Alert archive / North Dakota / Blizzard Warnings in 2022
Blizzard Warning 3, NWS Bismarck, ND
NWS Bismarck, ND issued this blizzard warning at Feb 17, 2022, 12:58 PM CST for Foster County, Pierce County, Rolette County, North Dakota. It took effect at Feb 18, 2022, 3:00 AM CST. It was in force for 15 hr. 3 reports came from inside the area while it was in force.
The area
The counties it named, with what was reported inside it.
The facts
- Issued
- Feb 17, 2022, 12:58 PM CST (18:58 UTC)
- In effect from
- Feb 18, 2022, 3:00 AM CST
- Expired
- Feb 18, 2022, 6:00 PM CST
- In force
- 15 hr
- Issued by
- NWS Bismarck, ND
Counties Foster County, ND, Pierce County, ND, Rolette County, ND
The radar
The Minot AFB radar (KMBX), 100 km from the middle of the area, began a volume at 19:01 UTC, the scan nearest the moment this went out.
Open the radar archive at this moment
The archived warnings, watches and discussions in force at that minute are drawn over the scan, this one among them.
What was reported inside it
| Time | Report | Where | Remark |
|---|---|---|---|
| Feb 18, 9:37 AM CST | BLIZZARD | 2 N Rolla, ND | AWOS STATION K06D ROLLA ND AWOS HAS REPORTED VISIBILITY AT OR BELOW ONE QUARTER MILE SINCE SHORTLY BEFORE 5 AM. EMERGENCY MANAGER REPORTED NEAR ZERO VISIBILITY BETWEEN DUNSEITH AND ROLLA WITH TRAFFIC SPEEDS AT OR BELOW 20 MPH BETWEEN 5 AND 6 AM. |
| Feb 18, 9:43 AM CST | BLIZZARD | 1 Nw Rugby, ND | AWOS STATION KRUG RUGBY AIRPORT HAS REPORTED VISIBILITY AT OR BELOW A QUARTER MILE SINCE AROUND 430 AM WITH SUSTAINED WINDS OVER 35 MPH AND GUSTS TO AROUND 55 MPH. BLIZZARD CONDITIONS ARE ONGOING. |
| Feb 18, 10:20 AM CST | BLIZZARD | 4 N Carrington, ND | NDAWN WEBCAM AT THIS LOCATION DEPICTS ONGOING BLIZZARD CONDITIONS AT THE TIME ABOVE. CONDITIONS WERE PRESENT THROUGH MUCH OF THE MORNING AND EARLY AFTERNOON. |
Local storm reports filed while the alert was in force, from inside its polygon or its counties.
The nearest sounding before it
Bismarck Municip, ND (KBIS), launched 12:00Z, 7.0 hours before the alert went out and 176 km from the middle of its area. This is the routine balloon launch nearest before it, the air the forecaster had in hand, not a measurement taken for the alert.
- Mixed-layer CAPE
- 0 J/kg
- Mixed-layer CIN
- No buoyant parcel
- Mixed-layer LCL
- 1200 m above ground
- 0-6 km bulk shear
- 49 kt
- 0-1 km storm-relative helicity
- 141 m²/s²
- 0-3 km storm-relative helicity
- 259 m²/s²
- Significant tornado parameter
- 0.0
- Supercell composite
- 0.0
The text
As transmitted.
760 WWUS43 KBIS 171858 WSWBIS URGENT - WINTER WEATHER MESSAGE National Weather Service Bismarck ND 1258 PM CST Thu Feb 17 2022 NDZ005-013-180300- /O.NEW.KBIS.BZ.W.0003.220218T0900Z-220219T0000Z/ /O.CON.KBIS.WC.Y.0015.000000T0000Z-220217T2100Z/ Rolette-Pierce- Including the cities of Rugby, Shell Valley, Rolette, Dunseith, Rolla, and St. John 1258 PM CST Thu Feb 17 2022 ...WIND CHILL ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 3 PM CST THIS AFTERNOON... ...BLIZZARD WARNING IN EFFECT FROM 3 AM TO 6 PM CST FRIDAY... * WHAT...For the Blizzard Warning, blizzard conditions expected. Total snow accumulations up to one inch. Winds gusting as high as 60 mph. For the Wind Chill Advisory, very cold wind chills. Wind chills as low as 30 below zero. * WHERE...Portions of north central North Dakota. * WHEN...For the Blizzard Warning, from 3 AM to 6 PM CST Friday. For the Wind Chill Advisory, until 3 PM CST this afternoon. * IMPACTS...Plan on slippery road conditions. Areas of blowing snow could significantly reduce visibility. The hazardous conditions will impact the Friday morning commute. Strong winds could cause some damage to roofs, small outbuildings, and signs. The cold wind chills could cause frostbite on exposed skin in as little as 30 minutes. PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS... Travel should be restricted to emergencies only. If you must travel, have a winter survival kit with you. Notify a friend or family member of your travel plans. If you get stranded, stay with your vehicle. The latest road conditions can be obtained by calling 5 1 1. Use caution while outside. Wear appropriate clothing, a hat, and gloves. && $$ NDZ004-012-180300- /O.NEW.KBIS.WW.Y.0006.220218T0900Z-220219T0000Z/ /O.CON.KBIS.WC.Y.0015.000000T0000Z-220217T2100Z/ Bottineau-McHenry- Including the cities of Velva, Drake, Bottineau, and Towner 1258 PM CST Thu Feb 17 2022 ...WIND CHILL ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 3 PM CST THIS AFTERNOON... ...WINTER WEATHER ADVISORY IN EFFECT FROM 3 AM TO 6 PM CST FRIDAY... * WHAT...For the Winter Weather Advisory, blowing snow expected. Winds gusting as high as 60 mph. For the Wind Chill Advisory, very cold wind chills. Wind chills as low as 30 below zero. * WHERE...Portions of north central North Dakota. * WHEN...For the Winter Weather Advisory, from 3 AM to 6 PM CST Friday. For the Wind Chill Advisory, until 3 PM CST this afternoon. * IMPACTS...The hazardous conditions will impact the Friday morning commute. Strong winds could cause some damage to roofs, small outbuildings, and signs. The cold wind chills could cause frostbite on exposed skin in as little as 30 minutes. PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS... Slow down and use caution while traveling. The latest road conditions can be obtained by calling 5 1 1. Use caution while outside. Wear appropriate clothing, a hat, and gloves. && $$ NDZ023-025-037-180300- /O.NEW.KBIS.WW.Y.0006.220218T0900Z-220219T0000Z/ Wells-Foster-Stutsman- Including the cities of Fessenden, Harvey, Jamestown, and Carrington 1258 PM CST Thu Feb 17 2022 ...WINTER WEATHER ADVISORY IN EFFECT FROM 3 AM TO 6 PM CST FRIDAY... * WHAT...Blowing snow expected. Total snow accumulations up to one inch. Winds gusting as high as 60 mph. * WHERE...Wells, Foster and Stutsman Counties. * WHEN...From 3 AM to 6 PM CST Friday. * IMPACTS...Plan on slippery road conditions. Areas of blowing snow could significantly reduce visibility. The hazardous conditions will impact the Friday morning and evening commutes. Strong winds could cause some damage to roofs, small outbuildings, and signs. PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS... Slow down and use caution while traveling. The latest road conditions can be obtained by calling 5 1 1. && $$ NDZ003-011-172100- /O.CON.KBIS.WC.Y.0015.000000T0000Z-220217T2100Z/ Renville-Ward- Including the cities of Sherwood, Minot, Glenburn, and Mohall 1258 PM CST Thu Feb 17 2022 ...WIND CHILL ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 3 PM CST THIS AFTERNOON... * WHAT...Very cold wind chills as low as 35 below zero expected. * WHERE...Renville and Ward Counties. * WHEN...Until 3 PM CST this afternoon. * IMPACTS...The cold wind chills could cause frostbite on exposed skin in as little as 30 minutes. PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS... Use caution while outside. Wear appropriate clothing, a hat, and gloves. && $$ Gale
11 follow-up statements
541 WWUS43 KBIS 172113 WSWBIS URGENT - WINTER WEATHER MESSAGE National Weather Service Bismarck ND 313 PM CST Thu Feb 17 2022 NDZ005-013-180515- /O.EXP.KBIS.WC.Y.0015.000000T0000Z-220217T2100Z/ /O.CON.KBIS.BZ.W.0003.220218T0900Z-220219T0000Z/ Rolette-Pierce- Including the cities of Rugby, Shell Valley, Rolette, Dunseith, Rolla, and St. John 313 PM CST Thu Feb 17 2022 ...BLIZZARD WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM 3 AM TO 6 PM CST FRIDAY... ...WIND CHILL ADVISORY HAS EXPIRED... * WHAT...Blizzard conditions expected. Total snow accumulations up to one inch. Winds gusting as high as 60 mph. * WHERE...Pierce and Rolette Counties. * WHEN...From 3 AM to 6 PM CST Friday. * IMPACTS...Plan on slippery road conditions. Widespread blowing snow could significantly reduce visibility. The hazardous conditions will impact the Friday morning commute. Strong winds could cause some damage to roofs, small outbuildings, and signs. PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS... Travel should be restricted to emergencies only. If you must travel, have a winter survival kit with you. Notify a friend or family member of your travel plans. If you get stranded, stay with your vehicle. The latest road conditions can be obtained by calling 5 1 1. && $$ NDZ004-012-180515- /O.EXP.KBIS.WC.Y.0015.000000T0000Z-220217T2100Z/ /O.CON.KBIS.WW.Y.0006.220218T0900Z-220219T0000Z/ Bottineau-McHenry- Including the cities of Velva, Drake, Bottineau, and Towner 313 PM CST Thu Feb 17 2022 ...WINTER WEATHER ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM 3 AM TO 6 PM CST FRIDAY... ...WIND CHILL ADVISORY HAS EXPIRED... * WHAT...Blowing snow expected. Winds gusting as high as 60 mph. * WHERE...Bottineau and McHenry Counties. * WHEN...From 3 AM to 6 PM CST Friday. * IMPACTS...Plan on slippery road conditions. Areas of blowing snow could significantly reduce visibility. The hazardous conditions will impact the Friday morning and evening commutes. Strong winds could cause some damage to roofs, small outbuildings, and signs. PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS... Slow down and use caution while traveling. The latest road conditions can be obtained by calling 5 1 1. && $$ NDZ003-011-172215- /O.EXP.KBIS.WC.Y.0015.000000T0000Z-220217T2100Z/ Renville-Ward- Including the cities of Sherwood, Minot, Glenburn, and Mohall 313 PM CST Thu Feb 17 2022 ...WIND CHILL ADVISORY HAS EXPIRED... Wind chill values will continue to rise above criteria this afternoon. $$ NDZ023-025-037-180515- /O.CON.KBIS.WW.Y.0006.220218T0900Z-220219T0000Z/ Wells-Foster-Stutsman- Including the cities of Fessenden, Harvey, Jamestown, and Carrington 313 PM CST Thu Feb 17 2022 ...WINTER WEATHER ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM 3 AM TO 6 PM CST FRIDAY... * WHAT...Blowing snow expected. Winds gusting as high as 60 mph. * WHERE...Wells, Foster and Stutsman Counties. * WHEN...From 3 AM to 6 PM CST Friday. * IMPACTS...Plan on slippery road conditions. Areas of blowing snow could significantly reduce visibility. The hazardous conditions will impact the Friday morning and evening commutes. Strong winds could cause some damage to roofs, small outbuildings, and signs. PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS... Slow down and use caution while traveling. The latest road conditions can be obtained by calling 5 1 1. && $$ Gale
820 WWUS43 KBIS 180054 WSWBIS URGENT - WINTER WEATHER MESSAGE National Weather Service Bismarck ND 654 PM CST Thu Feb 17 2022 NDZ005-013-180900- /O.CON.KBIS.BZ.W.0003.220218T0900Z-220219T0000Z/ Rolette-Pierce- Including the cities of Rugby, Shell Valley, Rolette, Dunseith, Rolla, and St. John 654 PM CST Thu Feb 17 2022 ...BLIZZARD WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM 3 AM TO 6 PM CST FRIDAY... * WHAT...Blizzard conditions expected. Total snow accumulations up to one inch. Winds gusting as high as 60 mph. * WHERE...Pierce and Rolette Counties. * WHEN...From 3 AM to 6 PM CST Friday. * IMPACTS...Whiteout conditions will make travel dangerous. Strong winds could cause some damage to roofs, small outbuildings, and signs. PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS... Travel should be restricted to emergencies only. If you must travel, have a winter survival kit with you. Notify a friend or family member of your travel plans. If you get stranded, stay with your vehicle. The latest road conditions can be obtained by calling 5 1 1. && $$ NDZ004-012-023-025-037-180900- /O.CON.KBIS.WW.Y.0006.220218T0900Z-220219T0000Z/ Bottineau-McHenry-Wells-Foster-Stutsman- Including the cities of Fessenden, Harvey, Drake, Towner, Velva, Carrington, Jamestown, and Bottineau 654 PM CST Thu Feb 17 2022 ...WINTER WEATHER ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM 3 AM TO 6 PM CST FRIDAY... * WHAT...Blowing snow expected. Total snow accumulations up to one inch. Winds gusting as high as 65 mph. * WHERE...Bottineau, McHenry, Wells, Foster, and Stutsman Counties. * WHEN...From 3 AM to 6 PM CST Friday. * IMPACTS...Plan on slippery road conditions. Widespread blowing snow could significantly reduce visibility. The hazardous conditions will impact the Friday morning and evening commutes. Strong winds could cause some damage to roofs, small outbuildings, and signs. PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS... Slow down and use caution while traveling. The latest road conditions can be obtained by calling 5 1 1. && $$ Hollan
833 WWUS43 KBIS 180420 WSWBIS URGENT - WINTER WEATHER MESSAGE National Weather Service Bismarck ND 1020 PM CST Thu Feb 17 2022 NDZ005-013-181230- /O.CON.KBIS.BZ.W.0003.220218T0900Z-220219T0000Z/ Rolette-Pierce- Including the cities of Rugby, Shell Valley, Rolette, Dunseith, Rolla, and St. John 1020 PM CST Thu Feb 17 2022 ...BLIZZARD WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM 3 AM TO 6 PM CST FRIDAY... * WHAT...Blizzard conditions expected. Total snow accumulations up to one inch. Winds gusting as high as 60 mph. * WHERE...Pierce and Rolette Counties. * WHEN...From 3 AM to 6 PM CST Friday. * IMPACTS...Whiteout conditions will make travel dangerous. Strong winds could cause some damage to roofs, small outbuildings, and signs. * ADDITIONAL DETAILS...Wind chills as low as 25 below zero are expected Friday morning and afternoon. PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS... Travel should be restricted to emergencies only. If you must travel, have a winter survival kit with you. Notify a friend or family member of your travel plans. If you get stranded, stay with your vehicle. The latest road conditions can be obtained by calling 5 1 1. && $$ NDZ004-012-023-025-037-181230- /O.CON.KBIS.WW.Y.0006.220218T0900Z-220219T0000Z/ Bottineau-McHenry-Wells-Foster-Stutsman- Including the cities of Fessenden, Harvey, Drake, Towner, Velva, Carrington, Jamestown, and Bottineau 1020 PM CST Thu Feb 17 2022 ...WINTER WEATHER ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM 3 AM TO 6 PM CST FRIDAY... * WHAT...Blowing snow expected. Winds gusting as high as 65 mph. * WHERE...Bottineau, McHenry, Wells, Foster, and Stutsman Counties. * WHEN...From 3 AM to 6 PM CST Friday. * IMPACTS...Plan on slippery road conditions. Widespread blowing snow could significantly reduce visibility. The hazardous conditions will impact the Friday morning and evening commutes. Strong winds could cause some damage to roofs, small outbuildings, and signs. PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS... Slow down and use caution while traveling. The latest road conditions can be obtained by calling 5 1 1. && $$ Hollan
759 WWUS43 KBIS 180625 WSWBIS URGENT - WINTER WEATHER MESSAGE National Weather Service Bismarck ND 1225 AM CST Fri Feb 18 2022 NDZ005-013-181430- /O.CON.KBIS.BZ.W.0003.220218T0900Z-220219T0000Z/ Rolette-Pierce- Including the cities of Rugby, Shell Valley, Rolette, Dunseith, Rolla, and St. John 1225 AM CST Fri Feb 18 2022 ...BLIZZARD WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 6 PM CST THIS EVENING... * WHAT...Blizzard conditions expected. Total snow accumulations up to one inch. Winds gusting as high as 60 mph. * WHERE...Portions of north central North Dakota. * WHEN...Until 6 PM CST this evening. * IMPACTS...Whiteout conditions will make travel dangerous. Strong winds could cause some damage to roofs, small outbuildings, and signs. * ADDITIONAL DETAILS...Wind chills as low as 25 below zero are expected Friday morning and afternoon. PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS... Travel should be restricted to emergencies only. If you must travel, have a winter survival kit with you. Notify a friend or family member of your travel plans. If you get stranded, stay with your vehicle. The latest road conditions can be obtained by calling 5 1 1. && $$ NDZ004-012-023-025-037-181430- /O.CON.KBIS.WW.Y.0006.220218T0900Z-220219T0000Z/ Bottineau-McHenry-Wells-Foster-Stutsman- Including the cities of Fessenden, Harvey, Drake, Towner, Velva, Carrington, Jamestown, and Bottineau 1225 AM CST Fri Feb 18 2022 ...WINTER WEATHER ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 6 PM CST THIS EVENING... * WHAT...Blowing snow expected. Winds gusting as high as 65 mph. * WHERE...Bottineau, McHenry, Wells, Foster, and Stutsman Counties. * WHEN...Until 6 PM CST this evening. * IMPACTS...Plan on slippery road conditions. Widespread blowing snow could significantly reduce visibility. The hazardous conditions will impact the Friday morning and evening commutes. Strong winds could cause some damage to roofs, small outbuildings, and signs. PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS... Slow down and use caution while traveling. The latest road conditions can be obtained by calling 5 1 1. && $$ CJS
891 WWUS43 KBIS 180922 WSWBIS URGENT - WINTER WEATHER MESSAGE National Weather Service Bismarck ND 322 AM CST Fri Feb 18 2022 NDZ005-013-181730- /O.CON.KBIS.BZ.W.0003.000000T0000Z-220219T0000Z/ Rolette-Pierce- Including the cities of Rugby, Shell Valley, Rolette, Dunseith, Rolla, and St. John 322 AM CST Fri Feb 18 2022 ...BLIZZARD WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 6 PM CST THIS EVENING... * WHAT...Blizzard conditions expected. Total snow accumulations up to one inch. Winds gusting as high as 60 mph. * WHERE...Portions of north central North Dakota. * WHEN...Until 6 PM CST this evening. * IMPACTS...Whiteout conditions will make travel dangerous. Strong winds could cause some damage to roofs, small outbuildings, and signs. * ADDITIONAL DETAILS...Wind chills as low as 25 below zero are also expected. PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS... Travel should be restricted to emergencies only. If you must travel, have a winter survival kit with you. Notify a friend or family member of your travel plans. If you get stranded, stay with your vehicle. The latest road conditions can be obtained by calling 5 1 1. && $$ NDZ004-012-023-025-037-181730- /O.CON.KBIS.WW.Y.0006.000000T0000Z-220219T0000Z/ Bottineau-McHenry-Wells-Foster-Stutsman- Including the cities of Fessenden, Harvey, Drake, Towner, Velva, Carrington, Jamestown, and Bottineau 322 AM CST Fri Feb 18 2022 ...WINTER WEATHER ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 6 PM CST THIS EVENING... * WHAT...Blowing snow expected. Winds gusting as high as 65 mph. * WHERE...Bottineau, McHenry, Wells, Foster, and Stutsman Counties. * WHEN...Until 6 PM CST this evening. * IMPACTS...Plan on slippery road conditions. Widespread blowing snow could significantly reduce visibility. The hazardous conditions will impact the Friday morning and evening commutes. Strong winds could cause some damage to roofs, small outbuildings, and signs. PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS... Slow down and use caution while traveling. The latest road conditions can be obtained by calling 5 1 1. && $$ CJS
519 WWUS43 KBIS 181251 WSWBIS URGENT - WINTER WEATHER MESSAGE National Weather Service Bismarck ND 651 AM CST Fri Feb 18 2022 NDZ005-013-182100- /O.CON.KBIS.BZ.W.0003.000000T0000Z-220219T0000Z/ Rolette-Pierce- Including the cities of Rugby, Shell Valley, Rolette, Dunseith, Rolla, and St. John 651 AM CST Fri Feb 18 2022 ...BLIZZARD WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 6 PM CST THIS EVENING... * WHAT...Blizzard conditions expected. Total snow accumulations up to one inch. Winds gusting as high as 60 mph. * WHERE...Portions of north central North Dakota. * WHEN...Until 6 PM CST this evening. * IMPACTS...Whiteout conditions are expected and will make travel treacherous and potentially life-threatening. PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS... Travel should be restricted to emergencies only. If you must travel, have a winter survival kit with you. Notify a friend or family member of your travel plans. If you get stranded, stay with your vehicle. The latest road conditions can be obtained by calling 5 1 1. && $$ NDZ004-012-023-025-037-182100- /O.CON.KBIS.WW.Y.0006.000000T0000Z-220219T0000Z/ Bottineau-McHenry-Wells-Foster-Stutsman- Including the cities of Fessenden, Harvey, Drake, Towner, Velva, Carrington, Jamestown, and Bottineau 651 AM CST Fri Feb 18 2022 ...WINTER WEATHER ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 6 PM CST THIS EVENING... * WHAT...Blowing snow expected. Winds gusting as high as 65 mph. * WHERE...Bottineau, McHenry, Wells, Foster, and Stutsman Counties. * WHEN...Until 6 PM CST this evening. * IMPACTS...Plan on slippery road conditions. Widespread blowing snow could significantly reduce visibility. The hazardous conditions will impact the Friday morning and evening commutes. Strong winds could cause some damage to roofs, small outbuildings, and signs. PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS... Slow down and use caution while traveling. The latest road conditions can be obtained by calling 5 1 1. && $$ CJS
569 WWUS43 KBIS 181439 WSWBIS URGENT - WINTER WEATHER MESSAGE National Weather Service Bismarck ND 839 AM CST Fri Feb 18 2022 NDZ005-013-182245- /O.CON.KBIS.BZ.W.0003.000000T0000Z-220219T0000Z/ Rolette-Pierce- Including the cities of Rugby, Shell Valley, Rolette, Dunseith, Rolla, and St. John 839 AM CST Fri Feb 18 2022 ...BLIZZARD WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 6 PM CST THIS EVENING... * WHAT...Blizzard conditions expected. Winds gusting as high as 60 mph. * WHERE...Pierce and Rolette Counties. * WHEN...Until 6 PM CST this evening. * IMPACTS...Whiteout conditions are expected and will make travel treacherous and potentially life-threatening. * ADDITIONAL DETAILS...Wind chills as low as 25 below zero are also expected. PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS... Travel should be restricted to emergencies only. If you must travel, have a winter survival kit with you. Notify a friend or family member of your travel plans. If you get stranded, stay with your vehicle. The latest road conditions can be obtained by calling 5 1 1. && $$ NDZ004-012-023-025-037-182245- /O.CON.KBIS.WW.Y.0006.000000T0000Z-220219T0000Z/ Bottineau-McHenry-Wells-Foster-Stutsman- Including the cities of Fessenden, Harvey, Drake, Towner, Velva, Carrington, Jamestown, and Bottineau 839 AM CST Fri Feb 18 2022 ...WINTER WEATHER ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 6 PM CST THIS EVENING... * WHAT...Blowing snow expected. Winds gusting as high as 65 mph. * WHERE...Bottineau, McHenry, Wells, Foster, and Stutsman Counties. * WHEN...Until 6 PM CST this evening. * IMPACTS...Plan on slippery road conditions. Widespread blowing snow could significantly reduce visibility. Whiteout conditions will be possible at times. The hazardous conditions will impact the Friday evening commute. PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS... Slow down and use caution while traveling. The latest road conditions can be obtained by calling 5 1 1. && $$ Gale
255 WWUS43 KBIS 181609 WSWBIS URGENT - WINTER WEATHER MESSAGE National Weather Service Bismarck ND 1009 AM CST Fri Feb 18 2022 NDZ025-190000- /O.UPG.KBIS.WW.Y.0006.000000T0000Z-220219T0000Z/ /O.EXA.KBIS.BZ.W.0003.000000T0000Z-220219T0000Z/ Foster- Including the cities of Carrington 1009 AM CST Fri Feb 18 2022 ...BLIZZARD WARNING IN EFFECT UNTIL 6 PM CST THIS EVENING... * WHAT...Blizzard conditions. Winds gusting as high as 65 mph. * WHERE...Foster County. * WHEN...Until 6 PM CST this evening. * IMPACTS...Whiteout conditions are expected and will make travel treacherous and potentially life-threatening. PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS... Travel should be restricted to emergencies only. If you must travel, have a winter survival kit with you. Notify a friend or family member of your travel plans. If you get stranded, stay with your vehicle. The latest road conditions can be obtained by calling 5 1 1. && $$ NDZ005-013-190000- /O.CON.KBIS.BZ.W.0003.000000T0000Z-220219T0000Z/ Rolette-Pierce- Including the cities of Rugby, Shell Valley, Rolette, Dunseith, Rolla, and St. John 1009 AM CST Fri Feb 18 2022 ...BLIZZARD WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 6 PM CST THIS EVENING... * WHAT...Blizzard conditions. Winds gusting as high as 55 mph. * WHERE...Pierce and Rolette Counties. * WHEN...Until 6 PM CST this evening. * IMPACTS...Whiteout conditions are expected and will make travel treacherous and potentially life-threatening. * ADDITIONAL DETAILS...Wind chills as low as 25 below zero are also expected. PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS... Travel should be restricted to emergencies only. If you must travel, have a winter survival kit with you. Notify a friend or family member of your travel plans. If you get stranded, stay with your vehicle. The latest road conditions can be obtained by calling 5 1 1. && $$ NDZ004-012-023-037-190000- /O.CON.KBIS.WW.Y.0006.000000T0000Z-220219T0000Z/ Bottineau-McHenry-Wells-Stutsman- Including the cities of Fessenden, Harvey, Drake, Towner, Velva, Jamestown, and Bottineau 1009 AM CST Fri Feb 18 2022 ...WINTER WEATHER ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 6 PM CST THIS EVENING... * WHAT...Blowing snow. Winds gusting as high as 65 mph. * WHERE...Bottineau, McHenry, Wells and Stutsman Counties. * WHEN...Until 6 PM CST this evening. * IMPACTS...Plan on slippery road conditions. Widespread blowing snow could significantly reduce visibility. Whiteout conditions will be possible at times. The hazardous conditions will impact the Friday evening commute. PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS... Slow down and use caution while traveling. The latest road conditions can be obtained by calling 5 1 1. && $$ Gale
716 WWUS43 KBIS 181807 WSWBIS URGENT - WINTER WEATHER MESSAGE National Weather Service Bismarck ND 1207 PM CST Fri Feb 18 2022 NDZ005-013-190000- /O.CON.KBIS.BZ.W.0003.000000T0000Z-220219T0000Z/ Rolette-Pierce- Including the cities of Rugby, Shell Valley, Rolette, Dunseith, Rolla, and St. John 1207 PM CST Fri Feb 18 2022 ...BLIZZARD WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 6 PM CST THIS EVENING... * WHAT...Blizzard conditions. Winds gusting as high as 60 mph. * WHERE...Pierce and Rolette Counties. * WHEN...Until 6 PM CST this evening. * IMPACTS...Whiteout conditions will make travel dangerous. Strong winds could cause some damage to roofs, small outbuildings, and signs. * ADDITIONAL DETAILS...Wind chills as low as 25 below zero are also expected. PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS... Travel should be restricted to emergencies only. If you must travel, have a winter survival kit with you. Notify a friend or family member of your travel plans. If you get stranded, stay with your vehicle. The latest road conditions can be obtained by calling 5 1 1. && $$ NDZ025-190000- /O.CON.KBIS.BZ.W.0003.000000T0000Z-220219T0000Z/ Foster- Including the cities of Carrington 1207 PM CST Fri Feb 18 2022 ...BLIZZARD WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 6 PM CST THIS EVENING... * WHAT...Blizzard conditions. Winds gusting as high as 65 mph. * WHERE...Foster County. * WHEN...Until 6 PM CST this evening. * IMPACTS...Whiteout conditions will make travel dangerous. Strong winds could cause some damage to roofs, small outbuildings, and signs. PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS... Travel should be restricted to emergencies only. If you must travel, have a winter survival kit with you. Notify a friend or family member of your travel plans. If you get stranded, stay with your vehicle. The latest road conditions can be obtained by calling 5 1 1. && $$ NDZ004-012-023-037-190000- /O.CON.KBIS.WW.Y.0006.000000T0000Z-220219T0000Z/ Bottineau-McHenry-Wells-Stutsman- Including the cities of Fessenden, Harvey, Drake, Towner, Velva, Jamestown, and Bottineau 1207 PM CST Fri Feb 18 2022 ...WINTER WEATHER ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 6 PM CST THIS EVENING... * WHAT...Blowing snow expected. Winds gusting as high as 65 mph. * WHERE...Bottineau, McHenry, Wells, Foster, and Stutsman Counties. * WHEN...Until 6 PM CST this evening. * IMPACTS...Plan on slippery road conditions. Widespread blowing snow could significantly reduce visibility. Whiteout conditions will be possible at times. The hazardous conditions will impact the Friday evening commute. PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS... Slow down and use caution while traveling. The latest road conditions can be obtained by calling 5 1 1. && $$ Gale
707 WWUS43 KBIS 182119 WSWBIS URGENT - WINTER WEATHER MESSAGE National Weather Service Bismarck ND 319 PM CST Fri Feb 18 2022 NDZ005-013-190000- /O.CON.KBIS.BZ.W.0003.000000T0000Z-220219T0000Z/ Rolette-Pierce- Including the cities of Rugby, Shell Valley, Rolette, Dunseith, Rolla, and St. John 319 PM CST Fri Feb 18 2022 ...BLIZZARD WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 6 PM CST THIS EVENING... * WHAT...Blizzard conditions. Winds gusting as high as 50 mph. * WHERE...Pierce and Rolette Counties. * WHEN...Until 6 PM CST this evening. * IMPACTS...Whiteout conditions will make travel dangerous. Strong winds could cause some damage to roofs, small outbuildings, and signs. * ADDITIONAL DETAILS...Wind chills as low as 25 below zero are also expected. PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS... Travel should be restricted to emergencies only. If you must travel, have a winter survival kit with you. Notify a friend or family member of your travel plans. If you get stranded, stay with your vehicle. The latest road conditions can be obtained by calling 5 1 1. && $$ NDZ025-190000- /O.CON.KBIS.BZ.W.0003.000000T0000Z-220219T0000Z/ Foster- Including the cities of Carrington 319 PM CST Fri Feb 18 2022 ...BLIZZARD WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 6 PM CST THIS EVENING... * WHAT...Blizzard conditions. Winds gusting as high as 55 mph. * WHERE...Foster County. * WHEN...Until 6 PM CST this evening. * IMPACTS...Whiteout conditions will make travel dangerous. Strong winds could cause some damage to roofs, small outbuildings, and signs. PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS... Travel should be restricted to emergencies only. If you must travel, have a winter survival kit with you. Notify a friend or family member of your travel plans. If you get stranded, stay with your vehicle. The latest road conditions can be obtained by calling 5 1 1. && $$ NDZ004-012-023-037-190000- /O.CON.KBIS.WW.Y.0006.000000T0000Z-220219T0000Z/ Bottineau-McHenry-Wells-Stutsman- Including the cities of Fessenden, Harvey, Drake, Towner, Velva, Jamestown, and Bottineau 319 PM CST Fri Feb 18 2022 ...WINTER WEATHER ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 6 PM CST THIS EVENING... * WHAT...Blowing snow. Winds gusting as high as 60 mph. * WHERE...Bottineau, McHenry, Wells, Foster, and Stutsman Counties. * WHEN...Until 6 PM CST this evening. * IMPACTS...Widespread blowing snow could significantly reduce visibility. The hazardous conditions will impact the Friday evening commute. Strong winds could cause some damage to roofs, small outbuildings, and signs. PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS... Use caution while traveling, especially in open areas. The latest road conditions can be obtained by calling 5 1 1. && $$ Gale
519 WWUS43 KBIS 182342 WSWBIS URGENT - WINTER WEATHER MESSAGE National Weather Service Bismarck ND 542 PM CST Fri Feb 18 2022 NDZ005-013-025-190745- /O.EXP.KBIS.BZ.W.0003.000000T0000Z-220219T0000Z/ /O.NEW.KBIS.WC.Y.0016.220219T0000Z-220219T1500Z/ Rolette-Pierce-Foster- Including the cities of Rugby, Shell Valley, Carrington, Rolette, Dunseith, Rolla, and St. John 542 PM CST Fri Feb 18 2022 ...WIND CHILL ADVISORY IN EFFECT UNTIL 9 AM CST SATURDAY... ...BLIZZARD WARNING WILL EXPIRE AT 6 PM CST THIS EVENING... * WHAT...Very cold wind chills as low as 35 below zero. * WHERE...Pierce, Rolette, and Foster Counties. * WHEN...Until 9 AM CST Saturday. * IMPACTS...The very cold wind chills could cause frostbite on exposed skin in as little as 10 minutes. PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS... Wear appropriate clothing, making sure to cover exposed skin. && $$ NDZ004-012-023-037-190745- /O.EXP.KBIS.WW.Y.0006.000000T0000Z-220219T0000Z/ /O.NEW.KBIS.WC.Y.0016.220219T0000Z-220219T1500Z/ Bottineau-McHenry-Wells-Stutsman- Including the cities of Fessenden, Harvey, Drake, Towner, Velva, Jamestown, and Bottineau 542 PM CST Fri Feb 18 2022 ...WIND CHILL ADVISORY IN EFFECT UNTIL 9 AM CST SATURDAY... ...WINTER WEATHER ADVISORY WILL EXPIRE AT 6 PM CST THIS EVENING... * WHAT...Very cold wind chills as low as 35 below zero. * WHERE...Bottineau, McHenry, Wells, and Stutsman Counties. * WHEN...Until 9 AM CST Saturday. * IMPACTS...The very cold wind chills could cause frostbite on exposed skin in as little as 10 minutes. PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS... Wear appropriate clothing, making sure to cover exposed skin. && $$ NDZ002-003-011-022-036-047-048-050-051-190745- /O.NEW.KBIS.WC.Y.0016.220219T0000Z-220219T1500Z/ Burke-Renville-Ward-Sheridan-Kidder-Logan-La Moure-McIntosh- Dickey- Including the cities of Lamoure, Glenburn, Sherwood, Tappen, Minot, Mcclusky, Columbus, Wishek, Portal, Lignite, Napoleon, Ashley, Mohall, Kulm, Ellendale, Bowbells, Edgeley, Goodrich, Gackle, Steele, Oakes, and Powers Lake 542 PM CST Fri Feb 18 2022 ...WIND CHILL ADVISORY IN EFFECT UNTIL 9 AM CST SATURDAY... * WHAT...Very cold wind chills as 35 below zero. * WHERE...Portions of north central North Dakota through the James River Valley. * WHEN...Until 9 AM CST Saturday. * IMPACTS...The very cold wind chills could cause frostbite on exposed skin in as little as 10 minutes. PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS... Wear appropriate clothing, making sure to cover exposed skin. && $$ Edwards
What forecasters said that day
The local office's own words before this blizzard warning went out, as it sent them, from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service text.
NWS Bismarck, ND wrote its last area forecast discussion before this blizzard warning went out at Feb 17, 11:56 AM CST, 1 hour 2 minutes earlier.
Area forecast discussion, Feb 17, 11:56 AM CST, 1 hour 2 minutes before
Area Forecast Discussion National Weather Service Bismarck ND 1156 AM CST Thu Feb 17 2022 .UPDATE... Issued at 1156 AM CST Thu Feb 17 2022 Main change with this update is the extension of the Wind Chill Advisory until 3 PM CST for Ward, Renville, and counties east as many NDAWN sites are still showing readings in the 30 below range. Wind chills should begin to improve this afternoon as leading edge of WAA continues to slowly move east, where light snow/flurries are still occurring based on radar and observations. A decision will be made on what to do with the High Wind Watch by the next forecast update, but current thinking is to go with a Winter Weather Advisory for counties immediately along the Grand Forks forecast area for some blowing snow impacts. UPDATE Issued at 947 AM CST Thu Feb 17 2022 Expanded coverage and duration of PoPs for this morning with this update as an area of light snow continues to slowly drift east across central and northwestern portions of the CWA along the leading edge of WAA. It is likely that PoPs will continue to need tending to throughout the day as predictability is low due to no significant forcing. We also think at least some blowing snow is possible across eastern portions of the CWA with the wind event tomorrow so we introduced this to the forecast, but there remains a lot of uncertainty as to the severity and coverage of BLSN. This will also be re-evaluated throughout the day. Plan is to let Wind Chill headlines expire at their respective times. UPDATE Issued at 609 AM CST Thu Feb 17 2022 Removed the western tier of counties from the wind chill advisory, with values currently above criteria. Also expanded low pops for area of light snow moving through central ND at this time. Light snow just reached the office in Bismarck here. && .SHORT TERM...(Today and tonight) Issued at 500 AM CST Thu Feb 17 2022 Main forecast challenges in the short term are the incoming clipper which will bring very strong winds to much of the state later tonight through Friday and ongoing wind chill advisories for much of northern and eastern ND. Overall, deterministic and ensemble guidance supports the ongoing forecast and high wind watch, with no significant changes to the forecast. With regard to the wind chill advisory, wind chills are more marginal over northwest ND, so we may be able to drop some counties over the next couple hours. Across the western part of the state, warm advection associated with an approaching warm front associated with the incoming clipper was bringing some light snow and flurries to the region. This should continue drifting eastward. As mentioned before, all guidance continues to support strong winds across the region beginning late tonight and lasting through Friday as the clipper quickly moves across the state. Snowfall potential continues to remain limited and has even been lowered a small amount with the highest amounts of possibly an inch or two near the Turtle Mountains. Regarding the wind, the ECMWF Extreme Forecast Index continues to focus the highest threat from north central ND through the eastern part of the state. EFI values for wind speeds increased slightly from yesterday to .99 - 1.0 range over east central ND, with EFI wind gust values of .90 - .95. In addition, deterministic models continue to show 50-55 kt winds at 850mb through much of Friday, along with steep low level lapse rates. Bottom line is that no changes were made to the High Wind Watch area, which continues to look most favorable for reaching warning criteria. Wind advisories will likely be needed over much of the remainder of western and central ND. We continue to bring higher pops associated with the clipper into northwest ND this afternoon, spreading across the region through tonight. Precip type may become mixed as ice aloft is lost, though amounts are expected to remain on the light side. .LONG TERM...(Friday through Wednesday) Issued at 500 AM CST Thu Feb 17 2022 Friday: After the first wave of light precip moves through Thursday night, CAM guidance continues to suggest convective showers, especially along and behind the cold front. This seems reasonable given cyclonic flow aloft, steep low level lapse rates, and mid-level frontogenetical forcing. An earlier run of the RAP showed relatively high snow squall parameter values over SW ND Friday morning, but the latest run has shifted it to Thursday night. Regardless, potential impacts from snow shower development will continue to be monitored. Savadel Friday night through Wednesday: The highlights this period are another clipper moving through North Dakota/Minnesota and the larger system Monday and Tuesday. Saturday looks to be the warmest day of the period. The challenges this period are location/timing of the clipper Saturday/Sunday and the bigger system on Monday, as well as where the snow bands set up in both systems. Friday overnight winds relax as the pressure gradient aloft weakens and starts to shift westerly. Saturday will be a quiet weather day with high confidence in above average temperatures across the FA. Lows 30s in the northeast to mid 50s in the southwest and much calmer winds. Saturday night the next clipper moves in, the location of the low differs between the models. Most ECMWF members have it coming in over the ND/MN border, same with the NAM. Most GFS members have it moving through North Dakota. For the snow band location, not much has changed in the last 24 hours. Most GFS members keep the snow north of the Canadian border and most of the ECMWF members have the snow right on the International Border but some have it sliding south through central North Dakota. Snow amounts are expected to be low, both the ECMWF and NBM 4.1 have less than half an inch between the International Border and Highway 2. The NBM 4.1 paints the Canadian border with an inch, where all the models agree on the snow. Sunday the temperatures look to drop during the day, depending on the timing of a cold front dropping south out of Canada. Therefore, the temperature spread is large for high temperature. Strong CAA and strong pressure rises are associated with the front. Again, not much has change with this in the last 24 hours. The post frontal areas look to be in the single digits. Areas ahead of the front will remain in the 20s and 30s. Pressure rises do look a bit stronger with the front. NBM 4.1 has winds gusting to 30 kts in the southern James River Valley Sunday afternoon. High temperatures Monday are in the negative single digits across the FA except the southwest which should just barely stay above zero after the front fully moves through. We transition to split flow aloft Sunday, ending the clipper parade for now. For Monday, there is some agreement between the GFS and EMCWF ensembles on location, both seem to target central South Dakota and Minnesota for the heaviest snow. For North Dakota most ensembles members for both models have lighter snow in the southern part of the state. Snowfall amounts could be the biggest unknown. The NBM 4.1 has a large spread in snowfall. The 10th to 90th percentile is 0 to 8 inches for most of the FA. Cluster analysis show a large spread in QPF as well. Synoptically the best lifting is over western and central South Dakota with negative Q-vectors and the right entrance region of the jet streak. It would makes sense that the highest snowfall would stay south of us. An Arctic high pressure moves in Tuesday keeping temperatures in the single digits below and above zero. Confidence in this is fairly high with the temperatures spread in the NBM being low. Wednesday morning a shortwave looks to move through with a small ridge right behind. No precipitation is expected as of now with that. Smith && .AVIATION...(For the 18Z TAFS through 18Z Friday afternoon) Issued at 1156 AM CST Thu Feb 17 2022 Scattered snow showers will move east across the area today with occasional MVFR ceilings and visibilities possible at all TAF sites. This evening through Friday morning, another round of snow is expected with again MVFR ceilings and visibilities and most likely north and east. This round of snow will be followed by strong to very strong northwest winds which will persist through 18Z Friday. && .BIS WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES... High Wind Watch from late tonight through Friday afternoon for NDZ004-005-012-013-022-023-025-036-037-047-048-050-051. Wind Chill Advisory until 3 PM CST this afternoon for NDZ003>005- 011>013. && UPDATE...Gale SHORT TERM...JNS LONG TERM...Smith AVIATION...TWH
Hazardous weather outlook, Feb 17, 12:04 PM CST, 54 minutes before
Hazardous Weather Outlook National Weather Service Bismarck ND 1204 PM CST Thu Feb 17 2022 NDZ004-005-012-013-181815- Bottineau-Rolette-McHenry-Pierce- 1204 PM CST Thu Feb 17 2022 This Hazardous Weather Outlook is for portions of north central North Dakota. .DAY ONE...This Afternoon and Tonight A Wind Chill Advisory is in effect through 3 PM CST. A High Wind Watch is in effect late tonight through Friday afternoon. See www.weather.gov/bis for additional information. .DAYS TWO THROUGH SEVEN...Friday through Wednesday A High Wind Watch is in effect through Friday afternoon. See www.weather.gov/bis for additional information. .SPOTTER INFORMATION STATEMENT... Spotter activation will not be needed. NDZ003-011-181815- Renville-Ward- 1204 PM CST Thu Feb 17 2022 This Hazardous Weather Outlook is for portions of north central North Dakota. .DAY ONE...This Afternoon and Tonight A Wind Chill Advisory is in effect through 3 PM CST. See www.weather.gov/bis for additional information. Wind gusts to around 50 mph are possible late tonight. .DAYS TWO THROUGH SEVEN...Friday through Wednesday Wind gusts to around 50 mph are possible through Friday afternoon. .SPOTTER INFORMATION STATEMENT... Spotter activation will not be needed. NDZ001-002-009-010-017>021-031>035-040>046-181815- Divide-Burke-Williams-Mountrail-McKenzie-Dunn-Mercer-Oliver- McLean-Golden Valley-Billings-Stark-Morton-Burleigh-Slope- Hettinger-Grant-Bowman-Adams-Sioux-Emmons- 1204 PM CST Thu Feb 17 2022 /1104 AM MST Thu Feb 17 2022/ This Hazardous Weather Outlook is for portions of northwest North Dakota, south central North Dakota, and southwest North Dakota. .DAY ONE...This Afternoon and Tonight Wind gusts to around 50 mph are possible late tonight. .DAYS TWO THROUGH SEVEN...Friday through Wednesday Wind gusts to around 50 mph are possible through Friday afternoon. .SPOTTER INFORMATION STATEMENT... Spotter activation will not be needed. NDZ022-023-025-036-037-047-048-050-051-181815- Sheridan-Wells-Foster-Kidder-Stutsman-Logan-La Moure-McIntosh- Dickey- 1204 PM CST Thu Feb 17 2022 This Hazardous Weather Outlook is for portions of south central North Dakota and southeast North Dakota. .DAY ONE...This Afternoon and Tonight A High Wind Watch is in effect late tonight through Friday afternoon. See www.weather.gov/bis for additional information. .DAYS TWO THROUGH SEVEN...Friday through Wednesday A High Wind Watch is in effect through Friday afternoon. See www.weather.gov/bis for additional information. .SPOTTER INFORMATION STATEMENT... Spotter activation will not be needed.
The office that day
Everything else NWS Bismarck, ND issued on the same UTC day.
| Issued | Product | Office | Counties | Lasted |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Feb 17, 12:58 PM CST | Winter Weather Advisory | BIS | Bottineau, Foster, McHenry, Stutsman, Wells | 29 hr |
| Feb 17, 1:07 PM CST | High Wind Warning | BIS | Bottineau, Dickey, Foster, Kidder, LaMoure, Logan and 6 more | 29 hr |
| Feb 17, 1:07 PM CST | Wind Advisory | BIS | Adams, Billings, Bowman, Burke, Burleigh, Divide and 13 more | 29 hr |
Nearby
Blizzard Warnings in North Dakota, 2022Every blizzard warning in 2022
Sources
The product and its follow-ups from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service and Storm Prediction Center text; local storm reports from the same archive; the sounding from the Mesonet's radiosonde archive; radar from the NEXRAD Level II archive.