Alert archive / Alabama / Flash Flood Warnings in 2022

Flash Flood Warning 1, NWS Birmingham, AL

February 3, 20226 counties in Alabama

NWS Birmingham, AL issued this flash flood warning at Feb 3, 2022, 9:59 PM CST for 6 counties in Alabama. It was in force for 6 hr. 6 reports came from inside the area while it was in force.

The area

The outline as issued, with what was reported inside it.

The facts

Issued: Feb 3, 2022, 9:59 PM CST (03:59 UTC)
Expired: Feb 4, 2022, 4:00 AM CST
In force: 6 hr
Issued by: NWS Birmingham, AL
Area: Storm-based polygon
Flood severity: None

Counties Bullock County, AL, Lee County, AL, Lowndes County, AL, Macon County, AL, Montgomery County, AL, Russell County, AL

The radar

The Maxwell AFB radar (KMXX), 39 km from the middle of the area, began a volume at 04:03 UTC, the scan nearest the moment this went out.

Open the radar archive at this moment

The archived warnings, watches and discussions in force at that minute are drawn over the scan, this one among them.

What was reported inside it

Time	Report	Where	Remark
Feb 4, 12:30 AM CST	FLASH FLOOD	3 Se Mitchell, AL	SEVERAL ROADS WERE IMPASSABLE LAST NIGHT, INCLUDING HIGHWAY 110, COUNTY ROADS 185 AND 7, AND JACKSON GRISWOLD ROAD.
Feb 4, 1:00 AM CST	FLASH FLOOD	3 Nne Calhoun, AL	PERRYMAN ROAD AND COUNTY ROAD 37 IMPASSABLE.
Feb 4, 1:00 AM CST	FLASH FLOOD	3 Nne Crawford, AL	UCHEE CREEK OUT OF ITS BANKS NEAR HOMES ON LEE ROAD 2103.
Feb 4, 3:00 AM CST	FLASH FLOOD	3 Nw Griffen Mill, AL	LEE ROAD 146 WAS IMPASSABLE WEST OF HIGHWAY 169.
Feb 4, 3:00 AM CST	FLASH FLOOD	Davisville, AL	AT LEAST 10 ROADS IMPASSABLE AND 6 OF THESE WASHED OUT, GENERALLY SOUTH AND SOUTHEAST OF TUSKEGEE. ROADS IMPACTED INCLUDED COUNTY ROADS 10, 2, 23, 26, 22, AND 13 AND HIGHWAY 29.
Feb 4, 4:00 AM CST	FLASH FLOOD	Phenix City, AL	SEVERAL ROADWAYS ACROSS RUSSELL COUNTY WERE REPORTED AS IMPASSIBLE OR WASHED OUT DUE TO FLASH FLOODING.

Local storm reports filed while the alert was in force, from inside its polygon or its counties.

Did it verify

Verified. The Iowa Environmental Mesonet's Cow matched 7 storm reports to this flash flood warning; the first came 151 minutes after it went out.

Cow counts a report within 15 km of the polygon while the warning was in force: a tornado for a tornado warning; hail of 1 inch or more, a gust of 58 mph or more or wind damage for a severe thunderstorm warning; a flash flood report for a flash flood warning.

The nearest sounding before it

Birmingham, AL (KBMX), launched 00:00Z, 4.0 hours before the alert went out and 132 km from the middle of its area. This is the routine balloon launch nearest before it, the air the forecaster had in hand, not a measurement taken for the alert.

Skew-T log-p

Temperature in red, dew point in green, the mixed-layer parcel dashed.

Hodograph

The wind turning with height, colored by layer: ground to 1 km, 1 to 3 km, 3 to 6 km, 6 to 10 km.

Mixed-layer CAPE: 182 J/kg
Mixed-layer CIN: -12 J/kg
Mixed-layer LCL: 550 m above ground
0-6 km bulk shear: 56 kt
0-1 km storm-relative helicity: 251 m²/s²
0-3 km storm-relative helicity: 275 m²/s²
Significant tornado parameter: 0.2
Supercell composite: 1.4

Open this sounding in Storm Lab

The text

As transmitted.

468 
WGUS54 KBMX 040359
FFWBMX
ALC011-081-085-087-101-113-041000-
/O.NEW.KBMX.FF.W.0001.220204T0359Z-220204T1000Z/
/00000.0.ER.000000T0000Z.000000T0000Z.000000T0000Z.OO/

BULLETIN - EAS ACTIVATION REQUESTED
Flash Flood Warning
National Weather Service Birmingham AL
959 PM CST Thu Feb 3 2022

The National Weather Service in Birmingham has issued a

* Flash Flood Warning for...
  Lee County in east central Alabama...
  Southeastern Lowndes County in south central Alabama...
  Montgomery County in south central Alabama...
  Northwestern Bullock County in southeastern Alabama...
  Macon County in southeastern Alabama...
  Northern Russell County in southeastern Alabama...

* Until 400 AM CST Friday.

* At 959 PM CST, Doppler radar indicated thunderstorms producing 
  heavy rain across the warned area. Between 2 and 4 inches of rain 
  have fallen. Additional rainfall amounts of 1 to 3 inches are 
  possible in the warned area. Flash flooding is ongoing or expected 
  to begin shortly.

  HAZARD...Flash flooding caused by thunderstorms.

  SOURCE...Radar.

  IMPACT...Flash flooding of small creeks and streams, urban
           areas, highways, streets and underpasses as well as
           other poor drainage and low-lying areas.

* Some locations that will experience flash flooding include...
  Montgomery, Auburn, Phenix City, Opelika, Tuskegee, Union Springs, 
  Fort Deposit, Meadville, Smiths, Pike Road, Smiths Station, 
  Franklin, Hardaway, Liverpool, Franklin Field, Davisville, Lake 
  Tuskegee, Shopton, Waugh and Mount Meigs.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

Turn around, don't drown when encountering flooded roads. Most flood 
deaths occur in vehicles.

Be especially cautious at night when it is harder to recognize the 
dangers of flooding.

&&

LAT...LON 3196 8675 3247 8621 3243 8619 3236 8595
      3273 8524 3273 8511 3264 8510 3242 8496
      3240 8528 3198 8589 3205 8589 3206 8595
      3205 8600 3197 8600 3197 8630 3205 8630
      3205 8641 3204 8640 3196 8641

FLASH FLOOD...RADAR INDICATED
EXPECTED RAINFALL RATE...1-2 INCHES IN 1 HOUR

$$

32/Davis

1 follow-up statement

196 
WGUS74 KBMX 041004 RRA
FFSBMX

Flash Flood Statement
National Weather Service Birmingham AL
404 AM CST Fri Feb 4 2022

ALC081-085-087-101-041014-
/O.EXP.KBMX.FF.W.0001.000000T0000Z-220204T1000Z/
/00000.0.ER.000000T0000Z.000000T0000Z.000000T0000Z.OO/
Lee AL-Lowndes AL-Macon AL-Montgomery AL-
404 AM CST Fri Feb 4 2022

...FLASH FLOOD WARNING HAS EXPIRED FOR LEE, SOUTHEASTERN LOWNDES, 
MONTGOMERY, NORTHWESTERN BULLOCK, MACON AND NORTHERN RUSSELL 
COUNTIES...

The heavy rain has ended. Flooding is no longer expected to pose a 
threat. Please continue to heed remaining road closures.



LAT...LON 3196 8675 3247 8621 3243 8619 3236 8595
      3273 8524 3273 8511 3264 8510 3242 8496
      3240 8528 3198 8589 3205 8589 3206 8595
      3205 8600 3197 8600 3197 8630 3205 8630
      3205 8641 3204 8640 3196 8641

$$

25/Owen

What forecasters said that day

The local office's own words before this flash flood warning went out, as it sent them, from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service text.

NWS Birmingham, AL wrote its last area forecast discussion before this flash flood warning went out at Feb 3, 6:42 PM CST, 3 hours 17 minutes earlier.

Area forecast discussion, Feb 3, 6:42 PM CST, 3 hours 17 minutes before

Area Forecast Discussion
National Weather Service Birmingham AL
642 PM CST Thu Feb 3 2022

.UPDATE...
For 00Z Aviation.

&&

.SHORT TERM...
/Updated at 0546 PM CST Thu Feb 03 2022/

Cellular activity from earlier this afternoon has organized into
a line of storms. These storms were located from south of Heflin
to Alexander City to Fort Deposit. Effective Shear and 0-1 SRH
both remain quite high ahead of the line. Instability is somewhat
limited the farther north you go. Therefore, Severe concerns are
generally from Alexander City south and east. The watch was
extended in time to 7 pm to allowed these storms to either weaken
or move out of the area.

There were several locations that had damage this afternoon and
survey crews will be out in the morning to assess the damage.

Concerning winter precipitation late tonight, a small chance of
very light freezing rain is possible before all the moisture
exits. Will change any messaging at this time and keep only slight
chance occurrence.

75

Previous short-term discussion:
/Updated at 1224 PM CST Thu Feb 03 2022/

Through Tomorrow.

The weather situation will become more active as we continue into
the early afternoon. Current surface obs indicate an elongated
1008mb surface low centered roughly over eastern Mississippi. The
surface low is tracking northeast along a cold front which extends
through the Mid-Atlantic and Northeast states. Based on theta-e
analysis, a diffuse warm front is positioned roughly from Birmingham
southeast towards Auburn. South-southeasterly surface winds coupled
with south-southwesterly low-level winds are supplying warm, moist
air with dewpoints currently in the mid to upper 60s across our
southwestern counties. This will provide a corridor of surface based
destabilization on the order of 800-1200 J/kg, per latest hi-res
guidance and SPC mesoanalysis, which could combine with sufficient
vertical wind shear to support an environment favorable for updraft
organization and strong thunderstorms capable of producing damaging
winds. Curved forecast hodographs continue to show potential for
rotating updrafts with tornadoes possible. Still expect the most
favorable environment will focus across our southwestern counties
with instability diminishing with northward and eastern extent, but
a smaller risk may continue as far north as the Birmingham metro.
The ability for these storms to actually produce severe weather may
be limited by the lack of upper-level support and relatively
disorganized low-level support, but environmental profiles suggest
enough potential to continue the Slight risk for severe storms as it
currently stands. The risk will wane this evening as temperatures
cool and instability decreases.

Storms have begun consolidating along the cold front over
southeastern Mississippi and eastern Louisiana. This broken line
of storms will track northeast and enter southwest Alabama over
the next couple of hours as the cold front moves into west
Alabama. In addition to the severe risk, we will have a continued
risk for flash flooding with the potential for an additional one
to two and a half inches of rainfall along the I-20 corridor.
These areas have already received around an inch of rainfall since
yesterday, so runoff is likely to occur quickly under any heavier
thunderstorms.

Cooler air will quickly filter in behind the front. There is still
small potential for a brief changeover to a wintry mix or freezing
drizzle in our far northwest counties after midnight, but
accumulation is not expected and the duration appears even less on
some of the recent guidance. Therefore, the potential for even a
light glaze is beginning to appear less likely. However,
temperatures trends will need to be monitored overnight. Dry mid-
level air will end precip chances across the north and western
portions of the forecast area by tomorrow afternoon. The anafront
nature of this system means the surface boundary will be well
east of the area, but lingering showers can be expected across
the southeast as the low to mid level trough axis passes across
the Deep South. Highs will range from the lower 40s northwest to
lower 60s southeast.

86

.LONG TERM...
/Updated at 0206 PM CST Thu Feb 03 2022/

Saturday through Wednesday.

/Fair weather returns alongside a cool air mass/

Surface high pressure is progged to influence our region during
the extended period, with the H5 pattern featuring several trough
axes across the CONUS. The GFS/ECMWF swing one of these troughs
across our region early next week and, per soundings, generate
some overrunning shower activity for parts of the Southeast.
This is shown for areas to our south and east so a dry forecast
is being advertised at this time. Aside from highs in the 40s for
most on Saturday, 50s look to become a daily occurrence. Lows
should run in the 20s/30s.

89^GSatterwhite

&&

.AVIATION...
00Z TAF Discussion.

Showers and embedded thunderstorms continue across Central
Alabama. The best chance for any TSRA at a terminal appears to be
TOI and possibly EET the next few hours. Mentioned VCTS at several
sites through 6z. Showers will continue much of the overnight
hours. Ceilings were at IFR/MVFR levels at this writing. Ceilings
should lower to IFR/LIFR ahead and behind the front overnight.
These ceilings only slowly lift and may become MVFR in the
afternoon in spots. Better chances of less restrictions occurs
just after 00z. Winds will be south to southwest mainly 10 to 20
mph and veers to the northwest as the front passes.

75

&&

.FIRE WEATHER...

A soaking rainfall continues into Thursday night. Rain will end
most areas on Friday, but lingering showers are expected toward
the Interstate 85 corridor. Fair weather returns for the weekend
into next week, with fire weather elements above critical
thresholds.

&&

.PRELIMINARY POINT TEMPS/POPS...
Gadsden     38  42  24  47  26 / 100  20   0   0   0
Anniston    42  46  26  48  28 / 100  30   0   0   0
Birmingham  38  42  26  47  28 /  90  20   0   0   0
Tuscaloosa  36  43  26  48  27 /  80  20   0   0   0
Calera      41  44  28  48  30 / 100  30   0   0   0
Auburn      49  53  29  49  32 /  90  70  20   0   0
Montgomery  46  49  30  52  31 / 100  60  10   0   0
Troy        47  53  31  51  32 /  90  70  30   0   0

&&

.BMX WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES/...
Flood Watch through Friday morning for the following counties:
Autauga...Bibb...Calhoun...Chambers...Cherokee...Chilton...
Clay...Cleburne...Coosa...Dallas...Elmore...Etowah...Jefferson...
Lee...Lowndes...Macon...Montgomery...Perry...Randolph...Shelby...
St. Clair...Talladega...Tallapoosa.

Flood Watch until 6 AM CST Friday for the following counties:
Blount.

&&

Hazardous weather outlook, Feb 3, 4:19 AM CST, 17 hours 40 minutes before

Hazardous Weather Outlook
National Weather Service Birmingham AL
419 AM CST Thu Feb 3 2022

ALZ011>015-017>050-041330-
Marion-Lamar-Fayette-Winston-Walker-Blount-Etowah-Calhoun-Cherokee-
Cleburne-Pickens-Tuscaloosa-Jefferson-Shelby-St. Clair-Talladega-
Clay-Randolph-Sumter-Greene-Hale-Perry-Bibb-Chilton-Coosa-Tallapoosa-
Chambers-Marengo-Dallas-Autauga-Lowndes-Elmore-Montgomery-Macon-
Bullock-Lee-Russell-Pike-Barbour-
419 AM CST Thu Feb 3 2022

This Hazardous Weather Outlook is for the counties served by the
National Weather Service office in Birmingham.

.DAY ONE...Outlook through Tonight.

Periods of heavy rainfall are possible through tonight along and
north of Interstate 85. Additional rainfall totals of 1 to 3 inches
are forecast, with locally higher amounts. This may result in
localized flooding of low lying or poor drainage areas.

Strong to severe thunderstorm are possible this afternoon across
portions of Central Alabama. Threats include damaging wind gusts,
hail, and tornadoes. The greatest risk area will be southwest
Central Alabama.

A transition to light freezing rain or freezing drizzle is possible
across northwest Central Alabama early Friday morning. This may
result in slippery roadways, especially on bridges and overpasses.

.DAYS TWO THROUGH SEVEN...Friday through Wednesday.

Portions of the Tombigbee and the Black Warrior rivers are forecast
to go into minor flood stage on Friday. Minor flooding may persist
into early next week. Please refer to the latest river flood
warnings for the latest stage information.

.SPOTTER INFORMATION STATEMENT...

Activation of storm spotters and emergency management may be
needed tonight through Friday morning.

In the hours before

Local storm report, Feb 3, 5:33 PM CST, 4 hours 26 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE BIRMINGHAM AL
533 PM CST THU FEB 3 2022

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0200 PM     TORNADO          2 NNE SAWYERVILLE       32.78N 87.71W
02/03/2022                   HALE               AL   EMERGENCY MNGR

            *** 1 FATAL, 8 INJ ***
            SIGNIFICANT DAMAGE FROM A LIKELY TORNADO
            ALONG COUNTY ROAD 30 IN THE SAWYERVILLE
            COMMUNITY. PRELIMINARY REPORT OF 1 FATALITY,
            3 CRITICAL INJURIES, AND 5 MINOR INJURIES.

&&

CBD

Local storm report, Feb 3, 6:15 PM CST, 3 hours 44 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE BIRMINGHAM AL
615 PM CST THU FEB 3 2022

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0457 PM     TORNADO          2 WSW WEOKA MILLS       32.67N 86.33W
02/03/2022                   ELMORE             AL   EMERGENCY MNGR

            DAMAGE FROM A LIKELY TORNADO ALONG MARINA
            ROAD AND LIGHTWOOD ROAD. TREES DOWN AND SOME
            MINOR DAMAGE IN A CAMPER PARK.

&&

CBD

Local storm report, Feb 3, 6:28 PM CST, 3 hours 31 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE BIRMINGHAM AL
628 PM CST THU FEB 3 2022

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

1255 PM     TSTM WND DMG     5 WNW KINTERBISH        32.37N 88.37W
02/03/2022                   SUMTER             AL   EMERGENCY MNGR

            CORRECTS PREVIOUS TSTM WND DMG REPORT FROM 5
            WNW KINTERBISH. TREES DOWN COUNTY ROAD 5 AND
            CAMPBELL STREET AND SIGNIFICANT DAMAGE TO A
            HOME. POSSIBLE TORNADO.

&&

DAVIS

Special weather statement, Feb 3, 7:16 PM CST, 2 hours 43 minutes before

Special Weather Statement
National Weather Service Birmingham AL
716 PM CST Thu Feb 3 2022

ALZ046>048-050-040200-
Lee AL-Bullock AL-Russell AL-Barbour AL-
716 PM CST Thu Feb 3 2022

...Strong thunderstorms will impact portions of eastern Lee, east
central Bullock, north central Barbour and Russell Counties through
800 PM CST...

At 716 PM CST, Doppler radar was tracking strong thunderstorms along
a line extending from near Bleecker to Uchee to near Midway. Movement
was east at 40 mph.

HAZARD...Winds in excess of 40 mph.

SOURCE...Radar indicated.

IMPACT...Gusty winds could knock down tree limbs and blow around
         unsecured objects.

Locations impacted include...
Phenix City, Hurtsboro, Midway, Smiths, Smiths Station, Russell
County Sports Complex, Uchee, Spring Hill, Seale, Ladonia, Bleecker,
Griffen Mill, Comer, Goat Rock Lake, Rutherford, Monterey Heights,
Hatchechubbe, Uchee Creek, Fort Mitchell and Ladonia Sports Complex.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

Frequent cloud to ground lightning is occurring with these storms.
Lightning can strike 10 miles away from a thunderstorm. Seek a safe
shelter inside a building or vehicle.

A Tornado Watch remains in effect until 800 PM CST for southeastern
and east central Alabama.

&&

LAT...LON 3238 8499 3238 8497 3234 8501 3231 8498
      3218 8500 3213 8506 3210 8505 3200 8555
      3223 8546 3223 8543 3234 8542 3271 8515
      3272 8512 3266 8509 3265 8511 3263 8508
      3258 8507 3252 8501 3246 8500 3242 8496
TIME...MOT...LOC 0116Z 249DEG 33KT 3264 8509 3237 8536 3203 8551

MAX HAIL SIZE...0.00 IN
MAX WIND GUST...40 MPH

32/Davis

Special weather statement, Feb 3, 7:52 PM CST, 2 hours 7 minutes before

Special Weather Statement
National Weather Service Birmingham AL
752 PM CST Thu Feb 3 2022

ALZ018>020-040230-
Calhoun AL-Etowah AL-Cherokee AL-
752 PM CST Thu Feb 3 2022

...A strong thunderstorm will impact portions of northwestern
Calhoun, southeastern Etowah and southwestern Cherokee Counties
through 830 PM CST...

At 752 PM CST, Doppler radar was tracking a strong thunderstorm near
Ohatchee, or 9 miles southeast of Rainbow City, moving northeast at
55 mph.

HAZARD...Half inch hail.

SOURCE...Radar indicated.

IMPACT...Minor damage to outdoor objects is possible.

Locations impacted include...
Piedmont, Hokes Bluff, Centre, Glencoe, Ohatchee, Tennala, Neely
Henry Lake, Ball Flat, Ballplay, Alexandria, Southside, Coloma, Cobb
City, Knightens Crossroads, Sulphur Springs, Reaves and Wellington.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

Torrential rainfall is also occurring with this storm and may lead to
localized flooding. Do not drive your vehicle through flooded
roadways.

Frequent cloud to ground lightning is occurring with this storm.
Lightning can strike 10 miles away from a thunderstorm. Seek a safe
shelter inside a building or vehicle.

&&

LAT...LON 3401 8551 3375 8595 3382 8605 3383 8605
      3384 8607 3385 8605 3386 8605 3387 8607
      3415 8567
TIME...MOT...LOC 0152Z 229DEG 49KT 3384 8595

MAX HAIL SIZE...0.50 IN
MAX WIND GUST...<30 MPH

32/Davis

Local storm report, Feb 3, 8:57 PM CST, 1 hour 2 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE BIRMINGHAM AL
857 PM CST THU FEB 3 2022

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0106 PM     TORNADO          4 SSE YORK              32.45N 88.27W
02/03/2022                   SUMTER             AL   FIRE DEPT/RESCUE

            TREES DOWN ON HIGHWAY 17 WITH TDS.

&&

DAVIS

The office that day

Everything else NWS Birmingham, AL issued on the same UTC day.

Issued	Product	Office	Counties	Lasted
Feb 3, 6:16 PM CST	Areal Flood Advisory	BMX	Elmore, Montgomery	3 hr
Feb 3, 7:16 PM CST	Special Weather Statement	BMX	Russell	44 min
Feb 3, 7:52 PM CST	Special Weather Statement	BMX	Cherokee	38 min
Feb 3, 8:51 PM CST	Areal Flood Advisory	BMX	Bullock, Macon, Montgomery, Pike	3 hr
Feb 3, 9:19 PM CST	Areal Flood Advisory	BMX	Lowndes, Montgomery	6 hr
Feb 3, 9:39 PM CST	Areal Flood Advisory	BMX	Lee, Russell	6 hr
Feb 3, 11:07 PM CST	Special Weather Statement	BMX	Lee	23 min
Feb 4, 12:42 AM CST	Flash Flood Warning	BMX	Barbour, Bullock, Pike, Russell	3 hr
Feb 4, 1:19 AM CST	River Flood Warning	BMX	Montgomery	61 hr
Feb 4, 1:23 AM CST	River Flood Warning	BMX	Elmore, Montgomery	3 days
Feb 4, 4:10 AM CST	River Flood Warning	BMX	Chambers, Randolph, Tallapoosa	10 hr
Feb 4, 8:41 AM CST	River Flood Warning	BMX	Autauga, Dallas, Elmore, Lowndes, Montgomery	72 hr
Feb 4, 9:09 AM CST	Areal Flood Warning	BMX	Cherokee	24 hr

Nearby

Flash Flood Warnings in Alabama, 2022 Every flash flood warning in 2022

Sources

The product and its follow-ups from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service and Storm Prediction Center text; local storm reports from the same archive; the sounding from the Mesonet's radiosonde archive; radar from the NEXRAD Level II archive.