Alert archive / North Carolina / Wind Advisories in 2018

Wind Advisory 14, NWS Greenville-Spartanburg, SC

April 23, 201811 counties in North Carolina

NWS Greenville-Spartanburg, SC issued this wind advisory at Apr 23, 2018, 3:36 AM EDT for 11 counties in North Carolina. It took effect at Apr 23, 2018, 4:00 AM EDT. It was in force for 22 hr.

The area

The counties it named.

The facts

Issued
Apr 23, 2018, 3:36 AM EDT (07:36 UTC)
In effect from
Apr 23, 2018, 4:00 AM EDT
Expired
Apr 24, 2018, 2:00 AM EDT
In force
22 hr
Issued by
NWS Greenville-Spartanburg, SC

Counties Avery County, NC, Buncombe County, NC, Graham County, NC, Haywood County, NC, Jackson County, NC, Macon County, NC, Madison County, NC, Mitchell County, NC, Swain County, NC, Transylvania County, NC, Yancey County, NC

The radar

The Knoxville radar (KMRX), 82 km from the middle of the area, began a volume at 07:39 UTC, the scan nearest the moment this went out.

Open the radar archive at this moment

The archived warnings, watches and discussions in force at that minute are drawn over the scan, this one among them.

The nearest sounding before it

Greensboro/Hi Pt, NC (KGSO), launched 00:00Z, 7.6 hours before the alert went out and 271 km from the middle of its area. This is the routine balloon launch nearest before it, the air the forecaster had in hand, not a measurement taken for the alert.

Skew-T log-pSkew-T log-p diagram, Greensboro/Hi Pt, NC at 00:00Z on 2018-04-23Temperature and dew point through the depth of the atmosphere, with the mixed-layer parcel. CAPE 0 joules per kilogram.LCL10008507005003002001001 km2 km3 km6 km9 km12 km15 km-30°-20°-10°0°10°20°30°40°
Temperature in red, dew point in green, the mixed-layer parcel dashed.
HodographHodograph, Greensboro/Hi Pt, NC at 00:00Z on 2018-04-23The wind through the lowest 10 kilometers. Zero to 1 km storm-relative helicity 3 square meters per square second.193958Sfc1 km3 km6 km9 kmRMLM
The wind turning with height, colored by layer: ground to 1 km, 1 to 3 km, 3 to 6 km, 6 to 10 km.
Mixed-layer CAPE
0 J/kg
Mixed-layer CIN
No buoyant parcel
Mixed-layer LCL
1677 m above ground
0-6 km bulk shear
31 kt
0-1 km storm-relative helicity
3 m²/s²
0-3 km storm-relative helicity
62 m²/s²
Significant tornado parameter
0.0
Supercell composite
0.0

Open this sounding in Storm Lab

The text

As transmitted.

050 
WWUS72 KGSP 230736
NPWGSP

URGENT - WEATHER MESSAGE
National Weather Service Greenville-Spartanburg SC
336 AM EDT Mon Apr 23 2018

...VERY WINDY CONDITIONS DEVELOPING ACROSS THE HIGHER ELEVATIONS
OF THE NORTH CAROLINA MOUNTAINS...

.A strong low pressure system moving from the Mississippi River
Valley toward the Appalachians is bringing strong, low-level
east-southeasterly winds to the southern Appalachians today. Wind
gusts of 40 to 50 mph will likely affect elevations above 3500
feet today through this evening before slowly diminishing later
tonight.

NCZ033-048>053-058-059-062>064-231600-
/O.NEW.KGSP.WI.Y.0014.180423T0800Z-180424T0400Z/
Avery-Madison-Yancey-Mitchell-Swain-Haywood-Buncombe-Graham-
Northern Jackson-Macon-Southern Jackson-Transylvania-
Including the cities of Banner Elk, Newland, Luck, Waynesville, 
Tuckasegee, Rainbow Springs, Kyle, and Highlands
336 AM EDT Mon Apr 23 2018

...WIND ADVISORY IN EFFECT UNTIL MIDNIGHT EDT TONIGHT ABOVE
3500 FEET...

The National Weather Service in Greenville-Spartanburg has issued
a Wind Advisory above 3500 feet, which is in effect until 
midnight EDT tonight.

* LOCATIONS...Elevations above 3500 feet in the North Carolina
  mountains. 

* HAZARDS...Very windy conditions.

* TIMING...Winds will ramp up early this morning and then maximize
  during the daytime hours before gradually diminishing tonight.

* WINDS...Southeast 20 to 30 mph with gusts of 40 to 50 mph.

* IMPACTS...Strong winds may blow around unsecured objects, knock
  down limbs and weak trees, and produce scattered power outages. 

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

A Wind Advisory means that winds of 35 mph are expected. Winds
this strong can make driving difficult, especially for high 
profile vehicles. Use extra caution.

Stay tuned to NOAA Weather Radio or your favorite source of
weather information for the latest updates. Additional details
can be found at www.weather.gov/gsp.

&&

$$

HG
4 follow-up statements
955 
WWUS72 KGSP 231445
NPWGSP

URGENT - WEATHER MESSAGE
National Weather Service Greenville-Spartanburg SC
1045 AM EDT Mon Apr 23 2018

...VERY WINDY CONDITIONS DEVELOPING ACROSS THE HIGHER ELEVATIONS
OF THE NORTH CAROLINA MOUNTAINS...

.A strong low pressure system moving from the Mississippi River
Valley toward the Appalachians is bringing strong, low-level east-
southeasterly winds to the southern Appalachians today. Wind
gusts of 40 to 50 mph will likely affect elevations above
3500 feet today through this evening before slowly diminishing
later tonight.

NCZ033-048>053-058-059-062>064-240400-
/O.CON.KGSP.WI.Y.0014.000000T0000Z-180424T0400Z/
Avery-Madison-Yancey-Mitchell-Swain-Haywood-Buncombe-Graham-
Northern Jackson-Macon-Southern Jackson-Transylvania-
Including the cities of Banner Elk, Newland, Luck, Waynesville, 
Tuckasegee, Rainbow Springs, Kyle, and Highlands
1045 AM EDT Mon Apr 23 2018

...WIND ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL MIDNIGHT EDT TONIGHT
ABOVE 3500 FEET...

* LOCATIONS...Elevations above 3500 feet in the North Carolina 
  mountains.

* HAZARDS...Very windy conditions.

* TIMING...Winds will maximize during the daytime hours before 
  gradually diminishing tonight.

* WINDS...Southeast 20 to 30 mph with gusts up to 55 mph.

* IMPACTS...Strong winds may blow down limbs, trees, and power 
  lines. Scattered power outages are expected. 

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

A Wind Advisory means that winds of 35 mph are expected. Winds
this strong can make driving difficult, especially for high
profile vehicles. Use extra caution.

Stay tuned to NOAA Weather Radio or your favorite source of
weather information for the latest updates. Additional details
can be found at www.weather.gov/gsp.

&&

$$

CARROLL
105 
WWUS72 KGSP 231756
NPWGSP

URGENT - WEATHER MESSAGE
National Weather Service Greenville-Spartanburg SC
156 PM EDT Mon Apr 23 2018

...VERY WINDY CONDITIONS DEVELOPING ACROSS THE HIGHER ELEVATIONS
OF THE NORTH CAROLINA MOUNTAINS...

.A strong low pressure system moving from the Mississippi River
Valley toward the Appalachians is bringing strong, low-level east-
southeasterly winds to the southern Appalachians today. Wind
gusts of 40 to 50 mph will likely affect elevations above
3500 feet through this evening before slowly diminishing later 
tonight.

NCZ033-048>053-058-059-062>064-240600-
/O.EXT.KGSP.WI.Y.0014.000000T0000Z-180424T0600Z/
Avery-Madison-Yancey-Mitchell-Swain-Haywood-Buncombe-Graham-
Northern Jackson-Macon-Southern Jackson-Transylvania-
Including the cities of Ingalls, Banner Elk, Newland, Faust, 
Mars Hill, Marshall, Walnut, Allenstand, Hot Springs, Luck, 
Swiss, Burnsville, Celo, Micaville, Ramseytown, Busick, 
Spruce Pine, Poplar, Alarka, Almond, Bryson City, Luada, Wesser, 
Waynesville, Waterville, Canton, Cruso, Cove Creek, Asheville, 
Robbinsville, Stecoah, Cullowhee, Tuckasegee, Sylva, Franklin, 
Rainbow Springs, Kyle, Highlands, Wolf Mountain, Cashiers, 
Brevard, Cedar Mountain, and Little River
156 PM EDT Mon Apr 23 2018

...WIND ADVISORY NOW IN EFFECT UNTIL 2 AM EDT TUESDAY ABOVE
3500 FEET...

* LOCATIONS...Elevations above 3500 feet in the North Carolina 
  mountains.

* HAZARDS...Very windy conditions.

* TIMING...Winds will maximize during the late afternoon/evening 
  hours before gradually diminishing tonight.

* WINDS...Southeast 20 to 30 mph with gusts up to 50 mph.

* IMPACTS...Strong winds may blow down limbs, trees, and power 
  lines. Scattered power outages are expected. 

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

A Wind Advisory means that winds of 35 mph are expected. Winds
this strong can make driving difficult, especially for high
profile vehicles. Use extra caution.

Stay tuned to NOAA Weather Radio or your favorite source of
weather information for the latest updates. Additional details
can be found at www.weather.gov/gsp.

&&

$$

CARROLL
060 
WWUS72 KGSP 240229
NPWGSP

URGENT - WEATHER MESSAGE
National Weather Service Greenville-Spartanburg SC
1029 PM EDT Mon Apr 23 2018

...VERY WINDY CONDITIONS SLOWLY DIMINISHING ACROSS THE HIGHER 
ELEVATIONS OF THE NORTH CAROLINA MOUNTAINS...

.Strong winds above 3500 feet this evening will slowly diminish
overnight.

NCZ033-048>053-058-059-062>064-240600-
/O.CON.KGSP.WI.Y.0014.000000T0000Z-180424T0600Z/
Avery-Madison-Yancey-Mitchell-Swain-Haywood-Buncombe-Graham-
Northern Jackson-Macon-Southern Jackson-Transylvania-
Including the cities of Ingalls, Banner Elk, Newland, Faust, 
Mars Hill, Marshall, Walnut, Allenstand, Hot Springs, Luck, 
Swiss, Burnsville, Celo, Micaville, Ramseytown, Busick, 
Spruce Pine, Poplar, Alarka, Almond, Bryson City, Luada, Wesser, 
Waynesville, Waterville, Canton, Cruso, Cove Creek, Asheville, 
Robbinsville, Stecoah, Cullowhee, Tuckasegee, Sylva, Franklin, 
Rainbow Springs, Kyle, Highlands, Wolf Mountain, Cashiers, 
Brevard, Cedar Mountain, and Little River
1029 PM EDT Mon Apr 23 2018

...WIND ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 2 AM EDT TUESDAY ABOVE
3500 FEET...

* LOCATIONS...Elevations above 3500 feet in the North Carolina 
  mountains.

* HAZARDS...Very windy conditions.

* TIMING...Winds will gradually diminish overnight.

* WINDS...Southeast 15 to 25 mph with gusts up to 45 mph.

* IMPACTS...Gusty winds will blow around unsecured objects. Tree 
  limbs could be blown down and a few power outages may result. 

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

A Wind Advisory means that winds of 35 mph are expected. Winds
this strong can make driving difficult, especially for high
profile vehicles. Use extra caution.

Stay tuned to NOAA Weather Radio or your favorite source of
weather information for the latest updates. Additional details
can be found at www.weather.gov/gsp.

&&

$$
809 
WWUS72 KGSP 240554
NPWGSP

URGENT - WEATHER MESSAGE
National Weather Service Greenville-Spartanburg SC
154 AM EDT Tue Apr 24 2018

NCZ033-048>053-058-059-062>064-240700-
/O.EXP.KGSP.WI.Y.0014.000000T0000Z-180424T0600Z/
Avery-Madison-Yancey-Mitchell-Swain-Haywood-Buncombe-Graham-
Northern Jackson-Macon-Southern Jackson-Transylvania-
Including the cities of Ingalls, Banner Elk, Newland, Faust, 
Mars Hill, Marshall, Walnut, Allenstand, Hot Springs, Luck, 
Swiss, Burnsville, Celo, Micaville, Ramseytown, Busick, 
Spruce Pine, Poplar, Alarka, Almond, Bryson City, Luada, Wesser, 
Waynesville, Waterville, Canton, Cruso, Cove Creek, Asheville, 
Robbinsville, Stecoah, Cullowhee, Tuckasegee, Sylva, Franklin, 
Rainbow Springs, Kyle, Highlands, Wolf Mountain, Cashiers, 
Brevard, Cedar Mountain, and Little River
154 AM EDT Tue Apr 24 2018

...WIND ADVISORY WILL EXPIRE AT 2 AM EDT EARLY THIS MORNING...

The Wind Advisory for the higher elevations of the North Carolina
mountains will expire at 2 AM this morning. Breezy to windy
conditions will likely persist at elevations above 3500 feet this
morning, but any lingering gusts should generally be less than 40
mph at all but the highest mountain peaks.

$$

HG

What forecasters said that day

The local office's own words before this wind advisory went out, as it sent them, from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service text.

NWS Greenville-Spartanburg, SC wrote its last area forecast discussion before this wind advisory went out at Apr 23, 2:19 AM EDT, 1 hour 17 minutes earlier.

Area forecast discussion, Apr 23, 2:19 AM EDT, 1 hour 17 minutes before
Area Forecast Discussion
National Weather Service Greenville-Spartanburg SC
219 AM EDT Mon Apr 23 2018

.SYNOPSIS...
A slowly moving low pressure will bring a strong, moist flow in from
the Gulf and Atlantic today. The abundant moisture will then
gradually decrease into Tuesday. The atmosphere will generally dry
out Wednesday before another moist area of low pressure crosses the
region Thursday through Friday.

&&

.NEAR TERM /THROUGH TONIGHT/...
As of 150 AM: Water vapor imagery depicts the closed upper low
spinning slowly east over the lower/middle MS River Valley early
this morning. This circulation center will make very little progress
east, reaching only the central TN/KY border area by 12Z Tuesday.
Meanwhile, regional radars are showing the first heavier rain bands
entering the southwest part of the forecast area. The HRRR and other
convection-allowing models are in agreement with this timing and
they indicate the very best bands of moisture and associated heavy
rainfall crossing the region this morning through mid afternoon.
Based on these developing conditions, and little change to event
total QPF values, we see no reason to adjust the Flood Watch at
present.

The east-southeasterly 850 mb jet will maximize this morning at
nearly 50 kt (with the NAM a seeming outlier at up to 60 kt). A high
elevation Wind Advisory is being considered, but it still appears
that advisory or better gusts will affect only elevations from 4500
feet up, plus morning ridge top reports have been a modest 35 to 40
mph max thus far.

As the rainfall becomes steadier across our area, in-situ or hybrid
cold air damming will get better established through the day. This
should help shield us against much of the upstream convection, and
the operational NAM thus appears too aggressive in uncovering warm
sector instability later this afternoon. A secondary surface low
moving through the Midlands/piedmont tonight could help wrap the
wedge front back to the northwest, but only slight chances of
thunderstorms will generally be featured along the southeast fringe
late today through tonight, and sfc to 3 km shear will lessen during
this period. Expect very little diurnal range on temperatures with
the wedge developing and holding relatively firm.

&&

.SHORT TERM /TUESDAY THROUGH WEDNESDAY/...
As of 235 PM Sunday: Model guidance shows that precipitation
will remain widespread Monday evening, but that potential for
significant rainfall will be slowly ramping down Monday night
with the departure of the better upper divergence, isentropic
lift, and deeper moisture. No need to adjust the timing on the
back end of the Flood Watch, though, because we will still be
dealing with runoff issues and water being routed into the main
stem rivers. Precip prob will be slowly lowered from S to N after
midnight, with the pace picking up on Tuesday as most of the dynamic
forcing weakens or moves out entirely. Tuesday looks like a really
tough, low-confidence fcst as we deal with the destruction of the
cold air damming wedge. Its demise will probably have a lot to do
with the eventual track of a triple-point low across the Carolinas
during the day. The NAM still seems overly-optimistic with bringing
the sfc low over the NC mtns/foothills and thus exposing a great
deal of the Upstate/wrn Piedmont to a warm sector. The GFS/ECMWF
solution is more likely, which is to say, taking the sfc low mainly
over the SC Midlands/ern Piedmont of NC in the afternoon. The
difference in track is the difference between seeing sfc-based
CAPE on the order of 500 J/kg (GFS) vs. 1500 J/kg (NAM). We favor
the GFS scenario. Altho shear will have long since diminished,
enough residual low level shear makes this a situation that bears
watching. We could also have a slightly higher FLASH flood threat
over the southeast zones because the convection would have higher
rainfall rates and the shear might favor training storms. The
upper low opens up Tuesday night and gets kicked northeast up the
OH Valley region, bringing the upper trof across the fcst area
overnight. Precip chances will quickly pare back to the NW flow
upslope region near the TN border. A reinforcing cold front will
drop down across the region on Wednesday, accounting for a small
precip chance mainly over the nrn tier.

&&

.LONG TERM /WEDNESDAY NIGHT THROUGH SUNDAY/...
As of 230 PM Sunday: Relatively cool and unsettled wx will continue
across the region for the latter half of the week, as a deep
longwave trof persists across the eastern CONUS. A series of potent
shortwaves will dive SE into the mean trough and cross the Southern
Appalachians. The first dives way south into the Gulf states then
pivots as a neutral or slightly negatively tilted trof as it crosses
the Carolinas on Thursday. This feature will have some moisture to
work with, but the low-level flow remains fairly weak. Scattered
showers are expected as the wave passes; although the 12z GFS hints
at a more widespread rain shield Thursday. The second wave will quickly
follow and will be associated with the northern stream. This will
push a cold front thru the area, with mainly scattered showers
across the high terrain, and more isolated in the piedmont. Heading
into next weekend, the longwave trough axis should start to pivot
east and heights rise across the Southeast, resulting in drier
conditions. Temps Thursday thru Saturday will be slightly above
normal for lows, and below normal for highs. Highs on Sunday may be
slightly above normal.

&&

.AVIATION /06Z MONDAY THROUGH FRIDAY/...
At KCLT and elsewhere: Deeper moisture associated with the cyclone
to the west of the Appalachians will invade from the southwest
through the morning hours. Expect a steady uptick in shower coverage
and intensity, along with lowering MVFR cigs. The heart of the
heavier rain bands will cross the region this morning through the
middle of the afternoon and produce visibility restrictions and
persistent IFR to LIFR ceilings. Also, an establishing cold air
damming layer will permit ENE to NE gusts into the 20s at time,
except SE gusts at KAVL. LLWS will flirt with the KAVL region mainly
during the passing of the best SE low level jet circa 10Z to 14Z
this morning. Will generally keep all late day/nighttime
thunderstorm mention well southeast of the terminals with this
issuance.

Outlook: Some improvement is expected on Tuesday as precipitation
continues to shift northeast of the terminal forecast area. Some
moisture will linger, however, and unsettled weather will continue
on Wednesday and Thursday as a trough of low pressure persists
across the eastern part of the country.

Confidence Table...

            06-12Z        12-18Z        18-24Z        00-06Z
KCLT       High  97%     Med   75%     Med   74%     High  90%
KGSP       High  90%     High  84%     High  90%     High  96%
KAVL       High  84%     Med   66%     Med   78%     High  92%
KHKY       High  80%     High  85%     High  82%     High  91%
KGMU       High  87%     High  86%     High  91%     High  90%
KAND       High  90%     High  84%     High  87%     High  95%

The percentage reflects the number of guidance members agreeing
with the scheduled TAF issuance flight rule category. Complete hourly
experimental aviation forecast consistency tables and ensemble forecasts
are available at the following link:

www.weather.gov/gsp/aviation

&&

.HYDROLOGY...
Although precipitation rates do not appear sufficient in any 3 to 6
hour windows to produce flash flooding, duration flooding remains
possible, especially in the most upslope preferred locations and
over the adjacent foothills. Storm totals of 3 to 4 inches are still
expected, with localized 4 to 6 inch amounts in the most upslope
preferred areas.

Flooding of the most common flood-prone and low-lying areas may
steadily develop from the southwest today, with main stem flooding
of the upper French Broad River and associated tributaries quite
possible. Flooding of main stems and streams in the Upstate may also
develop, especially along the Broad and Saluda rivers, with crests
not occurring until Tuesday and perhaps early Wednesday. Additional
significant rises may develop along the Catawba River chain in
western NC during and immediately after the heavy rainfall. Water
level forecasts for these rivers are accessible at
http:/water.weather.gov/ahps2/index.php?wfo=gsp.

&&

.GSP WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES...
GA...Flood Watch through Tuesday morning for GAZ010-017-018-026-028-
     029.
NC...Flood Watch through Tuesday morning for NCZ033-049-050-053-059-
     062>065-501>510.
SC...Flood Watch through Tuesday morning for SCZ001>007-010.

&&

SYNOPSIS...DEO/HG
NEAR TERM...HG
SHORT TERM...PM
LONG TERM...ARK
AVIATION...HG
HYDROLOGY...HG
Hazardous weather outlook, Apr 22, 3:49 PM EDT, 11 hours 47 minutes before
Hazardous Weather Outlook
National Weather Service Greenville-Spartanburg SC
349 PM EDT Sun Apr 22 2018

GAZ010-017-018-026-028-029-NCZ033-049-050-053-059-062>065-501>510-
SCZ001>007-010-232000-
Rabun-Habersham-Stephens-Franklin-Hart-Elbert-Avery-Yancey-Mitchell-
Buncombe-Northern Jackson-Macon-Southern Jackson-Transylvania-
Henderson-Caldwell Mountains-Greater Caldwell-Burke Mountains-
Greater Burke-McDowell Mountains-Eastern McDowell-
Rutherford Mountains-Greater Rutherford-Polk Mountains-Eastern Polk-
Oconee Mountains-Pickens Mountains-Greenville Mountains-
Greater Oconee-Greater Pickens-Greater Greenville-Spartanburg-
Anderson-
349 PM EDT Sun Apr 22 2018

...FLOOD WATCH IN EFFECT FROM MIDNIGHT EDT TONIGHT THROUGH TUESDAY
MORNING...

This Hazardous Weather Outlook is for northeast Georgia, western
North Carolina and upstate South Carolina.

.DAY ONE...This Afternoon and Tonight.

Please listen to NOAA Weather Radio or go to weather.gov on the
Internet for more information about the following hazards.

   Flood Watch.

.DAYS TWO THROUGH SEVEN...Monday through Saturday.

..Monday...Heavy rain with flooding expected. Please see the latest
Flood Watch for details.
..Tuesday...Heavy rain with flooding possible.
..Wednesday...No hazardous weather is expected at this time.
..Thursday...No hazardous weather is expected at this time.
..Friday...No hazardous weather is expected at this time.
..Saturday...No hazardous weather is expected at this time.

.SPOTTER INFORMATION STATEMENT...

None.

NCZ035>037-048-051-052-056>058-068>072-082-SCZ008-009-011>014-019-
232000-
Alexander-Iredell-Davie-Madison-Swain-Haywood-Catawba-Rowan-Graham-
Cleveland-Lincoln-Gaston-Mecklenburg-Cabarrus-Union-Cherokee-York-
Abbeville-Laurens-Chester-Greenwood-
349 PM EDT Sun Apr 22 2018

This Hazardous Weather Outlook is for the Piedmont of North
Carolina and the eastern part of Upstate South Carolina.

.DAY ONE...This Afternoon and Tonight.

Heavy rain will develop from the southwest late tonight.

.DAYS TWO THROUGH SEVEN...Monday through Saturday.

..Monday...Heavy rain with flooding possible. A low pressure system
slowly approaching from the west is expected to produce heavy
rainfall across the region. Flooding of low-lying and flood-prone
areas may develop.
..Tuesday...No hazardous weather is expected at this time.
..Wednesday...No hazardous weather is expected at this time.
..Thursday...No hazardous weather is expected at this time.
..Friday...No hazardous weather is expected at this time.
..Saturday...No hazardous weather is expected at this time.

.SPOTTER INFORMATION STATEMENT...

None.

PM

Nearby

Wind Advisories in North Carolina, 2018Every wind advisory in 2018

Sources

The product and its follow-ups from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service and Storm Prediction Center text; the sounding from the Mesonet's radiosonde archive; radar from the NEXRAD Level II archive.