,
Millbury, Haskins, and Luckey.
PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...
For your protection move to an interior room on the lowest floor of a
building.
&&
LAT...LON 4172 8387 4173 8345 4172 8347 4162 8342
4145 8341 4117 8342 4117 8388
TIME...MOT...LOC 2356Z 270DEG 33KT 4159 8422 4128 8406
HAIL THREAT...RADAR INDICATED
MAX HAIL SIZE...1.00 IN
WIND THREAT...RADAR INDICATED
MAX WIND GUST...60 MPH
$$
Saunders3 follow-up statements
393
WWUS51 KCLE 100017
SVSCLE
Severe Weather Statement
National Weather Service Cleveland OH
817 PM EDT Sun Aug 9 2026
OHC095-173-100100-
/O.CON.KCLE.SV.W.0197.000000T0000Z-260810T0100Z/
Wood OH-Lucas OH-
817 PM EDT Sun Aug 9 2026
...A SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 900 PM EDT
FOR WOOD AND LUCAS COUNTIES...
At 817 PM EDT, severe thunderstorms were located along a line
extending from near Swanton to near Weston, moving east at 40 mph.
HAZARD...60 mph wind gusts and penny size hail.
SOURCE...Radar indicated.
IMPACT...Expect damage to trees and power lines.
Locations impacted include...
Toledo, Bowling Green, Fostoria, Perrysburg, Oregon, Sylvania,
Rossford, Waterville, Northwood, Whitehouse, North Baltimore,
Holland, Weston, Maumee, Ottawa Hills, Walbridge, Pemberville,
Millbury, Haskins, and Luckey.
PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...
For your protection move to an interior room on the lowest floor of a
building.
&&
LAT...LON 4172 8387 4173 8345 4172 8347 4162 8342
4145 8341 4117 8342 4117 8388
TIME...MOT...LOC 0017Z 268DEG 37KT 4160 8393 4129 8377
TORNADO...POSSIBLE
HAIL THREAT...RADAR INDICATED
MAX HAIL SIZE...0.75 IN
WIND THREAT...RADAR INDICATED
MAX WIND GUST...60 MPH
$$
Saunders191
WWUS51 KCLE 100039
SVSCLE
Severe Weather Statement
National Weather Service Cleveland OH
839 PM EDT Sun Aug 9 2026
OHC095-173-100100-
/O.CON.KCLE.SV.W.0197.000000T0000Z-260810T0100Z/
Wood OH-Lucas OH-
839 PM EDT Sun Aug 9 2026
...A SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 900 PM EDT
FOR WOOD AND WEST CENTRAL LUCAS COUNTIES...
At 839 PM EDT, severe thunderstorms were located along a line
extending from Perrysburg to 7 miles northwest of Fostoria, moving
east at 40 mph.
HAZARD...60 mph wind gusts.
SOURCE...Radar indicated.
IMPACT...Expect damage to trees and power lines.
Locations impacted include...
Toledo, Bowling Green, Fostoria, Perrysburg, Oregon, Rossford,
Waterville, Northwood, Holland, Maumee, Walbridge, Pemberville,
Millbury, Haskins, Luckey, Bradner, Wayne, Bloomdale, Risingsun, and
Cygnet.
PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...
For your protection move to an interior room on the lowest floor of a
building.
&&
LAT...LON 4117 8362 4162 8379 4163 8342 4162 8342
4145 8341 4117 8342
TIME...MOT...LOC 0039Z 278DEG 36KT 4156 8364 4125 8348
TORNADO...POSSIBLE
HAIL THREAT...RADAR INDICATED
MAX HAIL SIZE...<.75 IN
WIND THREAT...RADAR INDICATED
MAX WIND GUST...60 MPH
$$
Saunders433
WWUS51 KCLE 100058
SVSCLE
Severe Weather Statement
National Weather Service Cleveland OH
858 PM EDT Sun Aug 9 2026
OHC095-173-100107-
/O.EXP.KCLE.SV.W.0197.000000T0000Z-260810T0100Z/
Wood OH-Lucas OH-
858 PM EDT Sun Aug 9 2026
...THE SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING FOR WOOD AND WEST CENTRAL LUCAS
COUNTIES WILL EXPIRE AT 900 PM EDT...
The storms which prompted the warning have moved out of the area.
Therefore, the warning will be allowed to expire.
A Severe Thunderstorm Watch remains in effect until midnight EDT for
northwestern Ohio.
To report severe weather, contact your nearest law enforcement
agency. They will relay your report to the National Weather Service
Cleveland.
LAT...LON 4117 8362 4162 8379 4163 8342 4162 8342
4145 8341 4117 8342
TIME...MOT...LOC 0057Z 270DEG 33KT 4156 8344 4125 8328
$$
SefcovicWhat forecasters said that day
The local office's own words before this severe thunderstorm warning went out, as it sent them, from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service text.
NWS Cleveland, OH wrote its last area forecast discussion before this severe thunderstorm warning went out at Aug 9, 7:49 PM EDT, 8 minutes earlier. Its key messages:
- 1) There is a Slight Risk (level 2 of 5) of severe thunderstorms in Northwest Ohio this evening and tonight. Damaging wind gusts of 50-60 mph are the primary hazard. 2) Additional rounds of showers and thunderstorms through Wednesday will lead to the potential for localized flooding and scattered severe thunderstorms. 3) Muggy conditions will make temperatures feel uncomfortable at times through Wednesday with cooler and drier air returning to end the week.
Area forecast discussion, Aug 9, 7:49 PM EDT, 8 minutes before
Area Forecast Discussion National Weather Service Cleveland OH 749 PM EDT Sun Aug 9 2026 .WHAT HAS CHANGED... A Severe Thunderstorm Watch has been issued for the western half of the forecast area through midnight tonight. Primary hazard will be damaging wind gusts, a tornado or two, and heavy rainfall. Timing of thunderstorms into Northwest Ohio this evening has trended faster and the Slight Risk for severe thunderstorms (level 2 of 5) has been expanded east to around Vermilion. Raised low temperatures slightly the next couple nights given the warm and humid airmass. Lowered pops on Tuesday morning and portions of the area Tuesday afternoon given uncertainty in timing and coverage of showers and thunderstorms. QPF has also trended down across northeast portions of the forecast area through Wednesday. && .KEY MESSAGES... 1) There is a Slight Risk (level 2 of 5) of severe thunderstorms in Northwest Ohio this evening and tonight. Damaging wind gusts of 50-60 mph are the primary hazard. 2) Additional rounds of showers and thunderstorms through Wednesday will lead to the potential for localized flooding and scattered severe thunderstorms. 3) Muggy conditions will make temperatures feel uncomfortable at times through Wednesday with cooler and drier air returning to end the week. && .DISCUSSION... KEY MESSAGE 1... 7:50 PM Update... An MCS is ongoing and moving roughly east-southeast across northern Indiana into Northwest Ohio this evening. The MCS has maintained strength as moving east with SPC issuing a Severe Thunderstorm Watch for the western half of the forecast area through midnight tonight. Primary hazard will be damaging wind gusts and a tornado or two. Can't rule out instances of heavy rainfall with isolated flash flooding, particularly in urban and well-saturated areas. Previous discussion... Weak low pressure is located over NW Illinois with a warm front extending east across northern Indiana into western Ohio. The warm front is identified primarily by a swath of dewpoints in the lower 70s that is advecting northward today. An MCS is ongoing across Lake Michigan this afternoon and a Severe Thunderstorm Watch extends as far east as Williams County Ohio through 7 PM. The northern portion of the MCS is expected to outpace the reservoir of unstable air and the associated moisture advection. The southern portion of the MCS is more likely to maintain strength into Indiana but unclear at this time the extent it can hold together into NW Ohio. The instability gradient is expected to lift north along the I-75 corridor and possibly to the central highlands but only make slow progress to the northeast across Lake Erie tonight. CAMS have struggled with the handling of this MCS but best timing estimates are for a few thunderstorms to continue east along the advancing warm front into the I-75 corridor and possibly towards Mansfield between 8-11 PM. A general weakening trend is likely as we get past sunset and uncertainty remains regarding the coverage of severe wind gusts into this evening. In general the timing of thunderstorms has trended faster into NW Ohio. Later tonight we expect to see a low level jet develop from Chicago into lower Michigan. This feature combined with the next round of shortwave energy moving through the quasi northwest flow aloft are likely to result in a rejuvenation of thunderstorms upstream across SW lower Michigan. Showers with scattered thunderstorms are expected to spread east across Lake Erie after midnight tonight while perhaps more robust convection still favors a southeast trajectory towards Central Ohio. Models over the last couple days have been highlighting a swath of heavier rain setting up just southwest of our forecast areas in Indiana/west central Ohio prior to 12Z. KEY MESSAGE 2... The local area remains on the downstream side of an upper level ridge over the Rocky Mountains and Plains states through mid-week. This places the local area in a favorable region for additional rounds of showers and thunderstorms as the warm front stalls in the vicinity and multiple shortwaves move through the flow aloft. Timing of additional showers and thunderstorms is challenging beyond tonight and will be impacted by storm evolution, outflow boundaries, and placement of the stalled front. We do expect a break during the late morning/early afternoon on Monday. Moderate instability is expected to develop through the afternoon, especially across southern portions of the forecast area, with scattered thunderstorms possible during the late afternoon. A more organized severe weather threat could materialize during the evening ahead of a more substantial shortwave trough sliding through the Central Great Lakes. Good veering of the flow with height is expected along with around 40 knots of shear. Almost all of the forecast area is in a Slight Risk(level 2 of 5) for severe thunderstorms on Monday. Depending on storm evolution, a trailing rain threat could linger into Monday night, particularly closer to Central Ohio. With the potential for a stronger round of storms on Monday evening/night, did lower pops to chance for most of the daytime on Tuesday. The airmass remains very moist with PW values rebounding to near 2 inches but confidence in placement of storms is low by this time. The more active storm track could be just south of the area on Tuesday but will need to be monitored. Coverage is likely to increase again Tuesday night. Then one more opportunity for thunderstorms is in the forecast on Wednesday afternoon ahead of the eventual cold front. Storm total rainfall amounts through Wednesday are over 2 inches across southwest portions of the forecast area but could see localized totals of 3 or more inches over several days. Will need to monitor the potential for flooding as the week progresses and areas become saturated. KEY MESSAGE 3... This active stretch of weather will be characterized by warm and muggy conditions. Dewpoints return to the 70s on Monday and heat index values will be near 90 degrees across portions of northwest and north central Ohio. Elevated humidity levels will continue (at least in Ohio) through Wednesday. Temperatures will settle back into the 70s to end the week and bring some relief from the higher humidity. && .AVIATION /00Z Monday THROUGH Friday/... A cluster of strong to severe thunderstorms is knocking on the doorstep of eastern terminals with the 00Z TAF issuance. Maintained TEMPO groups for TSRA impacts at KTOL/KFDY between 00Z/Mon and 03Z/Mon. Confidence in the MCS maintaining its strength as it moves east-southeast towards central Ohio terminals remains low, but kept PROB30 groups in all of TAF sites excluding KYNG/KERI. There will likely be future AMDs as tonight evolves. Strong wind gusts to 35-40 knots will be possible in strongest thunderstorms. Any severe thunderstorm that moves over a terminal will be capable of producing 50+ knot wind gusts. Highest confidence in severe wind gusts will be at KFDY this evening. Beyond the next 6 hours or so, the forecast gets very uncertain. Guidance is continuing to suggest another area of showers and thunderstorms moving across terminals Monday morning, possibly into later Monday morning. However, exact details in timing and location are hard to parse out at this time given ongoing convection across the airspace. Given low confidence, opted to maintain PROB30 groups for a few hours across all TAF sites for any TS impacts Monday morning. Conditions are expected to remain VFR outside of any SHRA/TSRA. Outlook...Periods of non-VFR conditions are expected through Thursday as several rounds of scattered showers and thunderstorms move across the airspace. Some storms could be strong to severe during this timeframe. && .MARINE... A warm front will lift across Lake Erie tonight, waiver across the southern Great Lakes through at least part of Wednesday, and then sag south late Wednesday or Wednesday night. Winds will shift southwest behind the front tonight and remain generally west- southwest until the cold front sinks south later this week. Winds will be a bit elevated at 10-15kt late tonight through Monday evening, pushing waves to 1-3 feet in the central and eastern basins. Clusters of storms moving over or near the lake and their mesoscale impacts to pressure and winds may cause a period or two of more enhanced winds to 20kt or so over the lake, particularly late tonight into Monday morning. This could lead to a brief period of 3 to 5 footers across parts of the central or eastern basin. Given the convective influence on the pattern, confidence in a period of winds closer to 20kt and/or waves of at least 4 feet is too low for any headlines, though the potential for a brief period of Small Craft Advisory/Beach Hazard Statements will continue to be evaluated. Winds may briefly turn more northerly early Tuesday as the front briefly pushes south before wavering back north. Winds will be a bit elevated (at least 10 to 15kt, and perhaps briefly up to 20kt) out of a more northerly direction behind the front Wednesday night through Friday, bringing a period of choppier conditions. && .CLE WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES... OH...None. PA...None. MARINE...None. && DISCUSSION...10/13 AVIATION...13 MARINE...Sullivan
Hazardous weather outlook, Aug 9, 7:29 PM EDT, 28 minutes before
Hazardous Weather Outlook National Weather Service Cleveland OH 729 PM EDT Sun Aug 9 2026 LEZ142>144-OHZ003-006>009-017>019-027>029-036-037-102330- Maumee Bay to Reno Beach OH-Reno Beach to The Islands OH- The Islands to Vermilion OH-Lucas-Wood-Ottawa-Sandusky-Erie-Hancock- Seneca-Huron-Wyandot-Crawford-Richland-Marion-Morrow- 729 PM EDT Sun Aug 9 2026 ...SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WATCH 548 IN EFFECT UNTIL MIDNIGHT EDT TONIGHT... This Hazardous Weather Outlook is for Lake Erie, north central Ohio and northwest Ohio. .DAY ONE...Tonight. Please listen to NOAA Weather Radio or go to weather.gov on the Internet for more information about the following hazards. Severe Thunderstorm Watch. There is a Slight Risk of severe thunderstorms (level 2 of 5) across Northwest Ohio this evening, generally between 7-11 PM. Damaging wind gusts to 60 mph will be the primary hazard along with locally heavy rain and lightning. .DAYS TWO THROUGH SEVEN...Monday through Saturday. Additional thunderstorms are possible Monday evening and Monday night. Confidence is low on the location of storm development, but if storms can materialize, they could produce damaging winds, a few tornadoes, and flash flooding. Additional thunderstorms Tuesday and Tuesday night could produce heavy rainfall, flash flooding, and localized severe weather, but confidence on location of storms remains low. .SPOTTER INFORMATION STATEMENT... Weather spotters are encouraged to report significant weather conditions according to Standard Operating Procedures. Please relay any information about observed severe weather to the NWS. LEZ145-162>165-OHZ010-102330- Vermilion to Avon Point OH- Detroit River Lt. to Maumee Bay OH to Reno Beach OH beyond 5NM offshoreline to US-Canadian border- Reno Beach to The Islands OH beyond 5NM off shoreline to US- Canadian border- The Islands to Vermilion OH beyond 5 nm off shoreline to US- Canadian border- Vermilion to Avon Point OH beyond 5 nm off shoreline to US- Canadian border-Lorain- 729 PM EDT Sun Aug 9 2026 This Hazardous Weather Outlook is for Lake Erie and north central Ohio. .DAY ONE...Tonight. There is a Slight Risk of severe thunderstorms (level 2 of 5) across Northwest Ohio this evening, generally between 7-11 PM. Damaging wind gusts to 60 mph will be the primary hazard along with locally heavy rain and lightning. .DAYS TWO THROUGH SEVEN...Monday through Saturday. Additional thunderstorms are possible Monday evening and Monday night. Confidence is low on the location of storm development, but if storms can materialize, they could produce damaging winds, a few tornadoes, and flash flooding. Additional thunderstorms Tuesday and Tuesday night could produce heavy rainfall, flash flooding, and localized severe weather, but confidence on location of storms remains low. .SPOTTER INFORMATION STATEMENT... Spotter activation may be needed. Please relay any information about observed severe weather to the NWS. OHZ030-047-102330- Ashland-Knox- 729 PM EDT Sun Aug 9 2026 ...SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WATCH 548 IN EFFECT UNTIL MIDNIGHT EDT TONIGHT... This Hazardous Weather Outlook is for north central Ohio. .DAY ONE...Tonight. Please listen to NOAA Weather Radio or go to weather.gov on the Internet for more information about the following hazards. Severe Thunderstorm Watch. There is a Marginal Risk of severe thunderstorms (level 1 of 5) across Northeast Ohio and Northwest Pennsylvania tonight. The most likely time frame will be after 11 PM. Isolated wind gusts of 50 to 60 mph will be the primary hazard along with locally heavy rain and lightning. .DAYS TWO THROUGH SEVEN...Monday through Saturday. Additional thunderstorms are possible Monday evening and Monday night. Confidence is low on the location of storm development, but if storms can materialize, they could produce damaging winds, a few tornadoes, and flash flooding. Additional thunderstorms Tuesday and Tuesday night could produce heavy rainfall, flash flooding, and localized severe weather, but confidence on location of storms remains low. In addition, there will be a Moderate Swim Risk for the beaches of Lake Erie from Lake County Ohio to Erie County Pennsylvania. .SPOTTER INFORMATION STATEMENT... Spotter activation may be needed. Please relay any information about observed severe weather to the NWS. LEZ061-146>149-166>169-OHZ011>014-020>023-031>033-038-089-PAZ001>003- 102330- Ripley to Buffalo NY extending from 5NM off shoreline to US- Canadian border-Avon Point to Willowick OH-Willowick to Geneva-on- the Lake OH-Geneva-on-the-Lake to Conneaut OH- Conneaut OH to Ripley NY- Avon Point to Willowick OH beyond 5 nm off shoreline to US- Canadian border-Willowick to Geneva-on-the- Lake OH beyond 5NM off shoreline to US-Canadian border-Geneva-on-the- Lake to Conneaut OH beyond 5 nm off shoreline to US-Canadian border- Conneaut OH to Ripley NY beyond 5 nm off shoreline to US- Canadian border-Cuyahoga-Lake-Geauga-Ashtabula Inland-Medina-Summit- Portage-Trumbull-Wayne-Stark-Mahoning-Holmes-Ashtabula Lakeshore- Northern Erie-Southern Erie-Crawford- 729 PM EDT Sun Aug 9 2026 This Hazardous Weather Outlook is for Lake Erie, northeast Ohio and northwest Pennsylvania. .DAY ONE...Tonight. There is a Marginal Risk of severe thunderstorms (level 1 of 5) across Northeast Ohio and Northwest Pennsylvania tonight. The most likely time frame will be after 11 PM. Isolated wind gusts of 50 to 60 mph will be the primary hazard along with lightning. .DAYS TWO THROUGH SEVEN...Monday through Saturday. Additional thunderstorms are possible Monday evening and Monday night. Confidence is low on the location of storm development, but if storms can materialize, they could produce damaging winds and a few tornadoes. Additional thunderstorms Tuesday and Tuesday night could produce localized severe weather, but confidence on location of storms remains low. In addition, there will be a Moderate Swim Risk for the beaches of Lake Erie from Lake County Ohio to Erie County Pennsylvania. .SPOTTER INFORMATION STATEMENT... Spotter activation may be needed. Please relay any information about observed severe weather to the NWS.
The office that day
Everything else NWS Cleveland, OH issued on the same UTC day.
| Issued | Product | Office | Counties | Lasted |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aug 8, 8:43 PM EDT | Special Weather Statement | CLE | Cuyahoga | 32 min |
| Aug 8, 9:04 PM EDT | Special Weather Statement | CLE | Geauga | 41 min |
| Aug 8, 9:17 PM EDT | Severe Thunderstorm Warning | CLE | Geauga, Portage, Trumbull | 43 min |
Nearby
Severe Thunderstorm Warnings in Ohio, 2026Every severe thunderstorm warning in 2026
Sources
The product and its follow-ups from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service and Storm Prediction Center text; local storm reports from the same archive; the sounding from the Mesonet's radiosonde archive; radar from the NEXRAD Level II archive.