Alert archive / North Dakota / Severe Thunderstorm Warnings in 2026
Severe Thunderstorm Warning 13, NWS Bismarck, ND
NWS Bismarck, ND issued this severe thunderstorm warning at Jun 2, 2026, 8:30 PM MDT for Bowman County, Slope County, North Dakota. It was in force for 60 min. No storm report in the archive falls inside the area while it was in force.
The area
The outline as issued.
The facts
- Issued
- Jun 2, 2026, 8:30 PM MDT (02:30 UTC)
- Expired
- Jun 2, 2026, 9:30 PM MDT
- In force
- 60 min
- Issued by
- NWS Bismarck, ND
- Area
- Storm-based polygon
- Hail
- 1.5 in
- Wind
- 60.0 mph
Counties Bowman County, ND, Slope County, ND
The radar
The Bismarck radar (KBIS), 228 km from the middle of the area, began a volume at 02:32 UTC, the scan nearest the moment this went out.
Open the radar archive at this moment
The archived warnings, watches and discussions in force at that minute are drawn over the scan, this one among them.
Did it verify
Not verified. The Iowa Environmental Mesonet's Cow found no qualifying storm report inside this severe thunderstorm warning while it was in force. That is not proof nothing happened: reports are thin where few people live.
Cow counts a report within 15 km of the polygon while the warning was in force: a tornado for a tornado warning; hail of 1 inch or more, a gust of 58 mph or more or wind damage for a severe thunderstorm warning; a flash flood report for a flash flood warning.
The nearest sounding before it
Bismarck Municip, ND (KBIS), launched 00:00Z, 2.5 hours before the alert went out and 233 km from the middle of its area. This is the routine balloon launch nearest before it, the air the forecaster had in hand, not a measurement taken for the alert.
- Mixed-layer CAPE
- 1410 J/kg
- Mixed-layer CIN
- -40 J/kg
- Mixed-layer LCL
- 1722 m above ground
- 0-6 km bulk shear
- 34 kt
- 0-1 km storm-relative helicity
- 49 m²/s²
- 0-3 km storm-relative helicity
- 188 m²/s²
- Significant tornado parameter
- 0.3
- Supercell composite
- 11.2
The text
As transmitted.
004
WUUS53 KBIS 030230
SVRBIS
NDC011-087-030330-
/O.NEW.KBIS.SV.W.0013.260603T0230Z-260603T0330Z/
BULLETIN - IMMEDIATE BROADCAST REQUESTED
Severe Thunderstorm Warning
National Weather Service Bismarck ND
930 PM CDT Tue Jun 2 2026
The National Weather Service in Bismarck has issued a
* Severe Thunderstorm Warning for...
Northern Bowman County in southwestern North Dakota...
Central Slope County in southwestern North Dakota...
* Until 930 PM MDT.
* At 830 PM MDT, a severe thunderstorm was located near Rhame, or 17
miles west of Bowman, moving northeast at 25 mph.
HAZARD...Ping pong ball size hail and 60 mph wind gusts.
SOURCE...Radar indicated.
IMPACT...People and animals outdoors will be injured. Expect hail
damage to roofs, siding, windows, and vehicles. Expect
wind damage to roofs, siding, and trees.
* Locations impacted include...
Bowman, Rhame, Amidon, Griffin, Buffalo Springs and Sunset Butte.
PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...
Seek shelter inside a well-built structure and stay away from
windows. This storm is capable of producing damaging winds and large
hail.
&&
LAT...LON 4628 10389 4629 10390 4659 10338 4618 10311
4610 10378
TIME...MOT...LOC 0230Z 235DEG 23KT 4621 10375
HAIL THREAT...RADAR INDICATED
MAX HAIL SIZE...1.50 IN
WIND THREAT...RADAR INDICATED
MAX WIND GUST...60 MPH
$$
CJS3 follow-up statements
425
WWUS53 KBIS 030251
SVSBIS
Severe Weather Statement
National Weather Service Bismarck ND
951 PM CDT Tue Jun 2 2026
NDC011-030301-
/O.CAN.KBIS.SV.W.0013.000000T0000Z-260603T0330Z/
Bowman ND-
851 PM MDT Tue Jun 2 2026
...SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING IS CANCELLED FOR NORTHERN BOWMAN
COUNTY...
The storm which prompted the warning has moved out of the area.
Therefore, the warning has been cancelled.
&&
LAT...LON 4628 10318 4628 10373 4635 10380 4659 10338
TIME...MOT...LOC 0230Z 235DEG 23KT 4621 10375
$$
NDC087-030330-
/O.CON.KBIS.SV.W.0013.000000T0000Z-260603T0330Z/
Slope ND-
851 PM MDT Tue Jun 2 2026
...SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 930 PM MDT FOR
CENTRAL SLOPE COUNTY...
At 851 PM MDT, a severe thunderstorm was located 9 miles north of
Rhame, or 15 miles northwest of Bowman, moving northeast at 25 mph.
HAZARD...Ping pong ball size hail and 60 mph wind gusts.
SOURCE...Radar indicated.
IMPACT...People and animals outdoors will be injured. Expect hail
damage to roofs, siding, windows, and vehicles. Expect wind
damage to roofs, siding, and trees.
Locations impacted include...
Amidon.
PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...
Seek shelter inside a well-built structure and stay away from
windows. This storm is capable of producing damaging winds and large
hail.
&&
LAT...LON 4628 10318 4628 10373 4635 10380 4659 10338
TIME...MOT...LOC 0230Z 238DEG 21KT 4629 10375
HAIL THREAT...RADAR INDICATED
MAX HAIL SIZE...1.50 IN
WIND THREAT...RADAR INDICATED
MAX WIND GUST...60 MPH
$$
Adam284
WWUS53 KBIS 030310
SVSBIS
Severe Weather Statement
National Weather Service Bismarck ND
1010 PM CDT Tue Jun 2 2026
NDC087-030330-
/O.CON.KBIS.SV.W.0013.000000T0000Z-260603T0330Z/
Slope ND-
910 PM MDT Tue Jun 2 2026
...SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 930 PM MDT FOR
CENTRAL SLOPE COUNTY...
At 910 PM MDT, a severe thunderstorm was located 7 miles southwest of
Amidon, or 18 miles north of Bowman, moving northeast at 25 mph.
HAZARD...60 mph wind gusts and quarter size hail.
SOURCE...Radar indicated.
IMPACT...Hail damage to vehicles is expected. Expect wind damage to
roofs, siding, and trees.
Locations impacted include...
Amidon.
PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...
Seek shelter inside a well-built structure and stay away from
windows. This storm is capable of producing damaging winds and large
hail.
&&
LAT...LON 4636 10323 4635 10355 4645 10362 4659 10338
TIME...MOT...LOC 0251Z 237DEG 19KT 4639 10357
HAIL THREAT...RADAR INDICATED
MAX HAIL SIZE...1.00 IN
WIND THREAT...RADAR INDICATED
MAX WIND GUST...60 MPH
$$
Adam435 WWUS53 KBIS 030322 SVSBIS Severe Weather Statement National Weather Service Bismarck ND 1022 PM CDT Tue Jun 2 2026 NDC087-030332- /O.EXP.KBIS.SV.W.0013.000000T0000Z-260603T0330Z/ Slope ND- 922 PM MDT Tue Jun 2 2026 ...SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING WILL EXPIRE AT 930 PM MDT FOR CENTRAL SLOPE COUNTY... The storm which prompted the warning has weakened below severe limits, and no longer poses an immediate threat to life or property. Therefore, the warning will be allowed to expire. && LAT...LON 4636 10323 4635 10355 4645 10362 4659 10338 TIME...MOT...LOC 0310Z 237DEG 19KT 4644 10345 $$ Adam
What forecasters said that day
The local office's own words before this severe thunderstorm warning went out, as it sent them, from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service text.
NWS Bismarck, ND wrote its last area forecast discussion before this severe thunderstorm warning went out at Jun 2, 6:01 PM MDT, 2 hours 29 minutes earlier. Its key messages:
- Isolated to scattered severe thunderstorms expected over much of western and central North Dakota through this evening.
- Isolated to scattered severe thunderstorms possible over central into eastern North Dakota on Wednesday.
- Low to medium chances of showers and thunderstorms Thursday through the remainder of the week.
- Highs in the 70s and 80s through the workweek, warming into the 80s and lower 90s for the weekend.
Area forecast discussion, Jun 2, 6:01 PM MDT, 2 hours 29 minutes before
Area Forecast Discussion National Weather Service Bismarck ND 701 PM CDT Tue Jun 2 2026 .KEY MESSAGES... - Isolated to scattered severe thunderstorms expected over much of western and central North Dakota through this evening. - Isolated to scattered severe thunderstorms possible over central into eastern North Dakota on Wednesday. - Low to medium chances of showers and thunderstorms Thursday through the remainder of the week. - Highs in the 70s and 80s through the workweek, warming into the 80s and lower 90s for the weekend. && .UPDATE... Issued at 700 PM CDT Tue Jun 2 2026 ** MESOSCALE DISCUSSION ** Thunderstorms have formed along the pre-frontal wind shift/ differential mixing boundary from near Fessenden southward to the Pettibone, Tappen, Napoleon, Wishek, and Ashley areas. In this area, capping has been eroded in the absence of the high clouds that have resulted in more MLCIN further west. There is large bouyancy with MLCAPE around 2000 J/kg, but effective shear is generally less than 30 kt, and those vectors are oriented parallel to the wind shift. This means that we have seen and will continue to expect multicell, pulse-type storms along this axis, with a marginal risk of hail to around half dollar size and damaging wind gusts up to 60 mph. Note that given the weak shear environment, hail diagnostic tools such as MRMS and single-radar MESH will tend to overestimate hail sizes with these storms. Further west, storms along/ahead of the cold front, e.g., in Sioux County, have struggled to become established in the face of larger MLCIN. Similarly, post-frontal convection, such as that near Glen Ullin and Center as of 00 UTC, has also been struggling to intensify. These areas of convection represent only a low risk of intensification and severe-storm risk for the remainder of the evening. As observational trends allow, we will cancel western and northern portions of the Severe Thunderstorm Watch early in collaboration with SPC. CJS UPDATE Issued at 410 PM CDT Tue Jun 2 2026 ** MESOSCALE DISCUSSION ** A severe hail and wind risk will continue across central ND the next several hours, with only a low tornado risk. In this scenario, the main hazards will be from large hail and damaging winds, which is why a Severe Thunderstorm Watch has been issued. Technical discussion: As of 21z, thunderstorms including some previous marginal supercell structures are focused in the McHenry, Pierce, and Sheridan County areas. This is along a pre- frontal trough, and possibly where the cold frontal zone has begun to merge with that trough, resulting in additional low- level convergence. MLCAPE on the order of 2000 J/kg and effective-layer shear on the order of 35-40 kt in that zone favor the marginal supercell structures with an attendant large hail and damaging wind risk. However, anvil-level flow does weaken with northward extent, and the orientation of deep-layer shear vectors to the surface boundaries suggests gradual upscale growth will occur in this area if or when additional initiation occurs. Further southwest, the prefrontal surface trough is seen on radar fine-line from near Mercer to Price, Crown Butte Lake, and Carson. The 18z KBIS RAOB sampled residual capping with MLCIN around -50 J/kg. As surface temperatures reach the mid 80s F, that capping becomes minimized, but high-level clouds spreading across Grant, Morton, and into Burleigh Counties casts some doubt on the timing of convective initiation. We believe that eventually additional development will occur in south central ND, but robust development may take some time and additional frontal lift to overcome the residual capping layer. The highest probability of development may initially be over Sioux and southern Grant Counties, where satellite trends suggest more robust upstream development occurring in an area where downstream high-cloud shading is less prevalent. There is also a low to medium probability that the line of cumulus from Kidder south into Emmons Counties, on the edge of richer low-level moisture representing a differential heating boundary, could result in pre-frontal initiation. However, deep- layer shear is weaker there and would result in more marginal, multicellular type of storms. Generally-speaking, low-level hodographs are relatively small, and accordingly, low-level SRH ahead of the front in the buoyant sector is 100 m2/s2 or less. Deep-layer shear vectors are also oriented parallel to the front, favoring upscale-growing and messy modes. This all suggests that the tornado risk is low overall. CJS && .DISCUSSION... Issued at 151 PM CDT Tue Jun 2 2026 Relatively well stacked low pressure is present over southern Saskatchewan. This low will very gradually slide eastward over the next couple days. During this timeframe, an associated very slow moving cold frontal boundary currently draped north to south over western North Dakota will slide eastward. This frontal boundary will likely become quasistationary, and possibly retrograde, at times. Showers and thunderstorms are present and will continue to frequently develop along and ahead of this frontal boundary. High pressure over the Great Lakes region will continue advecting moisture from the Gulf of America into the Northern Plains. This added moisture, with boundary layer dewpoints in the mid 50s to low 60s will help produce a buoyant atmosphere. In addition, deep layer shear along and ahead of the front is generally progged at around 35 to 45 kts with a southwesterly component. Combined, this should produce the conditions for isolated to scattered severe thunderstorms this afternoon and evening. With the southwesterly component of the 0 to 6 km bulk shear vectors and a north to south frontal boundary, suspect clusters are the most likely thunderstorm mode along most of the front. Considering there is already a clusterish line of showers and thunderstorms along the frontal boundary, suspect a limited timeframe for any discrete cells to develop this afternoon. Though one has already developed near the Turtle Mountains as of this writing. This means that while there may be a window for golf ball size hail and an isolated tornado threat, this may wind up being a case where widespread marginal severe thunderstorms prevail overall. In addition, slow moving storm motions with the potential for training could lead to heavy rain and a localized flooding event. Of note, a mesoanalyst will produce a mesoanalysis discussion within the next hour or two. This will provide even further details in regard to the severe weather threat based on the evolving severe weather environment. Depending on how the environment evolves, changes to the above threat expectations are not out of the question. While there may be initial LLJ development this evening mainly over the eastern half of the state, it does not look to persist through the night. Therefore, while isolated to scattered showers and thunderstorms are likely to persist through at least parts of the area through tonight, the severe threat will likely wane rapidly as the sun sets, instability decreases, and capping increases. Still, a few strong storms are not entirely out of the question overnight. For Wednesday, the aforementioned frontal boundary will continue to gradually shift eastward and as such, so will the severe threat. Therefore, concur with SPC that the highest severe potential for Wednesday will be in the south central (mainly east of Hwy 83) and in eastern North Dakota. The biggest threats will remain strong winds and large hail, though an isolated tornado threat could return mainly in the far southeast, including the southern James River Valley of ND. Gulf moisture will be, at least temporarily, cut off behind the frontal boundary. However, a deepening low pressure over the Central Plains could bring the return of showers and thunderstorms mainly to southern North Dakota Thursday through Friday. The severe threat is favored to remain south for the most part at this time, though will keep an eye on that over the next couple days. Saturday is favored to remain mostly dry, after which periodic showers and thunderstorms are possible to start next week. CSU machine learning suggests at least low severe weather potential most days to start next week. Slightly above average temperatures with highs in the mid 70s to low 80s are expected to continue through Friday. Well above average temperatures are then expected to return this weekend and are favored to continue into the middle of next week. Lows will start out mostly in the mid 40s to low 50s before increasing to the 50s to low 60s next week. && .AVIATION /00Z TAFS THROUGH 00Z THURSDAY/... Issued at 641 PM CDT Tue Jun 2 2026 Showers and thunderstorms continue along a cold frontal boundary that is draped across central North Dakota from just east of KBIS northeastward to just east of Langdon. Near this front, expect the potential for additional SHRAs/TSRAs...some of which could be severe...to impact potentially KJMS amd KBIS over the next few hours with MVFR of lower CIGS/VSBYS. SHRA/TSRA activity is then expected to shift east with the cold front as it expands in coverage through around 03/06Z...with additional SHRAs/TSRAs rotating around the upper level low across southern Saskatchewan impacting the western terminals overnight and working its way eastward during the daytime hours Wednesday. Overall, an unsettled period with low confidence in timing of TSRA activity and therefore limited lower CIGS/VSBYs to mainly prob30 groups. && .BIS WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES... None. && UPDATE...CJS DISCUSSION...Telken AVIATION...Rossi
Hazardous weather outlook, Jun 2, 1:06 PM MDT, 7 hours 24 minutes before
Hazardous Weather Outlook National Weather Service Bismarck ND 206 PM CDT Tue Jun 2 2026 NDZ001>003-009-010-017>019-031>033-040-041-043-044-055>057-031915- Divide-Burke-Renville-Williams-Mountrail-McKenzie-Dunn-Mercer- Golden Valley-Billings-Stark-Slope-Hettinger-Bowman-Adams- Northwest Ward-Central and Southern Ward/Minot Area- Western McLean- 206 PM CDT Tue Jun 2 2026 /106 PM MDT Tue Jun 2 2026/ This Hazardous Weather Outlook is for portions of north central North Dakota, northwest North Dakota, south central North Dakota, and southwest North Dakota. .DAY ONE...This Afternoon and Tonight Isolated to scattered severe thunderstorms are expected today through this evening. The main hazards will be large hail up to golf ball size and damaging wind gusts up to 70 mph. Isolated tornadoes and very heavy rainfall producing localized flooding are also possible. .DAYS TWO THROUGH SEVEN...Wednesday through Monday The probability for widespread hazardous weather is low. .SPOTTER INFORMATION STATEMENT... Spotters are asked to provide reports to the NWS using standard procedures, including through our social media accounts. NDZ004-005-012-013-020-022-023-025-035>037-042-046>048-050-051- 058>062-031915- Bottineau-Rolette-McHenry-Pierce-Oliver-Sheridan-Wells-Foster- Burleigh-Kidder-Stutsman-Grant-Emmons-Logan-La Moure-McIntosh- Dickey-Eastern McLean-Western Morton-Eastern Morton-Western Sioux- Eastern Sioux- 206 PM CDT Tue Jun 2 2026 /106 PM MDT Tue Jun 2 2026/ This Hazardous Weather Outlook is for portions of north central North Dakota, south central North Dakota, and southeast North Dakota. .DAY ONE...This Afternoon and Tonight Isolated to scattered severe thunderstorms are expected today through this evening. The main hazards will be large hail up to golf ball size and damaging wind gusts up to 70 mph. Isolated tornadoes and very heavy rainfall producing localized flooding are also possible. .DAYS TWO THROUGH SEVEN...Wednesday through Monday Isolated to scattered severe thunderstorms are possible Wednesday. The main hazards will be large hail up to golf ball size and damaging wind gusts up to 60 mph. Isolated tornadoes are possible mainly in the far southeast. Very heavy rainfall producing localized flooding is also possible. .SPOTTER INFORMATION STATEMENT... Spotters are asked to provide reports to the NWS using standard procedures, including through our social media accounts. Telken
In the hours before
Local storm report, Jun 2, 7:18 PM MDT, 1 hour 12 minutes before
Preliminary Local Storm Report
National Weather Service Bismarck ND
818 PM CDT Tue Jun 2 2026
..TIME... ...EVENT... ...CITY LOCATION... ...LAT.LON...
..DATE... ....MAG.... ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
..REMARKS..
0813 PM Tstm Wnd Gst 4 W Pingree 47.17N 98.99W
06/02/2026 M61 MPH Stutsman ND Public
Measured wind gust from private weather
station.
&&
MEJLocal storm report, Jun 2, 7:20 PM MDT, 1 hour 10 minutes before
Preliminary Local Storm Report
National Weather Service Bismarck ND
820 PM CDT Tue Jun 2 2026
..TIME... ...EVENT... ...CITY LOCATION... ...LAT.LON...
..DATE... ....MAG.... ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
..REMARKS..
0550 PM Hail Robinson 47.14N 99.78W
06/02/2026 E1.00 Inch Kidder ND Broadcast Media
Photo relayed from broadcast media of up to
quarter sized hail lasting about 10 minutes
in Robinson.
&&
JAALocal storm report, Jun 2, 7:24 PM MDT, 1 hour 6 minutes before
Preliminary Local Storm Report
National Weather Service Bismarck ND
824 PM CDT Tue Jun 2 2026
..TIME... ...EVENT... ...CITY LOCATION... ...LAT.LON...
..DATE... ....MAG.... ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
..REMARKS..
0709 PM Tstm Wnd Gst 1 E Pettibone 47.12N 99.49W
06/02/2026 M62 MPH Kidder ND Public
Measured wind gust from private weather
station.
&&
MEJLocal storm report, Jun 2, 7:33 PM MDT, 57 minutes before
Preliminary Local Storm Report
National Weather Service Bismarck ND
833 PM CDT Tue Jun 2 2026
..TIME... ...EVENT... ...CITY LOCATION... ...LAT.LON...
..DATE... ....MAG.... ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
..REMARKS..
0830 PM Tstm Wnd Gst 3 WNW Kensal 47.31N 98.79W
06/02/2026 M59 MPH Stutsman ND Public
Measured wind gust at private weather
station.
&&
MEJLocal storm report, Jun 2, 7:35 PM MDT, 55 minutes before
Preliminary Local Storm Report
National Weather Service Bismarck ND
835 PM CDT Tue Jun 2 2026
..TIME... ...EVENT... ...CITY LOCATION... ...LAT.LON...
..DATE... ....MAG.... ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
..REMARKS..
0830 PM Tstm Wnd Gst 5 W Courtenay 47.22N 98.68W
06/02/2026 M58 MPH Stutsman ND Mesonet
10 meter measured wind gust at 5 W Courtenay
NDAWN station.
&&
MEJSpecial weather statement, Jun 2, 8:00 PM MDT, 30 minutes before
Special Weather Statement
National Weather Service Bismarck ND
900 PM CDT Tue Jun 2 2026
NDZ043-030230-
Bowman ND-
800 PM MDT Tue Jun 2 2026
...A STRONG THUNDERSTORM WILL IMPACT NORTHWESTERN BOWMAN COUNTY UNTIL
830 PM MDT...
At 800 PM MDT, Doppler radar was tracking a strong thunderstorm 10
miles northwest of Mud Buttes, or 26 miles west of Bowman, moving
east at 30 mph.
HAZARD...Wind gusts up to 50 mph and penny size hail.
SOURCE...Radar indicated.
IMPACT...Gusty winds could knock down tree limbs and blow around
unsecured objects. Minor damage to outdoor objects is
possible.
Locations impacted include...
Rhame and Sunset Butte.
PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...
If outdoors, consider seeking shelter inside a building.
&&
LAT...LON 4602 10404 4613 10405 4621 10405 4628 10368
4606 10358
TIME...MOT...LOC 0159Z 248DEG 27KT 4610 10394
MAX HAIL SIZE...0.75 IN
MAX WIND GUST...50 MPH
CJSThe office that day
Everything else NWS Bismarck, ND issued on the same UTC day.
| Issued | Product | Office | Counties | Lasted |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jun 2, 6:07 PM MDT | Special Weather Statement | BIS | Logan | 23 min |
| Jun 2, 6:16 PM MDT | Special Weather Statement | BIS | Logan | 29 min |
| Jun 2, 6:24 PM MDT | Severe Thunderstorm Warning | BIS | Kidder, Stutsman | 51 min |
| Jun 2, 7:03 PM MDT | Special Weather Statement | BIS | Stutsman | 27 min |
| Jun 2, 7:12 PM MDT | Severe Thunderstorm Warning | BIS | Foster, Stutsman | 48 min |
| Jun 2, 7:46 PM MDT | Severe Thunderstorm Warning | BIS | Foster, Stutsman | 44 min |
| Jun 2, 8:00 PM MDT | Special Weather Statement | BIS | Bowman | 30 min |
| Jun 3, 5:03 PM MDT | Special Weather Statement | BIS | Dickey | 27 min |
| Jun 3, 5:31 PM MDT | Special Weather Statement | BIS | Dickey | 29 min |
Nearby
Severe Thunderstorm Warnings in North Dakota, 2026Every severe thunderstorm warning in 2026
Sources
The product and its follow-ups from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service and Storm Prediction Center text; the sounding from the Mesonet's radiosonde archive; radar from the NEXRAD Level II archive.